Chapter 7

State the anatomical name of the part of the body where each of the following bones is found: humerus, radius, ulna, carpal bones, metacarpal bones, femur, tibia, fibula, tarsal bones.

- Humerus; Brachium or Brachial region (brachial) - Radius; Antebrachium (antebrachial) - Ulna; Antebrachium (antebrachial) - Carpal bones; Carpus (carpal) - Metacarpal bones; Metacarpal - Femur; Femur (femoral) - Tibia; Crus (cural)?? - Fibula; Cural?? - Tarsal bones; Tarsus (tarsal)

List the bones of a pectoral girdle.

The pectoral girdle consists of the clavicle anteriorly and the scapula posteriorly.

Which bones make up the acetabulum?

the ilium, ischium, and pubis bones

What is broken in a Colle's fracture?

A Colles' fracture -- or distal radius fracture -- is often called a ''broken wrist.'' Technically, it's a break in the larger of the two bones in your forearm. The bone breaks on the lower end, close to where it connects to the bones of the hand on the thumb side of the wrist.

What is a sesamoid bone? What is the largest sesamoid bone? Where are other sesamoid bones located?

A sesamoid bone is a short bone imbedded in tendons. Many of which influence action of muscles. The largest sesamoid bone is the patella. There are 4 other sesamoid bones located in the hand, and 2 located in the foot ;where the first metatarsal bone connects to the big toe. These serve to protect the tendon as it flexes, and also help to keep the toe aligned.

Explain why falling on one's outstretched arms is likely to fracture the clavicle.

Because the clavicles are not very strong and they transmit compression forces from the upper limbs to the axial skeleton.

How do the ilium, ischium and pubis relate anatomically?

Each large regularly shaped hip bone consists of three separate bones during childhood: The ilium, ishcium, and pubis. As adults, these bones are firmly fused and their boundaries are indistinguishable. The point of fusion is a deep hemispherical socket called the acetabulum on the lateral surface of the pelvis (which receives the head of the femur) - illium forms the superior region of the hip bone. - pubis or "pubic bone" forms the anterior portion of the hip bone - ishium forms the posteroinferior part of the hip bone

Why is the surgical neck of the humerus so named?

It's named so because it's the most frequently fractured part of the humerus. Not sure if we need to know this --> [The neck region of long bones are defined on the basis of their relevance to different specialties of medicine. The surgical neck of a long bone is that part of the bone which has an artery, vein, or nerve near it (as it would be an important landmark in surgeries). The surgical neck of the humerus makes contact with the axillary nerve and the posterior circumflex Humeral Artery. (in contrast, the anatomical neck is the site of epiphyseal fusion of the long bone.)]

Which parts of bones serve for articulation and muscle attachment?

Joints?

What is the common name for the head of a metacarpal?

Nuckles

What bones make up the fingers, toes and thumb?

Phalanges (proximal, middle, and distal) - There's three phalanges in digits II-V and only two phalanges in digit I; the thumb.

What is the difference in size between male and female pubic arches?

The acuteness of the angle of the pubic arch helps to differentiate between the male and female: Females have a broader pubic arch (80-90 degrees); more rounded. A male pubic arch is more acute (50-60 degrees)

What are the components of the appendicular skeleton?

The arms, legs, and the girdles that connect to them. The pectoral girdles for the arms and pelvic girdles for the legs.

Name the bones that make up the arches of the foot and describe the functions of these arches.

The foot has three arches: two longitudinal arches (medial and lateral) and one transverse arch. 1. medial longitudinal arch (keystone bone is talus) - Curves well above ground. Originates at the calcaneus, rises toward the talus, then descends to the three medial metatarsals. 2. lateral longitudinal arch (keystone bone is cuboid) - Is very low. elevates lateral part of the foot just enough to redistribute some of the weight to the calcaneus and the head of the 5th metatarsal. 3. transverse arch (keystone bone is ?) - The two longitudinal arches serve as pillars for transverse arch, with runs from one side of the foot to the other, following the line of the joints between the tarsals and metatarsals. Together, the arches of the foot form a half-dome that distribute about half weight to heel bones and half weight to the heads of metatarsals.

Name all the bones which articulate with the femur in an adult. Is this different in a fetus? Describe the differences.

The head of the femur articulates with the os coxa (specific part is the acetabulum in the pelvic bone forming the hip joint), while the distal part of the femur articulates with the tibia and kneecap forming the knee joint. -Yes, in a fetus the os coxa is three separate bones, so the femur articulates with: the ilium, ischium, pubis, tibia and patella.

Which bones make up the pelvic girdle? Which make up the pelvis? Distinguish between the true and false pelvis.

The pelvic girdle consists of one bone, the coxal bone. The pelvis is made of the os coxae, the sacrum, and the coccyx. The true pelvis encircles the pelvic cavity and is located below the ring of bone forming the pelvic inlet. The false pelvis is superior to this ring. The contents of the false pelvis have not anterior protection beyond the abdominal muscles. (Red = False, Blue = True)

What are the common names for the tibia, patella and calcaneus?

Tibia - shin Patella - knee cap Calcaneus - heel