chapter 6study modules

Correctly match the description of the projection with its name: large, rough, rounded projections.

Tuberosity

Correctly match the term and description: diaphysis.

primary ossification center

Correctly match the term and description: epiphyseal plate.

site of length increase in long bones

Correctly match the description of the projection with its name: tubercle

small rounded projection of process

Correctly match the definition and term: location of red bone marrow.

spongy bone

Spongy bone contains all of the following, EXCEPT __________.

true osteons

fossae are..

bone depression

Correctly match the description of the projection with its name: large, rough, rounded projections.

tuberosity

Correctly match the definition and term: irregular bone.

vertebrae of spinal column and hip bones

Correctly match the description of the projection with its name: trochanter.

very large, blunt, irregularly shaped process

All of the following are stored in the matrix of bones, EXCEPT __________. vitamin D phosphate Grown Factors calcium

vitamin D

Match the description to the correct stage of endochondral ossification: formation of the medullary cavity as ossification continues

...

Match the description to the correct stage of bone repair: caused by tearing of blood vessels in and around fracture site.

...hematropihic

Correctly match the description of the projection with its name: spine.

...sharp, slender, often pointed projection

KNOW THIS

A thyroid gland B.parathyroid glands C.release of parathyroid hormone D.Degradation of bone matrix by osteoclasts and release of Ca2+ into blood

Which of the following statements concerning the periosteum of a bone is NOT true

All bone surfaces in the body are covered by the periosteum.

Match the description to the correct answer regarding bone tissue: Major inorganic component of bone

Calcium Phosphate

Correctly match the definition and term: the inorganic minerals contained in the intercellular matrix of bone.

Calcium phosphate (hydroxyapatite)

Which of the following statements best describes interstitial growth of cartilage?

Chondrocytes divide and secrete new matrix from within the cartilage.

Which of the following is true? A. Despite the environmental factors that influence bone density, genetics still plays the major role in determining bone density. B. In about the second decade, bone mass increases with age. C. Bone resorption is slower than bone formation in old age D. Bone formation exceeds bone resorption in young adults

Despite the environmental factors that influence bone density, genetics still plays the major role in determining bone density. Rationale: In children and adolescents, bone formation exceeds bone resorption. In young adults, these processes are in balance, and in old age, resorption predominates. Despite the environmental factors that influence bone density, genetics still plays the major role in determining how much a person's bone density will change over a lifetime. A single gene that codes for vitamin D's cellular docking site helps determine both the tendency to accumulate bone mass during early life and a person's risk of osteoporosis later in life. Beginning in the fourth decade, bone mass decreases with age. The only exception appears to be in bones of the skull. Among young adults, skeletal mass is generally greater in males than in females. Age-related bone loss is faster in white people than in black people (who have greater bone density to begin with) and faster in females than in males.

Which of the following statements is true? A. Hypocalcemia leads to hyperexcitability. B. Because calcium causes neurotransmitter release, excessive calcium will lead to hyperexcitability. C. Sustained decreases in calcium can lead to kidney stones. D. Because calcium causes neurotransmitter release, too little calcium causes non-responsiveness.

Hypocalcemia leads to hyperexcitability. Rationale: Minute changes from the homeostatic range for blood calcium can lead to severe neuromuscular problems. For example, hypocalcemia (hi"po-kal-se'me-ah; low blood Ca2+ levels) causes hyperexcitability. In contrast, hypercalcemia (hi"per-kalse' me-ah; high blood Ca2+ levels) causes nonresponsiveness and inability to function. In addition, sustained high blood levels of Ca2+ can lead to the formation of kidney stones or undesirable deposits of calcium salts in other organs, which may hamper their function.

Which of the following characteristics of skeletal cartilage limits its thickness?

It is avascular and receives most of its nourishment from the perichondrium that surrounds it.

This hormone normally associated with its effects on weight and energy balance, also plays a role in bone density.

Leptin

Correctly match the term and description: Bone-building cell Osteoclast Osteoblast Osteocyte Osteoprogenitor cell

Osteoblast

Bone is broken down by osteoblasts osteogenic cells chondrocytes osteoclasts

Osteoclasts

Normally considered to be a neurotransmitter that regulates sleep and mood, this hormone is a hormonal go-between bone formation and destruction.

Serotonin

In adolescence, the "growth spurt" that is observed is mainly attributed to an increase in growth hormone sex hormones parathyroid hormone calcitonin

Sex Hormones

Correctly match the description of the projection with its name: Tubercle

Small rounded projection or process

Cartilage cells undergo hypertrophy followed by calcification of the matrix.

Stage 2

Correctly match the term and definition: perforating canals that carry interconnected blood vessels to the Haversian canal.

Volkmann's canals

yellow marrow is useful as

a tissue that may revert back to red marrow if a person needs more red blood cells

Look at this

a. Bone collar forms around hyaline cartilage model. B.Cartilage in center of diaphysis calcifies and develops cavities. C.Periosteal bud invades internal cavities and spongy bone begins to form. D.Diaphysis elongates and medullary cavity forms; secondary ossification centers appear in epiphyses. E.Epiphyses ossify; hyaline cartilage remains only in epiphyseal plates and articular cartilages.

Match the type of cartilaginous feature to the correct description: fibrocartilage.

able to withstand heavy loads and absorb shock

Correctly match the definition and term: growth of bone in thickness.

appositional growth

At the end of secondary ossification, hyaline cartilage can be found __________.

at the epiphyseal plates

The bones in the long axis of the body make up the __________.

axial skeleton

Intramembranous ossification __________.

begins within a connective tissue membrane

Correctly match the definition and term: structures contained in the central canal of an osteon.

blood vessels

Match the description to the correct stage of bone repair: excess bony material is removed from the external and internal surfaces of the diaphysis.

bone remodeling

The final step in fracture repair is __________.

bone remodeling

Match the description to the correct stage of bone repair: trabeculae invade callus and begin to replace fibrous tissue and cartilage.

bony callus formation

Correctly match the definition and term: The hormone that may function to decrease the level of calcium in the blood.

calcitonin

Bones serve as an important reservoir of __________.

calcium

Hydroxyapatite in bone matrix that gives bone its hardness is primarily composed of __________.

calcium and phosphates

Match the description to the correct function of the skeletal system: mineral storage.

calcium phosphate repository

Correctly match the opening or depression in bone with its correct name: meatus.

canal-like passageway

Correctly match the term and definition: narrow passageways that contain cytoplasmic extensions of osteocytes.

canaliculi

Osteocytes maintain contact allowing them to communicate and permitting nutrients and wastes to be relayed from one osteocyte to the next through periosteum concentric lamellae canaliculi interstitial lamellae

canaliculi

Osteocytes maintain contact with the blood vessels of the central canal through __________.

canaliculi

Correctly match the opening or depression in bone with its correct name: sinus.

cavity within a bone

Correctly match the definition and term: cartilage cells

chondrocytes

The twisting of a long bone is prevented by which of the following?

circumferential lamellae

Match the description to the correct answer regarding bone tissue: major organic fiber of bone

collagen

A patient is brought to the emergency room with a broken bone. According to the x-ray, the bone is fragmented into three pieces. This would be considered a __________.

comminuted fracture

Correctly match the definition and term: A fracture in which bone fragments break into three or more pieces.

communited fracutre

The two types of osseous tissue are __________.

compact and spongy bone

Correctly match the definition and term: A fracture that has broken ends of the bone protrude through the soft tissues and the skin.

compound fracture

Correctly match the definition and term: A fracture in which the bone is crushed.

compression fracture

Correctly match the description of the bony projection with its name: rounded articular projection.

condyle

A fracture in the shaft of a bone would occur in the __________.

diaphysis

Match the description to the correct function of the skeletal system: protection.

encloses brain and other soft organs

Correctly match the definition and term: replacement of hyaline cartilage with bony tissue.

endochondral ossification

The process of bone growth at the epiphyseal plate is similar to __________.

endochondral ossification

Correctly match the definition and term: thin connective tissue membrane that lines the medullary cavity.

endosteum

orrectly match the definition and term: thin connective tissue membrane that lines the medullary cavity.

endosteum

Correctly match the definition and term: longitudinal growth region of the long bone.

epiphyseal plate

Correctly match the definition and term: expanded portion of the long bone at its ends.

epiphysis

Correctly match the definition and term: The hormone that is used in hormone therapy to reduce osteoporosis in females.

estrogen

Correctly match the description of the bony projection with its name: smooth, nearly flat articular surface.

facet

Correctly match the definition and term: long bone.

femur of the leg

The menisci of the knee are made of __________.

fibrocartilage

activity of fibroblasts and osteoblasts creates an overgrown splint around the fracture site.

fibrocartilage callus

During fetal development, intramembranous ossification takes place in __________.

fibrous connective tissue membranes

Before eight weeks, the skeleton of the human embryo is composed of __________.

fibrous membranes and hyaline cartilage

A narrow, slitlike opening in a bone is referred to as a

fissure

Correctly match the opening or depression in bone with its correct name: groove.

furrow

Correctly match the description of the bony projection with its name: bony expansion carried on a narrow neck.

head

Correctly match the definition and term: blood cell formation

hematopoiesis

Growth of a cartilage in which the chondrocytes within the matrix become active and secrete new matrix, expanding the cartilage from within is known as

interstitial growth

When chondrocytes divide and form new matrix, it leads to an expansion of the cartilage tissue from within. This process is called:

interstitial growth

Which of the following is NOT composed of hyaline cartilage?

intervertebral discs

Correctly match the definition and term: replacement of connective tissue membranes with bony tissue.

intramembranous ossification

Match the description to the correct answer: bone with a complex shape.

irregular bone

Match the description to the correct answer regarding bone tissue: cavities in bone where bone cells live.

lacunae

Correctly match the term and definition: concentric rings that surround the Haversian canal.

lamellae

Match the description to the correct answer regarding bone tissue: rings of bone matrix.

lamellae

When the epiphyseal plate is replaced by bone, __________.

long bones have reached their adult length

Which of the following is a canal-like passageway?

meatus

Correctly match the definition and term: hollow space in the shaft of a long bone.

medullary cavity

Match the type of cartilaginous feature to the correct description: hyaline cartilage

most abundant skeletal cartlage

Correctly match the description of the projection with its name: crest

narrow ridge of bone

Correctly match the opening or depression in bone with its correct name: fissure.

narrow slit, like opening

Correctly match the definition and term: bone-forming cells.

osteoblasts

Correctly match the definition and term: mature bone cells.

osteocytes

The cells that maintain mature compact bone matrix are __________.

osteocytes

The lacunae of bone contain __________.

osteocytes

Correctly match the definition and term: Hypersecretion of parathyroid hormone would produce changes in the bone similar to those associated with this disorder.

osteomalacia

Correctly match the definition and term: A painful infection of the bone often caused by bacteria.

osteomyelitis

Correctly match the term and definition: basic functional unit of compact bone.

osteon

A condition that produces a reduction in bone mass sufficient to compromise normal function is __________.

osteoporosis

Correctly match the definition and term: A condition that occurs when the bones become weak and thin and tend to fracture easily.

osteoporosis

Correctly match the term and description: bone stem cell.

osteoprogenitor cell

Bone-forming cells originate from __________.

osteoprogenitor cells

Correctly match the definition and term: The hormone that raises the level of calcium ions in the blood.

parathyroid hormone

When Ca2+ concentration in the blood becomes lower than normal, __________.

parathyroid hormone is released

match the definition and term: sesamoid bone.

patella of the knee

Which of the following structures anchors the periosteum to the underlying bone?

perforating fibers

Correctly match the definition and term: fibrous connective tissue membrane that covers the outer surface of long bone.

periosteum

Collagen fibers do NOT __________.

provide for bone hardness

Correctly match the description of the bony projection with its name: armlike bar of bone.

ramus

Correctly match the definition and term: substance contained in the spaces of the spongy bone.

red bone marrow

Correctly match the definition and term: A condition that may cause bow legs in a child.

rickets

If a breastfeeding mother becomes vitamin D deficient, what disease is most likely to develop in the nursing infant?

rickets

Correctly match the opening or depression in bone with its correct name: foramen.

round or oval opening through a bone

Correctly match the term and description: epiphysis.

secondary ossification center

__________ bones act to alter the direction of tendon pull.

sesamoid

Match the description to the correct answer: ovoid bone found in a tendon.

sesamoid bone

Correctly match the opening or depression in bone with its correct name: fossa

shallow, basinlike depression in a bone, often serving as an articular surface

Match the description to the correct answer: approximately equal in length and width.

short bone

Correctly match the definition and term: A fracture in which the bone breaks cleanly and does not penetrate the skin.

simple fracture

Match the description to the correct stage of endochondral ossification: calcification of cartilage in the center of the diaphysis.

stage 2

Match the description to the correct stage of intramembranous ossification: formation of bone matrix within the fibrous membrane.

stage 2

Match the description to the correct stage in longitudinal growth of a long bone: Dead cartilage cells appear; matrix begins deteriorating.

stage 3

Match the description to the correct stage of intramembranous ossification: formation of woven bone and the periosteum.

stage 3

Match the description to the correct stage in longitudinal growth of a long bone: Ossification occurs on the face of the epiphyseal plate closest to the medullary cavity.

stage 4

Match the description to the correct stage of intramembranous ossification: formation of compact bone plates and red marrow.

stage 4

Match the description to the correct stage in longitudinal growth of a long bone: Cartilage cells undergo mitosis.

stage one

Match the description to the correct stage of endochondral ossification: formation of bone collar around the diaphysis of the hyaline model.

stage one

Match the description to the correct stage of intramembranous ossification: formation of an ossification center in the fibrous membrane.

stage one

Which of the following sites is the site where bone marrow is routinely sampled in an adult?

sternum

Correctly match the definition and term: A hormone that modulates the activity of growth hormone, ensuring proper bone formation.

thyroid hormone

The structural unit of compact bone is __________.

the osteon or Haversian system

Correctly match the term and definition: tiny plates or needle-like processes of bone material found in spongy bone.

trabeculae

Correctly match the definition and term: the substance usually found in the medullary cavity of bones in an adult.

yellow bone marrow

The bones of the skeleton store energy reserves as lipids in __________.

yellow marrow

Correctly match the term and description: endochondral ossification.

process of long bone development

Match the description to the correct function of the skeletal system: movement.

site of attachment for skeletal muscles

Correctly match the definition and term: Elevated levels of a hormone that could cause premature closure of the epiphyseal plates.

testosterone