chapter 7 - bio 231

During bone development, the liver releases somatomedin in response to

growth hormone

Which hormone stimulates the liver to produce somatomedin, which ultimately results in bone elongation?

growth hormone

Another term for bone tissue is ______ connective tissue.

osseous

The formation and development of bone is ______.

ossification

Bone resorption is a function of ______.

osteoclasts

Anemia is a disease of low oxygen delivery to tissues. This is sometimes the result of a low number of ______.

red blood cells

Which characterizes the process of bone resorption?

- Hydrochloric acid dissolves minerals of bone. - Lysosomes dissolve the organic parts of bone matrix.

Which statements characterize periosteum?

- It functions to anchor blood vessels to the surface of bones. - It is composed of dense irregular connective tissue. - It covers the outer surface of the diaphysis of a long bone.

Which statements characterize the functions of cartilage?

- it covers the ends of long bones - it provides a model for the formation of bones

Which statements characterize endosteum?

- it is active during bone repair - it lines medullary cavities - it contains osteoblasts

The functions of bone include

- mineral storage - protection support blood cell formation (hematopoiesis)

Which are true of Rickets?

-caused by vitamin D deficiency -occurs during childhood -patients have bowed legs

Compact bone makes up ______ of bone mass.

80%

The hormone that is produced in the thyroid gland and has the greatest effect on children's blood calcium levels is

Calcitonin

Rickets is caused by a vitamin ____ deficiency.

D

Which statements characterize bone remodeling?

It helps maintain calcium and phosphate levels in body fluids. It can be stimulated by stress on a bone. It occurs at the periosteal and endosteal surfaces of a bone.

Which statements describe an osteon?

It is microscopic.It is also called a Haversian system.It runs parallel to the diaphysis of a long bone.It contains a central canal.

True or false: Bone growth begins during embryologic development.

True

True or false: By age 25, most epiphyseal plates have ossified and lengthwise bone growth has stopped.

True

What is the entire structure that is pictured here?

an osteon

A bone's growth in diameter is called

appositional growth

The end of a long bone is covered with ______.

articular cartilage

The continual deposition of new bone tissue and the removal of old bone tissue is called

bone remodeling

Acting as levers for movement is a function of ______.

bones

The two primary hormones that regulate blood calcium are ______.

calcitriol and parathyroid hormone

Most of the body's reserves of ______ and phosphate are stored and released by bone.

calcium

Letter A represents the _____ canal of the osteon.

central

The cells that produce most of the matrix of cartilage are called ______.

chondroblasts

Chondrocytes are ______.

chondroblasts that have become encased with matrix

Which is an organic component of bone?

collagen fibers

Flat bones have surfaces composed of ______ bone with internally placed ______ bone.

compact; spongy

Bone is a type of ______ tissue.

connective

Osteoporosis is a disease of ______.

decreased bone mass

The primary ossification center is located in the ______ of a long bone.

diaphysis

Bone remodeling begins during ______.

embryologic development

An incomplete layer of cells that lines the medullary cavity of a bone is called ______.

endosteum

A thin line of compact bone in the epiphysis of a mature bone is called the ______.

epiphyseal line

Which structure replaces the epiphyseal plate?

epiphyseal line

Lengthwise bone growth is complete when ______.

epiphyseal lines form

The sternum is an example of a(n) ______ bone.

flat

Which bones are produced by intramembranous ossification?

flat bones of the skull

Bones provide structural support for the body by serving as a(n) _____ for the entire body.

framework

The rib cage protects ______.

heart and lungs

The function of parathyroid hormone is to ______.

increase blood calcium levels

PTH acts synergistically with calcitriol to ____ the release of calcium from the bone to the blood by ____ osteoclast activity.

increase; increasing

Calcium is required for ______.

initiation of muscle contraction stimulation of the heart blood clotting

A long bone's growth in length is called ______.

interstitial growth

Mature cartilage ______ blood supply.

lacks a

Chondrocytes occupy small spaces called

lacunae

Identify the structure marked by the letter B in this picture of an osteon.

lacunae

Based on shape, the most common type of bone is the ______ bone.

long

Choose the bones produced through intramembranous ossification.

mandible flat bones of the skull maxilla

Osteocytes are ______.

mature bone cells

Which components of bone matrix provides its tensile strength?

organic components

______ are large phagocytic cells found in bone.

osteoclasts

Mature bone cells derived from osteoblasts that have lost their bone-forming ability when enveloped by calcified osteoid are called ______.

osteocytes

When osteoblasts become entrapped in the matrix they produce, they become cells called ______.

osteocytes

The process of bone formation is called

osteogenesis

Decreased bone mass can cause a disease called

osteoporosis

Calcitonin is produced by the ____ cells in the thyroid gland.

parafollicular

A tough fibrous layer covering the outer surface of a long bone is called ______.

periosteum

The mineral called ____ stored within bone, is a component of ATP and phospholipids.

phosphate

The diaphysis of a long bone is the site of the formation of the ______ ossification center.

primary

Osteoblasts function to

produce osteoid

Which is a function of bone?

protection of organs

The bone part labeled "A" in the figure is the ______.

proximal epiphysis

A major role of thyroid hormone in bone remodeling is to

stimulate bone growth by influencing the basal metabolic rate of bone cells

Long bones include ______.

the bones of the fingers the bones of the palm the thigh bone the bones of the toes

Which statements characterize osteoclasts?

they are phagocytic they have ruffled borders

Endochondral ossification forms most bones of the ______.

upper and lower limbs

Choose the bones formed through endochondral ossification.

upper limb bones lower limb bones vertebrae

Severe anemia can trigger the conversion of _____ bone marrow into _____ bone marrow.

yellow; red