Chapter 6 Psych test

Grasping how to perform a complex action sequence, such as driving a car, pitching a baseball, are playing the harmonica, is referred to as

Part task learning

Continued gambling behavior is best explained in terms of which process of learning?

Partial reinforcement

Pamela and Martin are practicing a complicated dance to be filmed for a soft drink commercial, but are having trouble with one section. Which of the following would be the best way for them to improve their learning of the dance? They should practice the entire dance

During several shorter sessions, rather than one long session

Brandon is trying to get out of his crib. He try sticking his legs to the bars, hitting the bars with his arms, and budding them with his head. He realizes that he is getting nowhere. Then suddenly Brandon tries climbing over the top of the bars, and he breaks free. This illustrates

Insight

Extinction will be most rapid after history of ______________ reinforcement

Continuous

The first time Elizabeth went to her local mall, she had a difficult time finding her way around, but after several visit she finds it very easy to get where she needs to go. Elizabeth has

Develop a cognitive map of the mall

Whenever Lisa's aunts visit, they kiss her on the cheek. Lisa hates this and eventually learns that they will not kiss her if she is coughing. Now whenever her aunts enter her home, she pretends to cough. This is an example of

Avoidance conditioning

Art has doting parents who praise him every time he sits down and studies. Ben has parents are praise him every now and then when he studies. A learning theorist would predict that if both sets of parents stop giving encouragement for studying, _______________would continue studying longer because behaviors rewarded on a _______________ schedule persist longer

Ben; partial

Charlie wants to get a job in which he is rewarded for his work on a fixed interval reinforcement schedule. Which job should Charlie pursue?

Burger express, where he will earn a paycheck each week

Reginald's camera always makes a clicking noise just before the flash goes off. After taking many pictures of his little brother Devon, he presses the button, the camera clicks, but the flat does not go off. Despite this, Devon blinks just as he did when the flash is working. This is an example of _____________ conditioning in the flash is the ________________

Classical; unconditioned stimulus

Jelena is studying in her apartment when suddenly the power goes out. She has to walk to the kitchen to get a flashlight and a surprised by how well she navigate without bumping into anything in the dark. She's able to do this because she has formed a

Cognitive map

Baby Abbey was playing with her favorite toy rattle when her mom dropped an arm full of pots and pans behind her. The loud noise made her startle and cried. Subsequently, I'm seeing her rattle, she cries. However, mom continues to get baby Abbey her favorite rattle and doesn't drop any more pots and pans. We would expect the babies Abby's crying wanting the rattle would now

Extinguish

Teaching assistants are paid a meager sum of money once a month, whether they work hard or not. This type of payment plan demonstrates a __________________ reinforcement schedule

Fixed-interval

It has been rumored that campus parking enforcement officers receive a $10 bonus for every 20 tickets they write. And unnamed campus parking administrator has remarked off the record, "this schedule of reinforcement keeps our officers diligent and busy."

Fixed-ratio

Teresa discovers that reading her text but the night before a sociology test is an effective study strategy. She decides to try the same thing in studying for psychology quizzes. Her study behavior has

Generalized

When Joel asked his psychology class a question, he calls on only those students whose hands are raised. Guff another psychology instructor, requires all students in his class to answer every question by holding up a card showing the written responses. Assuming that Joel and Guff are equally competent instructors who cover the same material, which class should perform better on the upcoming midterm?

Guff's class

If you want a strong reinforcer, you should Miley stimulate be

Hypothalamus

Just before being attacked by a mugger while jogging, David had been listening to a saxophone player, watching a mime artist, and smelling the newly mowed grass. According to the textbook, which of these stimuli is most likely to become a conditioned stimulus for fear?

It depends on where David's attention was focused

When she was young, Nadia's father would always travel in a straight line through a forest if they became lost. Since she was always with her father went hiking, she never had to think much about this tactic. Many but years later, while hiking alone, she did become lost but was able to escape the forest using her fathers technique. This demonstrates

Latent learning

Haley thinks that it doesn't matter how hard she studies for her classes. Sometime she studies and other times she doesn't but her grades are always the same. Soon, Haley never studies because she doesn't see any reason to do so. Haley is experiencing

Learned helplessness

Jerome tried to please his parents by always being good, but whenever Jerome's older brother, Tom, misbehaved, their parents would punish both Tom and Jerome. Jerome stopped trying to please his parents because he didn't think it would make any difference. This change in Jerome's behavior is an example of

Learned helplessness

Lavonne hates to listen to the new age music. So, when Lavonne refuses to clean her room, her mother makes her stay in her room and plays new age music through the intercom. Her mother tells Lavonne as soon as she finishes cleaning her room the music will be stopped. This is an example of

Negative reinforcement

One aspect comment to Tolman's research I'm late and learning and Kohlers research on insight is

Negative reinforcement

Stephanie is starting her vocabulary words for German class. Each time she reads the German word and thinks of the English equivalent, she finds it easier to recall the meaning. Stephanie's experience is best explained by the role of

Neural networks

The most critical component of skill learning is

Practice

Marat had a terrible toothache and decided to go to the dentist. The dentist made the problem worse, Marat was in a lot more pain. Now, he no longer trust dentist it is unlikely to go to one in the future if he has a toothache. This is an example of

Punishment

Fed up with his son not cleaning around the house, Jack buys a book called shape up, which instructs the reader to implement the operant conditioning technique of shipping. According to the book, jack will want to

Reinforce successive approximations of the desired response

Every time the paper girl says to her customers, "I want my two dollars," her customers give her the money. And this example receiving the customers money is a

Reinforcer

Sarah wants to learn to play the piano. Research on skill learning suggests that ________________ will be the most critical component in Sarah's learning process

Repeated practice

In token economy programs, therapist give mental patients token such as a poker chip for desired behaviors. The tokens reinforce desired behaviors because they can be exchanged for TV time, desserts, and other desired commodities. The tokens are thus __________________ reinforcers

Secondary

What kind of reinforcer is money?

Secondary

Gabe is trying to get his dog, Trixie, to set up. He starts rewarding her first when she lies down. Then he rewards her when she's sitting on her backside. And finally rewards her only when she sits up with her paws off the ground. Gabe got Trixie to sit up by using

Shaping

Jia is a bear trainer at the circus. She wants to teach Barney the bear to write a unicycle. To do this, Jia first rewards Barney for sitting up. Then she rewards Barney only if he sits on the unicycle seat. Next to reward him for only sitting on the new unicycle see in raising his paws towards the petals and so on. By showtime, Barney can ride the unicycle. This method is called

Shaping

Veronica is deathly afraid of pink highlighters. Overcome her highlighter phobia, Veronica saw a therapist to extinguisher fear of highlighters in condition her to learn a new relaxing response to highlighters. The therapist technique is known as

Systematic desensitization

Keren and decides to try cotton candy for the first time. She enjoys it, but unfortunately, later that day Keren comes down with the stomach flu. Now the smell or thought of cotton candy makes her shutter and feel slightly nauseous. It's an example of

Taste aversion

If a research team is going to Chicago to conduct a study on latent learning, very most interested in interviewing

Taxi driver who can give directions to a location he's never visited

Psychologist have define learning as

The modification through experience a pre-existing behavior and understanding

Although punishment has several drawbacks, it is most effective when

The punisher identifies more appropriate behavior

Learned helplessness involves learning that

There is no relationship between one's behaviors and their consequences

Every time Brandon drops a cricket into the cage of her pet tarantula, chompers, he begins to salivate. Brandy has gotten in the habit of playing your favorite CD when she feeds chompers. After several parents of the cricket and her favorite CD, all Brandy has to do is play the CD and choppers begins to salivate. In this example, Chomper salivating to the cricket is a

Unconditioned response

Every time Byrd slices onions, the onions burn his eyes and tears running down his face. One day he open the silverware drawer and pulled out the knife that he only uses to peel onions and immediately started to shed tears from the sight of the night. In this situation, the onion is the _______________ and the knife is the ______________

Unconditioned stimulus; conditioned stimulus

Russell's mom wants him to study for two hours each night, so she gets him treats during the evening. Sometime she gets him a treat after 10 minutes, sometimes after 30 minutes. On average, Russell is going to treat every 20 minutes. Which reinforcement schedule is Russell's mom utilizing?

Variable - interval

In her kindergarten class, Tanesha gives the children star stickers for good behavior in the class (e.g. raising their hands before speaking, being polite to the other children, walking in line through hallways). Tanisha gives a star sticker every time a good behavior occurs. Tanesha is using a _______________ reinforcement schedule

Variable-ratio

Kong is scared to death of bananas and banana peels. However, he watches others eat bananas and receive every warding piece of candy every time they throw their banana peel away. Eventually, Kong began to eat bananas and throw the peels away. Kong learned through

Vicarious experience

Which of the following is true about the relationship between violence and watching violent TV?

Watching violent TV and violence are positively correlated

Which of the following is a primary reinforcer?

Water

Which of the following is the best example of Premack's principle for a normal child?

When you eat your spinach you can go outside and play with your friends

When Ken kisses Barbie, his heart races. For a month, Barbie snapped her fingers just before she kissed him. She stopped snapping her fingers, but now whenever someone is snapping their fingers, his heart begins to race. This is an example of ____________ conditioning, and the finger snapping is the _________

classical; conditioned stimulus

Marlene's parents spank her with a paddle whenever she misbehaves. Because of this, Marlene is afraid whenever the paddle is in sight. Her parents move the paddle to a closet that squeaks. Marlene soon grows afraid of the squeak of the closet door because it predicts the appearance of the paddle, and the paddle predicts a spanking and pain. This is an example of _______________ conditioning

higher-order

Bertha became conditioned to cry every time she saw an onion chopper because she associated it with cutting onions, which always made her eyes water. For weeks, the onion cutter on the counter with no onions. Eventually she never cried when she saw the cutter. Then the onion cutter disappeared for two months, and when Bertha saw it again for the first time she began to cry. This response is known as

spontaneous recovery