Chapter 6 Lipids

A medium-chain fatty acid is ________ carbons in length.

6 to 10

Lowering dietary saturated fat to less than _____ of total calories will help reduce blood cholesterol levels and reduce health risks.

7%

What is a triglyceride?

A molecule consisting of three fatty acids bonded to a glycerol

The recommendation for fat intake that is 20-35% of total calories consumed is the _______.

Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range

What are some examples of foods with long-chain fatty acids?

Beef Pork Lamb (Coconut oil contains medium-chain fatty acids)

Select all the roles that bile plays in relation to the digestion of fats.

Bile allows pancreatic lipase to break down triglycerides. Bile keeps fat droplets suspended. Bile emulsifies fats.

What are the major functions of fatty acids and triglycerides in the body?

To aid in transport of fat-soluble vitamins To provide energy To insulate and protect the body

_________ and fatty acids are essential for optimal health because they provide a concentrated source of energy.

Triglycerides

_________, a type of lipid, are the body's main storage form of energy.

Triglycerides

Some studies suggest consuming a diet high in trans fats may lead to the development of which health problems?

Type 2 diabetes Obesity

Which health issues are associated with excessive omega-3 fatty acid intake?

Uncontrolled bleeding Impaired immune function

______ fats are those that we incorporate into food, such as butter on bread, oils used to prepare vegetables, and shortenings in cookies and pies.

added

What is the structure of a glycerol molecule?

an alcohol containing three carbons

Fatty acids that are released from the glycerol backbone are called free fatty acids to emphasize that they _______.

are unattached

A polyunsaturated fatty acid has ____ location(s) in the carbon chain that is(are) not saturated with hydrogen.

at least two

Why are alpha-linolenic and linoleic acids considered essential fatty acids?

because our bodies are unable to synthesize them because we must eat them from food

______ emulsifies fat and breaks it into many tiny droplets, called micelles.

bile

What are some examples of added fats?

butter, shortening

Match the food with the type of fat.

butter---visible french fries---hidden

Whether a fat is monounsaturated, saturated, or polyunsaturated, it provides the same number of ______.

calories

Foods that contain hidden fat include _______.

cheese, pastries, whole milk

In _____ fatty acids, hydrogens attached to the double-bonded carbons are on the same side of the carbon chain.

cis

The difference between a cis and trans fatty acid is that in a ______ fatty acid, the hydrogens are attached to the double-bonded carbons on the same side of the carbon chain.

cis

A ________ is a triglyceride that loses a fatty acid.

diglyceride

Alpha-linolenic acid and linoleic acid are ________ fatty acids.

essential

The process of attaching fatty acids to glycerol is called ________.

esterification

One usually refers to lipids simply as ____ and _____.

fats, oils

A triglyceride that loses a ________ _________is called a diglyceride.

fatty acid

A function of ______ is to serve as the backbone to which three fatty acids, forming a triglyceride molecule.

glycerol

The process of hydrogenated ______ adds hydrogen to the carbon chain of unsaturated fats.

hydrogenation

The release of fatty acids from glycerol is known as _________.

hydrolysis

Which kind of fatty acid has at least 12 carbon atoms?

long-chain

Long chains of carbon atoms take the longest to digest and are transported via the ______ system.

lymphatic

What are some qualities that a triglyceride possesses?

main storage form of energy, stable, calorie dense

A _________ is a water-soluble droplet formed by bile acids that helps fat stay suspended in water.

micelle

What is the term for a water-soluble droplet formed by bile acids that is a product of the emulsification process?

micelle

Which of the following represent components associated with a traditional Mediterranean Diet?

moderate drinking of wine high intake of fruits, vegetables, and whole grains olive oil as the main fat

Fatty acids that have 1 double bond in the carbon chain are called ______________ fatty acids.

monounsaturated

During the process of hydrogenation, as the amount of added hydrogen increases, the fatty acid becomes ________.

more solid, more saturated

What are the different names of fatty acids based on?

number of carbon-carbon double bonds along the carbon skeleton position of carbon-carbon double bonds along the length of the carbon skeleton

Diets high in total fat increase the risk of ____.

obesity, cardiovascular disease, certain cancers

Which type of oil is a staple in most Mediterranean diets?

olive oil

Which naming system for fatty acids indicates where the double bond closest to the methyl end of the fatty acid chain occurs?

omega system

Diets rich in ______ fatty acids can reduce blood triglyceride levels in those whose levels are high, but can also lead to a decreased ability for the immune system to function if consumed in excess.

omega-3

An imbalance between ______ and ______ fatty acids is suspected to be a contributing factor to the cause of arthritis.

omega-3, omega-6

A ______ fatty acid has two or more locations in the carbon chain that are not saturated with hydrogen.

polyunsaturated

Short-chain fatty acids are rapidly digested and transported via the ______ system.

portal

Products like Z-trim, gums, and Salatrim are used by companies to do what with their food products?

reduce the fat content

Atherosclerotic plaque is probably first deposited to _______.

repair injuries in the arterial lining

Which types of fat are less likely to become rancid because they have no or few double bonds in their carbon chains?

saturated fats, trans fats

In what organ are fat-soluble vitamins absorbed?

small intestine

Phospholipids and cholesterol are digested mostly in the ______.

small intestine

The presence of fat in the _____ ______triggers the release of cholecystokinin.

small intestine

Where does most fat digestion occur?

small intestine

Cardiovascular plaque formation can be caused by ______.

smoking, diabetes, hypertension

What are the three types of lipids?

sterols, phospholipids, triglycerides

The type of fat that functions primarily to insulate the body is _______.

subcutaneous

A triglyceride molecule consists of ____ fatty acid(s) bonded to a glycerol, which serves as a backbone for the fatty acid(s).

three

A ______ fatty acid has hydrogens attached to the double-bonded carbons on opposite sides of the carbon chain.

trans

In a ______ fatty acid, the hydrogens attached to the double-bonded carbons zigzag back and forth across the carbon chain.

trans

_______ fatty acids from hydrogenated fats have harmful effects associated with increasing blood cholesterol levels and lowering levels of HDL cholesterol.

trans

Those who do not consume enough ________ may be unable to absorb sufficient amounts of fat-soluble vitamins.

triglycerides

Which food would be considered to have the highest fat content?

whole milk

A monounsaturated fatty acid has ________ location(s) in the carbon chain that is not saturated with hydrogen.

1

Intakes of polyunsaturated fats that exceed ______% of total calorie intake can lead to an increased risk of developing cardiovascular disease and an impaired immune system.

10

A long-chain fatty acid typically has ______ or more carbon atoms.

12

How many calories of essential fatty acids should men consume daily?

170

What is the Adequate Intake for essential fatty acids?

2-4 tbsp.

The Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range for total fat is _______ of calories for most age groups.

20-35%

Omega-____ fatty acids can be made into substances that help decrease inflammation, pain, and blood triglycerides. It is important to consume an adequate amount of this fatty acid in order to get its benefits.

3

Which cancers are associated with diets high in fat and saturated fat?

Breast cancer Prostate cancer Colon cancer

What are some examples of foods that are considered high in fat?

Butter Salad oils Mayonnaise Margarine

_______ and _______ are digested mostly in the small intestine.

Cholesterol Phospholipids

What are some examples of foods with medium-chain fatty acids?

Coconut oil Palm kernel oil

These compounds regulate cell division rates, maintain normal kidney function and fluid balance, direct hormones to their target cells, regulate the flow of substances in and out of cells, and regulate ovulation.

Eicosanoids

______ are fatty acids that have been released from the glycerol backbone.

Free fatty acids

What is the first step associated with the absorption of triglycerides?

Monoglycerides and free fatty acids enter the epithelial cells of the small intestine.

Which type of fat becomes rancid because their double bonds are easily damaged by oxygen, heat, metals, or light?

Polyunsaturated fats

In which of the following functions do eicosanoids play an important role?

Regulating cell division rates Regulating ovulation Maintaining normal kidney function

What are some common "fat substitutes" used by companies to reduce the fat content of their foods?

Salatrim Gums

Pair the type of fatty acid with its correct structure. Instructions

Saturated fatty acid--No carbon-carbon double bond Monounsaturated fatty acid---One carbon-carbon double bond Polyunsaturated fatty acid---Two or more carbon-carbon double bonds

______ fats contain no carbon-carbon double bonds, whereas ______ fats contain carbon-carbon double bonds.

Saturated, unsaturated

What are some risks associated with high levels of polyunsaturated fat intake?

increased risk of cardiovascular disease impaired immune system

Triglycerides are a diverse group of chemical compounds. Which of the following properties do all types of lipids have in common?

insoluble in water

Subcutaneous fat is located ______.

just beneath the skin

Lifestyle changes that can reduce LDL cholesterol levels and reduce health risk include

keeping total fat intake between 20% and 35% of total calories. keeping trans fat intake low.