Chapter 7

When it comes to the enforcement and implementation of laws, most of the work is done by:

A combination of many types of agencies at various levels

__________ can engage in policymaking.

Any person or entity that can establish rules that govern others

Lobbyists are people who:

Are particularly knowledgeable about the legislative process. AND Work to establish contacts with legislators and their staff members. AND Are particularly knowledgeable about how to package claims in ways that will appeal to legislators.

With regard to laws in the United States,

Courts can overturn laws created by legislators.

It is argued in your text that legislators often hold hearings to:

Draw attention to a problem.

The policy proposal stream tends to be populated by:

Insider claimsmakers.

The creation and implementation of laws is an area of policymaking where the public tends to

Know a great deal about a few high-profile cases but little about the large number of less-visible but important actions

When it is argued in your text that legislators typically have a policymaking agenda, it means that they...

Must rank or prioritize the issues that they must address.

The way in which a small provision in the large Rehabilitation Act of 1973 was used to make sweeping changes in the treatment of people with disabilities illustrates how:

Policymakers can take advantage of policy arenas where they are not carefully watched to make significant changes without a great deal of attention.

John Kingdon suggests that in order to get their issue on the policy agenda, advocates must be:

Prepared so that they can quickly respond to opportunities. AND Flexible so that they can adapt to changing conditions. AND Persistent because they have to wait for the right opportunity.

Laws define what is and is not...

Required AND Permissible AND Forbidden

Most legislative reform emerges...

Slowly, as a series of incremental legal steps toward change.

__________ tend to maintain permanent lobbying operations.

The more radical activist organizations AND Large businesses AND Professional groups

In the example of wildlife agencies having to choose between differing constructions of wildlife, claims about __________ won out over claims about __________.

The need to manage nature; emotional pleas

A policy domain is:

The part of the political system concerned with a particular troubling condition.

__________ tends to influence the political stream.

The person recently elected to office AND The economy AND Public opinion