Chapter 6 Lipids
A medium-chain fatty acid is ________ carbons in length.
6 to 10
Lowering dietary saturated fat to less than _____ of total calories will help reduce blood cholesterol levels and reduce health risks.
7%
What is a triglyceride?
A molecule consisting of three fatty acids bonded to a glycerol
The recommendation for fat intake that is 20-35% of total calories consumed is the _______.
Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range
What are some examples of foods with long-chain fatty acids?
Beef Pork Lamb (Coconut oil contains medium-chain fatty acids)
Select all the roles that bile plays in relation to the digestion of fats.
Bile allows pancreatic lipase to break down triglycerides. Bile keeps fat droplets suspended. Bile emulsifies fats.
What are the major functions of fatty acids and triglycerides in the body?
To aid in transport of fat-soluble vitamins To provide energy To insulate and protect the body
_________ and fatty acids are essential for optimal health because they provide a concentrated source of energy.
Triglycerides
_________, a type of lipid, are the body's main storage form of energy.
Triglycerides
Some studies suggest consuming a diet high in trans fats may lead to the development of which health problems?
Type 2 diabetes Obesity
Which health issues are associated with excessive omega-3 fatty acid intake?
Uncontrolled bleeding Impaired immune function
______ fats are those that we incorporate into food, such as butter on bread, oils used to prepare vegetables, and shortenings in cookies and pies.
added
What is the structure of a glycerol molecule?
an alcohol containing three carbons
Fatty acids that are released from the glycerol backbone are called free fatty acids to emphasize that they _______.
are unattached
A polyunsaturated fatty acid has ____ location(s) in the carbon chain that is(are) not saturated with hydrogen.
at least two
Why are alpha-linolenic and linoleic acids considered essential fatty acids?
because our bodies are unable to synthesize them because we must eat them from food
______ emulsifies fat and breaks it into many tiny droplets, called micelles.
bile
What are some examples of added fats?
butter, shortening
Match the food with the type of fat.
butter---visible french fries---hidden
Whether a fat is monounsaturated, saturated, or polyunsaturated, it provides the same number of ______.
calories
Foods that contain hidden fat include _______.
cheese, pastries, whole milk
In _____ fatty acids, hydrogens attached to the double-bonded carbons are on the same side of the carbon chain.
cis
The difference between a cis and trans fatty acid is that in a ______ fatty acid, the hydrogens are attached to the double-bonded carbons on the same side of the carbon chain.
cis
A ________ is a triglyceride that loses a fatty acid.
diglyceride
Alpha-linolenic acid and linoleic acid are ________ fatty acids.
essential
The process of attaching fatty acids to glycerol is called ________.
esterification
One usually refers to lipids simply as ____ and _____.
fats, oils
A triglyceride that loses a ________ _________is called a diglyceride.
fatty acid
A function of ______ is to serve as the backbone to which three fatty acids, forming a triglyceride molecule.
glycerol
The process of hydrogenated ______ adds hydrogen to the carbon chain of unsaturated fats.
hydrogenation
The release of fatty acids from glycerol is known as _________.
hydrolysis
Which kind of fatty acid has at least 12 carbon atoms?
long-chain
Long chains of carbon atoms take the longest to digest and are transported via the ______ system.
lymphatic
What are some qualities that a triglyceride possesses?
main storage form of energy, stable, calorie dense
A _________ is a water-soluble droplet formed by bile acids that helps fat stay suspended in water.
micelle
What is the term for a water-soluble droplet formed by bile acids that is a product of the emulsification process?
micelle
Which of the following represent components associated with a traditional Mediterranean Diet?
moderate drinking of wine high intake of fruits, vegetables, and whole grains olive oil as the main fat
Fatty acids that have 1 double bond in the carbon chain are called ______________ fatty acids.
monounsaturated
During the process of hydrogenation, as the amount of added hydrogen increases, the fatty acid becomes ________.
more solid, more saturated
What are the different names of fatty acids based on?
number of carbon-carbon double bonds along the carbon skeleton position of carbon-carbon double bonds along the length of the carbon skeleton
Diets high in total fat increase the risk of ____.
obesity, cardiovascular disease, certain cancers
Which type of oil is a staple in most Mediterranean diets?
olive oil
Which naming system for fatty acids indicates where the double bond closest to the methyl end of the fatty acid chain occurs?
omega system
Diets rich in ______ fatty acids can reduce blood triglyceride levels in those whose levels are high, but can also lead to a decreased ability for the immune system to function if consumed in excess.
omega-3
An imbalance between ______ and ______ fatty acids is suspected to be a contributing factor to the cause of arthritis.
omega-3, omega-6
A ______ fatty acid has two or more locations in the carbon chain that are not saturated with hydrogen.
polyunsaturated
Short-chain fatty acids are rapidly digested and transported via the ______ system.
portal
Products like Z-trim, gums, and Salatrim are used by companies to do what with their food products?
reduce the fat content
Atherosclerotic plaque is probably first deposited to _______.
repair injuries in the arterial lining
Which types of fat are less likely to become rancid because they have no or few double bonds in their carbon chains?
saturated fats, trans fats
In what organ are fat-soluble vitamins absorbed?
small intestine
Phospholipids and cholesterol are digested mostly in the ______.
small intestine
The presence of fat in the _____ ______triggers the release of cholecystokinin.
small intestine
Where does most fat digestion occur?
small intestine
Cardiovascular plaque formation can be caused by ______.
smoking, diabetes, hypertension
What are the three types of lipids?
sterols, phospholipids, triglycerides
The type of fat that functions primarily to insulate the body is _______.
subcutaneous
A triglyceride molecule consists of ____ fatty acid(s) bonded to a glycerol, which serves as a backbone for the fatty acid(s).
three
A ______ fatty acid has hydrogens attached to the double-bonded carbons on opposite sides of the carbon chain.
trans
In a ______ fatty acid, the hydrogens attached to the double-bonded carbons zigzag back and forth across the carbon chain.
trans
_______ fatty acids from hydrogenated fats have harmful effects associated with increasing blood cholesterol levels and lowering levels of HDL cholesterol.
trans
Those who do not consume enough ________ may be unable to absorb sufficient amounts of fat-soluble vitamins.
triglycerides
Which food would be considered to have the highest fat content?
whole milk
A monounsaturated fatty acid has ________ location(s) in the carbon chain that is not saturated with hydrogen.
1
Intakes of polyunsaturated fats that exceed ______% of total calorie intake can lead to an increased risk of developing cardiovascular disease and an impaired immune system.
10
A long-chain fatty acid typically has ______ or more carbon atoms.
12
How many calories of essential fatty acids should men consume daily?
170
What is the Adequate Intake for essential fatty acids?
2-4 tbsp.
The Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range for total fat is _______ of calories for most age groups.
20-35%
Omega-____ fatty acids can be made into substances that help decrease inflammation, pain, and blood triglycerides. It is important to consume an adequate amount of this fatty acid in order to get its benefits.
3
Which cancers are associated with diets high in fat and saturated fat?
Breast cancer Prostate cancer Colon cancer
What are some examples of foods that are considered high in fat?
Butter Salad oils Mayonnaise Margarine
_______ and _______ are digested mostly in the small intestine.
Cholesterol Phospholipids
What are some examples of foods with medium-chain fatty acids?
Coconut oil Palm kernel oil
These compounds regulate cell division rates, maintain normal kidney function and fluid balance, direct hormones to their target cells, regulate the flow of substances in and out of cells, and regulate ovulation.
Eicosanoids
______ are fatty acids that have been released from the glycerol backbone.
Free fatty acids
What is the first step associated with the absorption of triglycerides?
Monoglycerides and free fatty acids enter the epithelial cells of the small intestine.
Which type of fat becomes rancid because their double bonds are easily damaged by oxygen, heat, metals, or light?
Polyunsaturated fats
In which of the following functions do eicosanoids play an important role?
Regulating cell division rates Regulating ovulation Maintaining normal kidney function
What are some common "fat substitutes" used by companies to reduce the fat content of their foods?
Salatrim Gums
Pair the type of fatty acid with its correct structure. Instructions
Saturated fatty acid--No carbon-carbon double bond Monounsaturated fatty acid---One carbon-carbon double bond Polyunsaturated fatty acid---Two or more carbon-carbon double bonds
______ fats contain no carbon-carbon double bonds, whereas ______ fats contain carbon-carbon double bonds.
Saturated, unsaturated
What are some risks associated with high levels of polyunsaturated fat intake?
increased risk of cardiovascular disease impaired immune system
Triglycerides are a diverse group of chemical compounds. Which of the following properties do all types of lipids have in common?
insoluble in water
Subcutaneous fat is located ______.
just beneath the skin
Lifestyle changes that can reduce LDL cholesterol levels and reduce health risk include
keeping total fat intake between 20% and 35% of total calories. keeping trans fat intake low.
