Chapter 6 - Lipids

Which fatty acids are considered essential fatty acids?

- alpha-linolenic acid - linoleic acid

Which of the following dietary changes can help reduce the risk of developing CVD?

- reducing alcohol intake - increasing dietary fiber - reducing intake of refined sugar

What are some ways to reduce a person's risk of developing CVD.

- replace saturated fats with unsaturated fats - use less butter and margarine

All of the following individuals maintain a high risk of developing gallstones, except those?

with a healthy body weight

What foods naturally contain small amounts of trans fats?

- butter - whole milk and whole-milk products - meat

Which of the following substances are types of lipids?

- cholesterol - triglycerides

Outline the process of enterohepatic circulation beginning with bile salts absorbed in the small intestine.

1. Bile salts are absorbed in the ileum of small intestine 2. Bile salt travels through the blood to the liver 3. The liver recycles used bile salts to make new bile

Engaging in moderate-intensity physical activity at least ____ days a week and balancing energy intake with energy expenditure.

5

What is a hormone that stimulates the gallbladder to release bile and the pancreas to release digestive enzymes?

Cholecystokinin

What is only found in foods that contain animal products?

Cholesterol

Embolus

a blood clot or plaque particle that breaks free from where it formed and travels through the bloodstream

Thrombus

a fixed bunch of clots that remain in place and disrupts blood flow

Arterlosclerosis

a loss of arterial flexibility or "hardening of the arteries"

Clot that remains in place and disrupts blood flow is called?

a thrombus

Trans fatty acid

allows the carbon chain to remain straighter

The Dietary Guidelines for Americans (Acceptable Macronutrient Range - AMDR) recommends that adults should keep daily fat intake?

between 20 and 35% of total calories

Why are the chemical structures of trans and saturated fatty acids similar?

both have a straight shape

Cis fatty acid

causes the carbon chain to bend

The main characteristic that all types of lipid molecules have in common is that they are _______ in water.

insoluble

What is true about the hydrogenation process?

it produces trans fats

What lipoprotein carries the most protein?

HDL

What enzyme plays an important role in fat digestion by breaking down lipids?

lipase

Which gender is more prone to heart attacks?

Men

Name the class of nutrients that consists of triglycerides, phospholipids, and sterols.

lipids

Atherosclerosis

long-term disease process in which plaques build up inside the arterial walls

What is a digestive enzyme that removes two fatty acids from each triglyceride molecule?

Pancreatic Lipase

__________ fatty acids consist entirely of carbon-carbon single bonds.

Saturated

Scientific evidence suggests that dietary cholesterol does not have as much effect on blood cholesterol as dietary?

Saturated fat

What are a type of prescription drugs that reduces a person's elevated blood lipid levels?

Statins

Fatty acids can be saturated or unsaturated

True

Atherosclerosis is a complex disease with multiple?

risk factors

Replacing energy from saturated fats with ______ is associated with a reduction in mortality from CVD.

- PUFA fats - MUFA fats

What are some things you can do to reduce fat intake?

- steam meats - trim fat - choose lean meats

Modifiable risk factors for cardiovascular disease include?

- tabacco use - excess body fat - hypertension - type 2 diabetes

What are the structural components of a triglyceride?

- three attached fatty acids - glycerol backbone

Why do manufactures partially hydrogenate oils?

- to increase the shelf life of a product - to decrease rancidity

Non-modifiable risk factors for cardiovascular disease include?

- family history (genetics) - increasing age - male sex

The direct benefits of physical activity include?

- achieving healthy body weight - maintaining a healthy body weight - reducing blood LDL cholesterol level

What are the characteristics of Ghee?

- compared to butter, Ghee has a higher smoke point - solid at room temperature but can be melted - made from unsalted butter by removing the water and milk proteins from the butterfat

The primary site of lipid digestion and absorption occurs in the?

small intestine

The cholesterol carried by LDL is often called ________ cholesterol because LDL conveys the lipid to tissues that contribute to atherosclerotic plaques.

"bad"

What ethnic groups have higher rates of gallbladder disease in the USA?

- Mexican-Americans - American Indians

List the steps of the development of atherosclerosis in the arteries starting with arterial damage and ending with a heart attack.

1. Damage occurs in blood vessel lining 2. Plaque is deposited at the site of initial damage 3. As plaque accumulates, arteries harden, narrow, and lose elasticity 4. Pressure in artery is increased 5. Clot or spasm in a plaque-clogged artery lead to a heart attack

Rank in order the steps of enterohepatic circulation of bile beginning with the liver making bile from cholesterol.

1. Liver makes bile from cholesterol 2. Gallbladder stores bile until needed then secretes bile into the small intestine 3. Small intestine receives bile from gallbladder to facilitate lipid digestion 4. ileum absorbs bile salts from bile. Soluble fiber reduces absorption of bile salts 5. Bile salts returns to liver and are recycled to make bile

List the steps of dietary fat absorption from absorption in the small intestine and ending with entrance into the lymphatic system.

1. absorption of glycerol, monoglycerides, and fatty acids into small intestinal cells 2. triglycerides are reassembled 3. triglycerides are packed into chylomicrons 4. Chylomicrons enter the lymphatic system

What cells, which remove fatty acids and glycerol from the blood and reassemble them as triglycerides for storage, are commonly called fat cells?

Adipose

What is the long term process in which plaque builds up inside arterial walls?

Atherosclerosis

By having both hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions, a phospholipid can serve as an __________, a substance that keeps water-soluble and water-insoluble compounds mixed together.

emulsifier

What is one of the most common digestive diseases in the United States.

gallstones

Foam cells

holds oxidized LDL within the arterial wall

A triglyceride has?

three fatty acids attached to a glycerol molecule

HDL

transports cholesterol from body cells for disposal

Oxidized LDL

transports cholesterol into arterial lining

LDL

transports cholesterol to cells for their use

Phospholipids contain both a hydrophobic and hydrophilic portions, which attract and repel water.

True

Bile acids produced in the _________ and stored in the _________ aid in lipid digestion by emulsifying lipids.

- liver - gallbladder

Certain cooking methods which can limit added fats, but maximize flavor include?

- pot roasting - stir-frying - steaming

What are the by-products of lipid digestion?

- fatty acids - glycerol

What are some examples of food sources that contain cholesterol

- ice cream - eggs - chicken

How does arterial plaque make clots more likely to form?

- ruptured plaque requires a clot formation repair rupture - plaque roughens the smooth arterial surface, slowing blood flow, making clots more likely

The most common forms of cardiovascular disease in the US include?

- stroke - coronary artery disease

Although considered the "silent disease", hypertension can increase the risk of?

- stroke - heart failure - kidney disease

Hypertension is serious and chronic condition that increase risk of?

- sudden death - atherosclerosis - heart disease

The ________ secretes lipase into the small intestine to aid in the digestion of fat.

pancreas