Chapter 5 Psych EC

Fear becomes _________ when it persists long after the threat has subsided.

anxiety

Fear can result in a(n) _____ when a person engages in maladaptive behaviors in response to a threat.

anxiety disorder

The unfounded belief that bodily symptoms have harmful consequences is labeled _____.

anxiety sensitivity

Research results regarding the heritability of phobias _____.

are mixed

The __________ approach emphasizes that specific phobias occur because the response is learned.

behavioral

The most commonly used drugs for the treating of phobias are _____.

benzodiazepines

The hypothalamus activates the adrenal-cortical system by releasing _____.

corticotropin-release factor

Experiences of feeling detached from one's mental processes or body is called _____.

depersonalization

One of the therapeutic techniques that is used for body dysmorphic disorder is _____.

exposure and response prevention

According to cognitive behavioral theories, compulsions develop largely through which type of conditioning?

Operant conditioning

All of the following are components of the cognitive-behavioral treatment for OCD except _____.

exposure of the compulsion

A(n) ____________ phobia is when an individual experiences intense and marked fear of a particular object or situation.

specific

A disadvantage to the drug therapy approach for social phobia is that _____.

symptoms tend to return after stopping treatment

A predictor of vulnerability to PTSD is _____.

the available social support

_____________, which are used to quickly reduce panic attacks and general symptoms of anxiety, also are addictive and have significant withdrawal symptoms.

benzodiazepines

Which of the following are examples of a maladaptive assumption? (Select all that apply.)

"I always expect the worst will happen." "I must be perfect in every way." "I must anticipate and prepare myself at all times for possible danger."

Which thoughts would be typical of someone with panic disorder who is feeling dizzy? Choose all that apply.

"Oh no, what is happening to me?" "I think I'm going to faint." "Maybe I'm having a seizure."

To be professionally diagnosed with a panic disorder, one needs to show evidence of experiencing more than one attack within _____.

1 month

There are 100 randomly selected people sitting in a room. According to current prevalence rates, how many are likely to have social anxiety disorder?

12

What is one's lifetime prevalence of panic disorder?

3 to 5 percent

Which of the following may be inheritable factors that make an individual more vulnerable to PTSD?

Abnormalities in brain response to emotional stimuli Low levels of cortisol

Nervios, chronic anxiety-like symptoms, encompasses which of the following symptoms? (Select all that apply.)

Absent-mindedness Presence of intrusive worries Stomach problems

The physiological changes of the fight-or-flight response result from the activation of which systems controlled by the hypothalamus? (Select all that apply.)

Adrenal-cortical system Sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system

According to the cognitive perspective, people with social anxiety disorder engage in which of the following safety behaviors to reduce their anxiety? (Select all that apply.)

Avoid social situations Avoid eye contact

Which is a cognitive response that is part of the fight-or-flight response?

Being on the lookout for danger

Which of the following drugs are used to treat childhood anxiety disorders, including separation anxiety? (Select all that apply.)

Benzodiazepine Antidepressants Antihistamines

Which of the following are categories of specific phobias? (Select all that apply.)

Blood-injection-injury type Animal type Natural environment type

In the DSM-5, OCD is given its own category along with which of the following disorders? (Select all that apply.)

Body dysmorphic disorder Hoarding Trichotillomania

Men with body dysmorphic disorder appear to be more concerned with which of the following areas? (Select all that apply.)

Body hair Body build Genitals

Which of the following statements are true about the biological factors that contribute to separation anxiety disorder? (Select all that apply.)

Children with separation anxiety disorder tend to have family histories of anxiety and depressive disorders. Girls, more than boys, tend to be at greater risk for inheriting anxiety disorders. Children inherit a trait called behavioral inhibition.

Whenever Cameron ate at a popular restaurant, he sat in the table farthest away diagonally from the door. As he was leaving the restaurant, a car backfired and Cameron yelled "Hit the deck" and dropped to the sidewalk. Cameron is experiencing which of the following symptoms? (Select all that apply.)

Chronic arousal Hypervigilance

Which of the following are components of cognitive-behavioral treatment for panic disorder? (Select all that apply.)

Clients are guided in identifying catastrophizing conditions they have about bodily sensations. Clients are taught relaxation exercises. Clients confront the thoughts or situations that arouse anxiety.

Which of the following are symptoms of panic disorder? (Select all that apply.)

Commonly occurring panic attacks Change in behavior as a result of worry about panic attacks Unexpected panic attacks

Adults with social anxiety disorder describe their parents as having which of the following characteristics? (Select all that apply.)

Critical Controlling Negative

Which drug would not be helpful in treating symptoms of GAD?

Depakote, an anti-convulsant

Catrecia was physically abused during her childhood. As a result, her biological stress response may have been permanently altered. This may make her more vulnerable to which of the following throughout her life? (Select all that apply.)

Depression PTSD Any anxiety disorder

_____ is a process in which different facets of one's sense of self, memories, or consciousness become disconnected from one another.

Dissociation

Which of the following are psychological or cultural factors that contribute to separation anxiety disorder? (Select all that apply.)

Emotionally intrusive parents Critical parents Controlling parents

In hoarding, people show which of the following characteristics? (Select all that apply.)

Equating their possessions with their identity Being attached emotionally to their possessions Imbuing their possessions with human characteristics

In systematic desensitization for PTSD, the client does which of the following? (Select all that apply.)

Establishes a fear hierarchy of thoughts and feelings that create anxiety regarding the trauma Imagines the traumatic event vividly to replace the actual exposure Uses relaxation techniques to quell the anxiety

Which of the following are areas on which cognitive-behavioral therapies for body dysmorphic disorder focus? (Select all that apply.)

Exposing clients to feared situations concerning their bodies Challenging clients' maladaptive assumptions Preventing compulsive responses to those "defective" body parts

True or false: Using medication to treat panic disorder shows the same effectiveness as cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT).

False

The integrated model of panic disorder connects

biological and psychological factors.

Which of the following statements is true about acute stress disorder?

Feeling detached from one's body can occur. Dissociative symptoms are common. Reduced awareness of surroundings can occur.

Which of the following are symptoms of social anxiety disorder? (Select all that apply.)

Full panic attack Confusion Fear of being judged

Most phobias develop during _____.

childhood

Panic disorder tends to be ____.

chronic

Which of the following would be an example of a situational type phobia? (Select all that apply.)

Going through tunnels Riding in elevators Driving a car

What biological factor is associated with GAD?

Greater reactivity in the amygdala

What structure in the brain, responsible for laying down new memory, may be impaired in individuals with PTSD resulting from overexposure to stress hormones?

Hippocampus

Which of the following areas of the brain show differences between people with PTSD and those without PTSD? (Select all that apply.)

Hippocampus Amygdala Prefrontal cortex

According to Mowrer's two-factor theory, __________ leads to the fear of the phobia and ________ helps to maintain it.

classical conditioning; operant conditioning

Kyle and Jamel both served in Iraq together. They were in a situation that caused an undue amount of stress to them. Kyle suffered PTSD as a result of the horrors he saw, but Jamel did not. Kyle experienced which of the following compared to Jamel? (Select all that apply.)

Increased secretion of norepinephrine

Which of the following statements are true about the cognitive explanation of social anxiety disorder? (Select all that apply)

Individuals with social anxiety disorder tend to notice potentially threatening social cues and misinterpret them in self-defeating ways. Individuals with social anxiety disorder focus on negative aspects of social interactions. Individuals with social anxiety disorder have excessively high standards for their social performance.

In what ways do the blood-injection-injury type phobias differ from the other types of specific phobias? (Select all that apply.)

Individuals with these phobias experience significant drops in heart rate. They run more strongly in families. Individuals with these phobias are more likely to faint.

Which of the following symptoms of PTSD are typically treated by SSRIs or benzodiazepines? (Select all that apply.)

Irritability Nightmares Sleep problems

Which of the following statements are true about the behavioral component of CBT in the treatment of social anxiety disorder? (Select all that apply.)

It involves exposing the clients to anxiety-producing situations. Therapists may teach the clients relaxation techniques. Therapists may role play anxiety-producing situations with clients.

Which of the following statements are true about the cognitive component of CBT in the treatment of social anxiety disorder? (Select all that apply.)

It involves identifying negative cognitions the clients have about social situations. It involves the therapists teaching the clients how to dispute their negative cognitions. It involves identifying negative cognitions the clients have about themselves.

What is the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral therapy in treating social anxiety disorder?

It is more effective at preventing relapse than medication.

Which of the following statements is true about social anxiety disorder?

It is relatively common, with a prevalence rate of about 12 percent in the United States.

Which statement is true about social anxiety disorder?

It tends to occur in adolescence when many are self-conscious about others' opinions of them.

Which of the following are basic components of behavior therapy for phobias? (Select all that apply.)

Modeling Systematic desensitization Flooding

Jamel was an EMT for many years before he became a teacher a year ago. During his time as an EMT, he responded to a number of situations in which serious accidents had happened to people. At the time, he was not seriously affected by this, but recently, he has started to have nightmares and flashbacks of accidents. Jamel may be experiencing _____.

PTSD

In the two world wars and the Korean War, PTSD symptoms were know as _____. (Select all that apply.)

combat fatigue syndrome shell shock war zone stress

Which of the following statements are true about the cognitive factors that contribute to panic attacks? (Select all that apply.)

People misinterpret bodily sensations. People pay very close attention to bodily sensations. People exaggerate symptoms of their bodily sensations.

Which of the following statements are true about the biological factors contributing to panic disorder? (Select all that apply.)

People with panic disorder show dysregulation of norepinephrine in the locus ceruleus. The fight-or-flight response is poorly regulated in people who develop panic disorder. Panic disorder runs in families.

What two types of responses are activated during the fight-or-flight response?

Physical and psychological

Which of the following are types of symptoms of PTSD? (Select all that apply.)

Repeated reexperiencing of the traumatic event Negative changes in thought and mood associated with the event Persistent avoidance of situations associated with the trauma

Which individual is most likely to develop PTSD?

Robert, who avoids problems by drinking heavily

Which of the following are responses to a threat? (Select all that apply.)

Running away Anticipation of harm Sense of dread

Biological treatments for social anxiety disorder include which of the following drugs? (Select all that apply.)

SSRIs SNRIs

Which of the following drugs are used in the treatment of panic disorder? (Select all that apply.)

SSRIs Tricyclics SNRIs

Which of the following environmental and social factors place an individual at risk for PTSD? (Select all that apply.)

Severity of the trauma Duration of the trauma Availability of social support

Watson and Raynor did an historic study in which they _____.

conditioned fear using classical conditioning techniques -conditioned stimulus was the white rat -unconditioned stimulus: fear

When clients with PTSD cannot tolerate exposure to the traumatic experience, what form of treatment may be warranted?

Stress-inoculation therapy

For treating specific phobias, which method suggests the client learn to substitute relaxation for fear through a series of graduated steps?

Systematic desensitization

According to cognitive-behavioral theory, individuals with OCD have trouble turning off their negative, intrusive thoughts for which of the following reasons? (Select all that apply.)

They may be depressed or anxious much of the time. They may have a tendency toward rigid, moralistic thinking. They believe they should be able to control all thoughts.

Significant side effects of SSRIs include _____. (Select all that apply.)

constipation drowsiness loss of sexual interest

People's style of _____ with a trauma may influence their vulnerability to PTSD.

coping

Which of the following are DSM-5 criteria for specific phobias? (Select all that apply.)

The fear or anxiety is persistent, typically lasting 6 or more months. The phobic object or situation almost always provokes immediate fear or anxiety. The phobic object or situation is actively avoided or endured with marked fear or anxiety.

Which of the following are criteria of the PTSD subtype with prominent depersonalization symptoms? (Select all that apply.)

The person experiences unreality of their surroundings. The person feels detached from their body. It is not the result of another medical condition.

Which of the following symptoms are part of the syndrome know as ataque de nervios? (Select all that apply.)

The person lies as if dead. Loss of consciousness Sensation of needles in body parts

Which of the following statements is TRUE about PTSD?

The symptoms can be mild to moderate, permitting normal functioning.

All of the following statements are TRUE about PTSD, EXCEPT:

The symptoms of PTSD can be undetected for the duration of the disorder.

Why do researchers believe CBT is far more effective at preventing relapse in patients with panic disorder than anti-depressants?

Therapy teaches people strategies to prevent re-occurrence of panic symptoms.

Which of the following statements are true regarding the drugs used to treat panic disorder? (Select all that apply.)

They are psychologically addictive They have significant withdrawal symptoms. They are physiologically addictive.

Individuals may have a biological vulnerability to a hypersensitive fight-or-flight response. However, they will not develop panic attacks or panic disorder unless they do which of the following? (Select all that apply.)

They feel they cannot control their symptoms. They engage in catastrophizing thinking about their physiological symptoms. They engage in interoceptive conditioning.

Prior to the DSM-5, obsessive-compulsive disorder was considered _____.

an anxiety disorder

True or false: PTSD has been around for many years under different names; however, it has only become widely recognized after the Vietnam War.

True

True or false: The relief noticed after use of benzodiazepines, such as Valium, to manage anxiety is usually temporary.

True

Which of the following would be considered fearful natural events for a diagnosis of natural environment type phobia? (Select all that apply.)

Water Storms Heights

According to the DSM-5, an individual meets diagnostic criteria for trauma in which of the following circumstances? Select all that apply.

Witnessing the trauma Directly experiencing the trauma Knowing someone close to them who experienced the trauma

The greatest biological factor contributing to GAD may be associated with _____.

abnormalities in the GABA system

When people are exposed to the threat of death, actual or threatened serious injury, or sexual violation, they are at risk of developing _____.

acute stress disorder

The disorder in which behavioral and emotional symptoms arise within 3 months of an experience of a stressor that need not be considered trauma is _____.

adjustment disorder

The stressors leading to ________ disorder can be of any severity, while those leading to _______ disorder are, by definition, extreme.

adjustment; acute stress

___________ is the experience of intense fear about something outside of the home.

agoraphobia

Repeatedly and vividly imagining and describing the feared events in the safety of the therapist's office _____.

allows the client to habituate to the anxiety

In the behavioral technique called _____ , a person is intensely exposed to his or her feared object until the anxiety is extinguished.

flooding

In some cases, separation anxiety disorder develops _____.

following a traumatic event

_______ anxiety disorder occurs when people feel anxious most of the time without knowing why they feel anxious.

generalized

Doreen has experienced PTSD after suffering a severe car accident. Repeatedly asking Doreen to imagine the car accident and describe the event in order to make these images less anxiety-provoking is an example of ______.

habituation

Shakira was walking in the woods when she spotted a snake in her path. She became startled and immediately turned around and avoided the snake. Shakira probably _____.

has no phobia. Her response does not meet the criteria of a specific phobia.

A specific DSM-5 disorder in which people show emotional attachments to their possessions is called ______.

hoarding

The physiological changes of the fight-or-flight response result in activation of two systems controlled by the _____.

hypothalamus

A heightened awareness of bodily cues that may signal a coming panic attack is called _____.

interoceptive awareness

When certain bodily cues have occurred at the beginning of panic attacks and have become conditioned stimuli signaling new attacks, this is known as _____.

interoceptive conditioning

Fear becomes maladaptive when _____,

it is greatly out of proportion to the nature of the threat

Which of the following statements is true about biological therapies for PTSD?

it is mixed

CRF signals the pituitary gland to secrete adrenocorticotropic hormone, which is the body's _____.

major stress hormone

People with GAD report experiencing ______, even when compared to people with major depression.

more intense negative emotions

By avoiding the feared stimulus that causes a phobia, the individual's anxiety is reduced. This behavior is perpetuated because of _____.

negative reinforcement

Cassandra has a spider phobia. Every time she sees a spider, she screams and runs away from it. This avoidance behavior always occurs because it reduces her anxiety. This is an example of _____.

negative reinforcement

A(n) __________________ is a persistent and anxiety-provoking thought, urge, or image that an individual experiences as intrusive or unwanted.

obsession

People with panic disorder _____.

often fear they have a life-threatening illness

Objects such as spiders and snakes, which were life-threatening to humans throughout history, appear to be the most common type of phobias. It is suggested that phobic development occurs quickly to these objects because of _____.

prepared classical conditioning

Which hormone may be a contributing factor in the development of panic disorder?

progesterone

To help gain control of their bodily cues, a client may want to use _______ and _________ exercises while experiencing panic symptoms.

relaxation and breathing

According to what is called anxiety _______ theory, people who develop panic disorder have heightened responsiveness to the presence of carbon dioxide in the blood.

sensitivity

The trauma that most commonly leads to PTSD is _____.

sexual assault

Biological theories of obsessive-compulsive disorder focus on regions in the brain responsible for all of the following except

sight

Conroy constantly rips off scabs on his body, often causing infections and scars. Conroy is probably suffering from _____.

skin-picking disorder

When activated by the hypothalamus during the fight-or-flight response, the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system acts directly on _____.

smooth muscle and internal organs

____ occurs when an individual experiences extreme anxiety, feelings of humiliation, and other anxiety-provoking behaviors because they think they are being watched by other people.

social anxiety disorder

Adults with social anxiety disorder describe their parents as overprotective, controlling, negative, and critical. Research has shown _____.

to date, we lack prospective studies of the family environments of people who develop social anxiety disorder such retrospective accounts could be incorrect

Marcus witnessed the death of his best friend in a diving accident. According to the DSM-5, Marcus experienced _____.

trauma

Susannah pulls her hair out when she gets distressed. She does it when no one is around, then tries to cover it up with the rest of her hair and with hats. Susannah has _____.

trichotillomania

Hermione has a severe fear of snakes. According to Freud, her phobia is caused by _____.

unconscious anxiety that is displaced onto a neutral or symbolic object.

Zack has a recurrent thought about the need to clean out the refrigerator. Zack's persistent thought or urge may be classified as _______. (Select all that apply.)

unreasonable irrational an obsession