Chapter 50: The Endocrine System

Hormones fall into three broad chemical classes:

1. Amines 2. Steriods 3. Polypeptides

During dehydration, the hormone ______ is secreted into the blood from the posterior pituitary. It acts to increase the number of water-channel proteins called aquaporins present in the membranes of kidney tubule cells, and thus allows more water to be recaptured during urine formation. TSH ANP ACTH ADH

ADH

Which of the following is a function of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)? Acts on the kidney cells to decrease urine producion Acts on the kidney cells to increase urine production Acts on the adrenal glands to increase epinephrine producion Acts on the adrenal glands to decrease epinephrine production

Acts on the kidney cells to decrease urine production

What are the three broad chemical classes of hormones? Carbohydrates Amines Polypeptides Lipoproteins steroids Phospholipids

Amines Polypeptides steroids

Which of the following hormones are responsible for most of the physiological reactions of the fight-or-flight response? Epinephrine Glucagon Insulin Norepinephrine Parathyroid hormone Thyroid hormone

Epinephrine Norepinephrine

________ are hormones synthesized by the adrenal gland, and which stimulate the break down of muscle protein.

Glucocorticoids

Which of the following structures play the major roles in linking the nervous system and the endocrine system? Hypothalamus Brain stem Thyroid gland Spinal cord Pituitary gland

Hypothalamus Pituitary gland The thyroid gland has a purely endocrine function. It does not link the nervous system to the endocrine system.

Where are the receptors of steroid hormones located? Choose all that apply. In the cell membrane In the nucleus In the mitochondria In the cell wall In the cytosol

In the nucleus In the cytosol

Which of the following pairs of hormones are truly antagonistic? Epinephrine and norepinephrine Growth hormone and Juvenile hormone FSH and LH Insulin and glucagon TSH and PTH

Insulin and glucagon These hormones act in opposite ways to changes in plasma glucose concentration. If plasma glucose concentration decreases below normal, the insulin concentration decreases, and glucagon increases. If the plasma glucose concentration increases above normal, the insulin concentration increases, and glucagon decreases.

Tony has a heavy snack consisting of three sugar-glazed doughnuts, a piece of cheesecake, and a large soft drink. Which of the following statements about his hormone levels after this snack is TRUE? The levels of both insulin and glucagon are expected to increase. Insulin levels are expected to decrease, while glucagon levels are expected to increase. Insulin levels are expected to increase, while glucagon levels are expected to decrease. The levels of both insulin and glucagon are expected to decrease.

Insulin levels are expected to increase, while glucagon levels are expected to decrease.

Which of the following statements about the posterior pituitary gland is TRUE? It is under the control of neurohormones produced by the hypothalamus It is under the control of neurohormones produced by the anterior pituitary It stores two hormones produced by the anterior pituitary It stores two hormones produced by the hypothalamus

It stores two hormones produced by the hypothalamus (Oxytocin and ADH)

Which of the following function(s) both as an endocrine and an exocrine gland? Pituitary Thyroid Pancreas Thymus Hypothalamus

Pancreas

Regulation of energy availability to cells is primarily the role of hormones produced by which glands? Pancreas Kidney Liver Thyroid glands Adrenal glands

Pancreas Adrenal glands

Which of the following is an extension of the hypothalamus? Thyroid gland Anterior pituitary gland Posterior pituitary gland Parathyroid gland Thymus gland

Posterior pituitary gland

Insulin's primary effect is to do which of the following? Increase the heart rate Increase sugar retention by the kidneys Stimulate the conversion of glycogen to glucose in the liver Stimulate cellular uptake of blood glucose

Stimulate cellular uptake of blood glucose Insulin is released in response to high blood glucose levels and activates responses that help to decrease blood glucose. Glucagon is released by the pancreas when blood glucose is low and stimulates the breakdown of glycogen to glucose.

There are three broad classes of hormones. Which of the following characteristics apply to ALL three of them? They are all derived from amino acids They all bind to receptors at target cells They are all soluble in water They are all soluble in lipids They all travel in the bloodstream

They all bind to receptors at target cells They all travel in the bloodstream

Which statement is true about all endocrine cells? They secrete hormones that travel through the bloodstream to target cells. They secrete hormones into special ducts, which channel them to target cells. They store hormones that are secreted by exocrine glands. They secrete hormones that travel through the nervous system to target cells.

They secrete hormones that travel through the bloodstream to target cells.

hormone

a molecule produced by one tissue and transported via the bloodstream to another specific tissue to alter its physiological activity

Epinephrine, synthesized in the medulla of the ______________ gland, increases available energy, heart rate and metabolism.

adrenal

The fasciculata zone of the ______ produces cortisol, which is a steroid that is also called a glucocorticoid due to some of its functions. adrenal medulla adrenal cortex anterior pituitary posterior pituitary

adrenal cortex

Hormones of the ___________ glands and ___________ regulate the concentration of energy-yielding molecules in the blood.

adrenal; pancreas

The cortex of the adrenal gland produces the hormone ______________, which plays a role in maintaining mineral and water balance.

aldosterone

Amine and polypeptide hormones generally bind to receptors located in the: cytoplasm mitochondria cell wall nucleus cell membrane

cell membrane

An exocrine gland is one that secretes: chemicals into a duct which carries them to another site in or out of the body. antibodies into the extracellular fluid where they protect against microbial infections. hormones directly into the bloodstream where they travel to target organs.

chemicals into a duct which carries them to another site in or out of the body

Aldosterone is made by a region of the adrenal gland called the adrenal ____________.

cortex

What gland produces aldosterone?

cortex of the adrenal gland.

Hormone synthesis and secretion is the primary function of ___________ glands.

endocrine

Hormone-producing cells are often found in specialized glands, called ______ glands. autocrine exocrine endocrine paracrine

endocrine

A gland in which epithelial cells secrete chemicals into a duct, which carries them to another structure or to the outside of the body, is known as a(n) _____________ gland.

exocrine gland example of this is the pancreas, which is both and endocrine and exocrine gland

Increased heart and lung function, as well as increased alertness are features of the _________- _________- flight response. These physiological reactions are largely due to the two hormones epinephrine and ______________.

fight-or-flight response norepinephrine

When the blood glucose concentration decreases, the pancreas secretes the hormone _______________ into the blood. This hormone acts on the liver, stimulating the breakdown of ________________ into many molecules of glucose, which are then secreted into the blood.

glucagon glycogen

The hormones ____________ and ______________ are produced by Islets of Langerhans cells in the pancreas.

glucagon and insulin

Regulatory chemicals produced by endocrine glands are called ______________.

hormones

The levels of glucose in the blood are reduced due to the action of the hormone ________________.

insulin

When the blood glucose concentration increases, the pancreas secretes the hormone _______________ into the blood. This hormone acts on receptors in adipose and muscle cells to transport ___________ across the plasma membrane.

insulin; glucose

Where are the adrenal glands located?

on top of each kidney

The adrenal glands are located in the neck region. on top of the liver. in the brain stem. on top of the kidneys. on top of the gonads.

on top of the kidneys

Where are insulin and glucagon produced? Gall bladder Pancreas Liver Hypothalamus Kidney

pancreas

The hypothalamus is physically connected to the ____________ gland.

pituitary

The ______________ pituitary gland contains axon terminals from hypothalamic neurons that store and secrete two hormones.

posterior the two hormones are oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone

The hormone aldosterone: regulates mineral and water balance stimulates release of gametes stimulates thyroid hormone production stimulates growth of bones regulates blood levels of glucose

regulates mineral and water balance

The adrenal gland plays a major role in...

response to stress

Cortisol belongs to which class of hormones? Steroid Amine Fatty acids Peptide/protein

steroid

endocrine system

the organ system consisting of the glands that secrete hormones and of the molecular receptors on or in the target cells that respond to the hormones