Chapter 6 - Lipids
Which fatty acids are considered essential fatty acids?
- alpha-linolenic acid - linoleic acid
Which of the following dietary changes can help reduce the risk of developing CVD?
- reducing alcohol intake - increasing dietary fiber - reducing intake of refined sugar
What are some ways to reduce a person's risk of developing CVD.
- replace saturated fats with unsaturated fats - use less butter and margarine
All of the following individuals maintain a high risk of developing gallstones, except those?
with a healthy body weight
What foods naturally contain small amounts of trans fats?
- butter - whole milk and whole-milk products - meat
Which of the following substances are types of lipids?
- cholesterol - triglycerides
Outline the process of enterohepatic circulation beginning with bile salts absorbed in the small intestine.
1. Bile salts are absorbed in the ileum of small intestine 2. Bile salt travels through the blood to the liver 3. The liver recycles used bile salts to make new bile
Engaging in moderate-intensity physical activity at least ____ days a week and balancing energy intake with energy expenditure.
5
What is a hormone that stimulates the gallbladder to release bile and the pancreas to release digestive enzymes?
Cholecystokinin
What is only found in foods that contain animal products?
Cholesterol
Embolus
a blood clot or plaque particle that breaks free from where it formed and travels through the bloodstream
Thrombus
a fixed bunch of clots that remain in place and disrupts blood flow
Arterlosclerosis
a loss of arterial flexibility or "hardening of the arteries"
Clot that remains in place and disrupts blood flow is called?
a thrombus
Trans fatty acid
allows the carbon chain to remain straighter
The Dietary Guidelines for Americans (Acceptable Macronutrient Range - AMDR) recommends that adults should keep daily fat intake?
between 20 and 35% of total calories
Why are the chemical structures of trans and saturated fatty acids similar?
both have a straight shape
Cis fatty acid
causes the carbon chain to bend
The main characteristic that all types of lipid molecules have in common is that they are _______ in water.
insoluble
What is true about the hydrogenation process?
it produces trans fats
What lipoprotein carries the most protein?
HDL
What enzyme plays an important role in fat digestion by breaking down lipids?
lipase
Which gender is more prone to heart attacks?
Men
Name the class of nutrients that consists of triglycerides, phospholipids, and sterols.
lipids
Atherosclerosis
long-term disease process in which plaques build up inside the arterial walls
What is a digestive enzyme that removes two fatty acids from each triglyceride molecule?
Pancreatic Lipase
__________ fatty acids consist entirely of carbon-carbon single bonds.
Saturated
Scientific evidence suggests that dietary cholesterol does not have as much effect on blood cholesterol as dietary?
Saturated fat
What are a type of prescription drugs that reduces a person's elevated blood lipid levels?
Statins
Fatty acids can be saturated or unsaturated
True
Atherosclerosis is a complex disease with multiple?
risk factors
Replacing energy from saturated fats with ______ is associated with a reduction in mortality from CVD.
- PUFA fats - MUFA fats
What are some things you can do to reduce fat intake?
- steam meats - trim fat - choose lean meats
Modifiable risk factors for cardiovascular disease include?
- tabacco use - excess body fat - hypertension - type 2 diabetes
What are the structural components of a triglyceride?
- three attached fatty acids - glycerol backbone
Why do manufactures partially hydrogenate oils?
- to increase the shelf life of a product - to decrease rancidity
Non-modifiable risk factors for cardiovascular disease include?
- family history (genetics) - increasing age - male sex
The direct benefits of physical activity include?
- achieving healthy body weight - maintaining a healthy body weight - reducing blood LDL cholesterol level
What are the characteristics of Ghee?
- compared to butter, Ghee has a higher smoke point - solid at room temperature but can be melted - made from unsalted butter by removing the water and milk proteins from the butterfat
The primary site of lipid digestion and absorption occurs in the?
small intestine
The cholesterol carried by LDL is often called ________ cholesterol because LDL conveys the lipid to tissues that contribute to atherosclerotic plaques.
"bad"
What ethnic groups have higher rates of gallbladder disease in the USA?
- Mexican-Americans - American Indians
List the steps of the development of atherosclerosis in the arteries starting with arterial damage and ending with a heart attack.
1. Damage occurs in blood vessel lining 2. Plaque is deposited at the site of initial damage 3. As plaque accumulates, arteries harden, narrow, and lose elasticity 4. Pressure in artery is increased 5. Clot or spasm in a plaque-clogged artery lead to a heart attack
Rank in order the steps of enterohepatic circulation of bile beginning with the liver making bile from cholesterol.
1. Liver makes bile from cholesterol 2. Gallbladder stores bile until needed then secretes bile into the small intestine 3. Small intestine receives bile from gallbladder to facilitate lipid digestion 4. ileum absorbs bile salts from bile. Soluble fiber reduces absorption of bile salts 5. Bile salts returns to liver and are recycled to make bile
List the steps of dietary fat absorption from absorption in the small intestine and ending with entrance into the lymphatic system.
1. absorption of glycerol, monoglycerides, and fatty acids into small intestinal cells 2. triglycerides are reassembled 3. triglycerides are packed into chylomicrons 4. Chylomicrons enter the lymphatic system
What cells, which remove fatty acids and glycerol from the blood and reassemble them as triglycerides for storage, are commonly called fat cells?
Adipose
What is the long term process in which plaque builds up inside arterial walls?
Atherosclerosis
By having both hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions, a phospholipid can serve as an __________, a substance that keeps water-soluble and water-insoluble compounds mixed together.
emulsifier
What is one of the most common digestive diseases in the United States.
gallstones
Foam cells
holds oxidized LDL within the arterial wall
A triglyceride has?
three fatty acids attached to a glycerol molecule
HDL
transports cholesterol from body cells for disposal
Oxidized LDL
transports cholesterol into arterial lining
LDL
transports cholesterol to cells for their use
Phospholipids contain both a hydrophobic and hydrophilic portions, which attract and repel water.
True
Bile acids produced in the _________ and stored in the _________ aid in lipid digestion by emulsifying lipids.
- liver - gallbladder
Certain cooking methods which can limit added fats, but maximize flavor include?
- pot roasting - stir-frying - steaming
What are the by-products of lipid digestion?
- fatty acids - glycerol
What are some examples of food sources that contain cholesterol
- ice cream - eggs - chicken
How does arterial plaque make clots more likely to form?
- ruptured plaque requires a clot formation repair rupture - plaque roughens the smooth arterial surface, slowing blood flow, making clots more likely
The most common forms of cardiovascular disease in the US include?
- stroke - coronary artery disease
Although considered the "silent disease", hypertension can increase the risk of?
- stroke - heart failure - kidney disease
Hypertension is serious and chronic condition that increase risk of?
- sudden death - atherosclerosis - heart disease
The ________ secretes lipase into the small intestine to aid in the digestion of fat.
pancreas