Chapter 7 Bones

41) Which of the following is the correct sequence of events in the healing of a bone fracture? a) Bone remodeling → soft callus formation → hard callus formation → hematoma formation. b) Bone remodeling → hard callus formation → soft callus formation → hematoma formation. c) Hematoma formation → soft callus formation → hard callus formation → bone remodeling. d) Hematoma formation → hard callus formation → soft callus formation → bone remodeling. e) Soft callus formation → hard callus formation → hematoma formation → bone remodeling.

c) Hematoma formation → soft callus formation → hard callus formation → bone remodeling.

2) Osseous tissue is a (an) ____________ tissue. a) Connective. b) Epithelial. c) Dense regular. d) Dense irregular. e) Reticular.

a) Connective.

11) ____ provide(s) hardness to bones, whereas __ provide(s) some degree of flexibility. a) Hydroxyapatite and other minerals; proteins b) Collagen and elastic fibers; minerals. c) Glycoproteins; proteoglycans. d) Calcium carbonate; calcium phosphate e) Proteins; collagen.

a) Hydroxyapatite and other minerals; proteins

86) The innermost part of compact bone is known as the a) Medullary cavity. b) Metaphysis. c) Spongy bone. d) Diaphysis. e) Epiphysis.

a) Medullary cavity.

18) The _____________ is a marginal zone of the epiphyseal plate where, in children and adolescents, bone can be seen replacing the hyaline cartilage. a) Metaphysis. b) Primary ossification center. c) Secondary ossification center. d) Osteoid tissue. e) Epiphyseal line.

a) Metaphysis.

12) _________ have a ruffled border with many deep infoldings of the plasma membrane, whereas ____________ have long, thin, fingerlike cytoplasmic processes. a) Osteoclasts; osteocytes. b) Osteocytes; osteoclasts. c) Osteoblasts; osteoclasts. d) Osteoblasts; osteocytes. e) Osteocytes; osteogenic cells

a) Osteoclasts; osteocytes.

81) The patella is an example of a (n) ________ bone. a) Sesamoid b) B) long c) C) short d) D) irregular e) E) flat

a) Sesamoid

25) Which of the following exemplifies a positive feedback process happening in bone mineral deposition? a) The first few crystals to form attract more calcium and phosphate. b) Osteoblasts neutralize inhibitors that prevent bone resorption. c) Osteoclasts secrete acid phosphatase that digests collagen. d) Collagen is digested by enzymes and hydroxyapatite by hydrochloric acid. e) Solubility product is reached in the tissue fluids.

a) The first few crystals to form attract more calcium and phosphate.

44) The humerus is an example of a (n) ________ bone. a) long b) short c) flat d) irregular e) sesamoid

a) long

85) If a human femur is found lying in a field, a pathologist can determine the age, sex, and general appearance of the individual as a result of studying which part of the bone? a) surface features b) marrow c) tubercle d) trochanter e) head

a) surface features

34) If a thyroid tumor secreted an excessive amount of calcitonin, we would expect a) An elevated level of osteoclast activity. b) An elevated level of osteoblast activity. c) A reduced rate of endochondral ossification. d) A rise in blood calcium concentration. e) Increasingly brittle bones.

b) An elevated level of osteoblast activity.

54) The central canal of an osteon contains a) Concentric lamellae. b) Blood vessels. c) Osteocytes. d) Bone marrow. e) Lacunae.

b) Blood vessels.

66) Elevated levels of calcium ion in the blood stimulate the secretion of the hormone a) Testosterone. b) Calcitonin. c) Thyroid hormone. d) Parathyroid hormone. e) Growth hormone.

b) Calcitonin.

96) The most abundant mineral in the body is a) Iron. b) Calcium. c) Phosphorus. d) Potassium. e) Sodium.

b) Calcium.

52) Bone contains all of the following, except a) Calcium phosphate. b) Chondroitin sulfate. c) Hydroxyapatite. d) Calcium carbonate. e) Collagen fibers.

b) Chondroitin sulfate.

76) ________ Fractures are completely internal; they do not break through the skin. a) Open b) Closed c) Recurrent d) Compound e) both B and D

b) Closed

67) The hormone calcitonin functions to a) Stimulate both osteoblast and osteoclast activity. b) Decrease the level of calcium ion in the blood. c) Decrease the rate of calcium excretion. d) Decrease the rate of calcium absorption. e) Stimulate osteoclast activity.

b) Decrease the level of calcium ion in the blood.

58) The shaft of a long bone is called the a) Metaphysis. b) Diaphysis. c) Epiphyseal plate. d) Lamella. e) Epiphysis.

b) Diaphysis.

16) Intramembranous ossification produces the a) Irregular bones of the vertebrae. b) Flat bones of the skull. c) Long bones of the limbs. d) Short bones of the wrist. e) Short bones of the ankle.

b) Flat bones of the skull.

74) A fracture where the shaft of one bone is broken and the adjacent bone is bent is best described as a ________ fracture. a) Colles' b) Greenstick c) Compression d) Displaced e) Pott's

b) Greenstick

68) Osteoclast-activating factor does all of the following, except that it a) Increases the activity of osteoclasts. b) Is released in larger concentrations earlier in life. c) Is released by some cancer tumors. d) Increases the number of osteoclasts in bone. e) Produces a severe osteoporosis.

b) Is released in larger concentrations earlier in life.

6) _____________ are bone-forming cells. a) Osteogenic (osteoprogenitor) cells. b) Osteoblasts. c) Osteoclasts. d) Osteocytes. e) Osteons.

b) Osteoblasts.

14) Which one of the following bone cells has the greatest number of lysosomes? a) Osteoblasts. b) Osteoclasts. c) Osteocytes. d) Osteogenic cells. e) Stem cells.

b) Osteoclasts.

98) The lacunae of bone contain a) Osteons. b) Osteocytes. c) Chondroblasts. d) Bone marrow. e) Blood cells.

b) Osteocytes.

82) The basic functional units of mature compact bone are called a) Canaliculi. b) Osteons. c) Lacunae. d) Osteocytes. e) Lamellae.

b) Osteons.

93) ________ Bone reduces the weight of the skeleton and makes it easier for muscles to move the bones. a) Irregular b) Spongy c) Sesamoid d) Short e) Long

b) Spongy

1) The skeleton does not a) Store calcium and phosphate ions. b) Store red blood cells. c) Provide support for most muscles. d) Protect the brain. e) Protect the spinal cord.

b) Store red blood cells.

10) Red bone marrow does not contain a) Myeloid tissue. b) Yellow bone marrow. c) Hemopoietic tissue. d) White blood cells. e) Red blood cells.

b) Yellow bone marrow.

20) Chondrocytes multiply in this zone of the metaphysis. a) Zone of reserve cartilage. b) Zone of cell proliferation. c) Zone of cell hypertrophy. d) Zone of calcification. e) Zone of bone deposition.

b) Zone of cell proliferation.

79) A fracture that is common in osteoporotic bones is a(n): a) impacted fracture b) compression fracture c) spiral fracture d) depressed fracture e) simple fracture

b) compression fracture

38) The result of calcium and phosphate levels in blood too low for normal deposition is a softness of the bones called ___________ in children and ___________ in adults. a) Osteomalacia; rickets. b) rickets; osteomalacia. c) osteoporosis; osteomalacia. d) osteomyelitis; osteosarcoma. e) osteomyelitis; osteomalacia.

b) rickets; osteomalacia.

45) The ankle bones are examples of ________ bones. a) long b) short c) flat d) irregular e) sesamoid

b) short

62) Endochondral ossification begins with the formation of a) A fibrous connective-tissue model. b) A calcified model. c) A cartilage model. d) A membranous model. e) No model at all, just the presence of osteoblasts.

c) A cartilage model.

33) Arteriosclerosis is one example of ectopic ossification, which means a) The solubility product has been reached. b) Artery mineralization by osteoblasts. c) Abnormal calcification of a tissue. d) Accumulation of collagenous fibers in blood vessels. e) Ossification of an entire blood vessel.

c) Abnormal calcification of a tissue.

84) A child with rickets would have a) Oversized facial bones. b) Weak, brittle bones. c) Bowed legs. d) Long limbs. e) Inadequate muscle development.

c) Bowed legs.

88) ________ accounts for almost two-thirds of the weight of bone. a) Collagen fibers b) Fluoride c) Calcium phosphate d) Calcium carbonate e) Ca(OH)2

c) Calcium phosphate

37) A fracture in which the bone is broken into three or more pieces is called a ___ a) Linear fracture. b) Pott fracture. c) Comminuted fracture. d) Greenstick fracture. e) Compound fracture.

c) Comminuted fracture.

36) Osteoporosis is most common in elderly women because of the lack of ___________, which would otherwise inhibit ____________. a) Dietary calcium; estrogen production. b) Osteoblasts; osteoclast activity. c) Estrogen; osteoclast activity. d) Parathyroid hormone; osteocyte activity. e) Exercise; osteoblast activity.

c) Estrogen; osteoclast activity.

17) In endochondral ossification, the precursor connective tissue is ______, which is replaced by bone. a) Embryonic mesenchyme. b) Fibrous membranes. c) Hyaline cartilage. d) Transitional epithelium. e) Fibrocartilage.

c) Hyaline cartilage.

28) Parathyroid hormone (PTH) does not a) Promote calcium reabsorption by the kidneys. b) Stimulate osteoclast activity. c) Lower blood calcium. d) Promote calcitriol synthesis. e) Inhibit osteoblast activity.

c) Lower blood calcium.

7) When ________ become enclosed in lacunae, they become cells called __________. a) Osteogenic cells; osteoblasts. b) Osteoblasts; osteoclasts. c) Osteoblasts; osteocytes. d) Osteocytes; osteoclasts. e) Osteocytes; osteoblasts.

c) Osteoblasts; osteocytes.

50) Large, multinucleated cells that can dissolve the bony matrix are called a) Chondrocytes. b) Osteoprogenitor cells. c) Osteoclasts. d) Osteocytes. e) Osteoblasts.

c) Osteoclasts.

89) The most abundant cell types found in the bone are a) Osteoblasts. b) Osteoprogenitor cells. c) Osteocytes. d) Osteolytes. e) Osteoclasts.

c) Osteocytes.

91) In relationship to the diaphysis of a long bone, the osteons are a) Posterior. b) Anterior. c) Parallel. d) Proximal. e) Distal.

c) Parallel.

32) Blood Ca2+ deficiency stimulates ______ secretion, which leads to _________. a) Calcitonin; more urinary phosphate reabsorption. b) Calcitriol; more urinary phosphate excretion. c) Parathyroid hormone; increased osteoclast activity. d) Growth hormone; increased osteoblast activity. e) Thyroid hormone; less urinary calcium excretion.

c) Parathyroid hormone; increased osteoclast activity.

69) Parathyroid hormone functions in all of the following ways, except it a) Decreases the rate of calcium excretion in urine. b) Stimulates osteoclast activity. c) Stimulates osteoblast to secret the collagen matrix. d) Raises the level of calcium ion in the blood. e) Increases the rate of calcium absorption from bones.

c) Stimulates osteoblast to secret the collagen matrix.

78) A bone fracture where the bone is broken into many fragments is a: a) compound fracture b) simple fracture c) comminuted fracture d) compression fracture e) greenstick fracture

c) comminuted fracture

46) The sternum is an example of a (n) ________ bone. a) long b) short c) flat d) irregular e) sesamoid

c) flat

94) Intramembranous ossification begins with the ________ cells. a) osteoclast b) osteoprogenitor c) mesenchymal d) osteocytes

c) mesenchymal

77) A compound fracture can be described as when: a) the bone is crushed b) the broken bone ends are forced into each other c) the broken bone is exposed to the outside d) the bone is broken into many fragments e) adjacent bones fracture simultaneously

c) the broken bone is exposed to the outside

73) Vitamin D is necessary for a) Collagen formation. b) Increasing osteoclast activity. c) The formation of the organic framework of bone. d) Absorption and transport of calcium and phosphate ions. e) Reducing osteoblast activity.

d) Absorption and transport of calcium and phosphate ions.

21) Mature bones are remodeled throughout life by employing a) Intramembranous ossification. b) Endochondral ossification. c) Interstitial growth. d) Appositional growth. e) Metaphysical growth.

d) Appositional growth.

65) The most abundant mineral in the human body is a) Potassium. b) Sodium. c) Sulfur. d) Calcium. e) Phosphorus.

d) Calcium.

15) ________ are common in compact bone but rarely seen in spongy bone. a) Lamellae. b) Osteoclasts c) Lacunae. d) Central canals. e) Osteocytes.

d) Central canals.

27) Calcium plays an essential role in all of the following except a) Muscle contraction. b) Exocytosis. c) Blood clotting. d) DNA synthesis. e) Communication among neurons.

d) DNA synthesis.

60) Calcification refers to the a) Repair of fractured bones. b) Deposition of calcium salts within a bone. c) Release of calcium from bone. d) Deposition of calcium salts within a tissue. e) Formation of new bone tissue.

d) Deposition of calcium salts within a tissue.

59) The lining of the marrow cavity is called the a) Epimysium. b) Perimysium. c) Periosteum. d) Endosteum. e) Perichondrium.

d) Endosteum.

71) Excess growth hormone prior to puberty would result in a) Dwarfism. b) Osteopenia. c) Rickets. d) Giantism. e) Osteoporosis.

d) Giantism.

8) Which of these is an inorganic component of the bone matrix? a) Proteoglycans. b) Glycoproteins. c) Collagen. d) Hydroxyapatite e) glycosaminoglycans

d) Hydroxyapatite

63) Secondary ossification centers occur a) In the dermis of the skin. b) In the medullary cavity of the diaphysis. c) At the outer surface of the diaphysis. d) In the center of the epiphyses. e) At the surface of the epiphyses.

d) In the center of the epiphyses.

47) The vertebrae are examples of ________ bones. a) Long b) Short c) Flat d) Irregular e) sesamoid

d) Irregular

40) A pathologic fracture a) Is a bone fracture that heals in no more than 8 to 12 weeks? b) Is a bone fracture that causes bleeding? c) Is a break in a bone that happens repeatedly? d) Is a break in a bone weakened by some other disease? e) Is a break caused by abnormal trauma to a bone?

d) Is a break in a bone weakened by some other disease

57) The medullary cavity of bones contains a) Cartilage. b) Osteons. c) Periosteum. d) Marrow. e) Compact bone.

d) Marrow.

43) Functions of the skeletal system include all of the following, except a) Support. b) Blood cell production. c) Storage. d) Movement. e) Protection.

d) Movement.

39) Bone protrudes through skin in a fracture called a) Complete. b) Incomplete. c) Closed. d) Open. e) Displaced.

d) Open.

48) Mature bone cells are called a) Chondrocytes. b) Osteoblasts. c) Osteons. d) Osteocytes. e) Osteoclasts.

d) Osteocytes.

61) A condition that produces a reduction in bone mass sufficient to compromise normal function is a) Osteopenia. b) Osteitis. c) Osteomalacia. d) Osteoporosis. e) Osteomyelitis.

d) Osteoporosis.

90) ________ Cells are located in the inner cellular layer of the periosteum. a) Osteoblast b) Osteoid c) Osteocyte d) Osteoprogenitor e) Osteoclast

d) Osteoprogenitor

5) A bone is covered externally with a sheath called ______________, whereas the internal surface is lined with _____________. a) Epiphysis; diaphysis. b) Diaphysis; epiphysis. c) Compact bone; spongy bone. d) Periosteum; endosteum. e) Endosteum; periosteum.

d) Periosteum; endosteum.

31) ____________ does not put women at risk of hypocalcemia. a) Lactation. b) Pregnancy. c) Removal of the parathyroid glands. d) Removal of the thyroid gland. e) Lack of exposure to UV radiation.

d) Removal of the thyroid gland.

24) _____ is the process of dissolving bone and returning its minerals to the bloodstream. a) Mineralization. b) Mineral deposition. c) Crystallization. d) Resorption. e) Ossification.

d) Resorption.

70) Small, flat, oddly shaped bones found between some of the large flat bones of the skull are called ________ bones. a) tendon b) sagittal c) sesamoid d) Sutural e) irregular

d) Sutural

13) What would you find in the marrow cavity of the diaphysis of an adult humerus? a) Spongy bone. b) hemopoietic tissue c) Red bone marrow. d) Yellow bone marrow. e) Compact bone.

d) Yellow bone marrow.

56) The_____ bone is adapted to withstand stresses from a limited range of directions. a) spongy b) lamellar c) irregular d) compact e) trabecular

d) compact

75) A fracture that is common in children, whose bones have relatively more collagen in their matrix and are more flexible than those of adults, is a(n): a) impacted fracture b) spiral fracture c) depressed fracture d) greenstick fracture e) open fracture

d) greenstick fracture

26) Phosphate is necessary for all of the following except a) ATP. b) DNA. c) Phospholipids. d) RNA. e) Amino acids.

e) Amino acids.

23) A growing long bone in a child has only two areas of cartilage at the epiphysis. These two areas are a) Elastic cartilage and epiphyseal plate. b) Epiphyseal plate and epiphyseal line. c) Primary and secondary ossification centers. d) Fibrocartilage and articular cartilage. e) Articular cartilage and epiphyseal plate.

e) Articular cartilage and epiphyseal plate.

29) ____________ is synthesized by the combined action of the skin, kidneys, and liver, and is important to the deposition of bone. a) Growth hormone. b) Testosterone. c) Estrogen. d) Calcitonin. e) Calcitriol.

e) Calcitriol.

19) Achondroplastic dwarfism is a hereditary condition in which the long bones of the limbs fail to elongate normally because of reduced hyperplasia and hypertrophy of cartilage in the a) Primary ossification center. b) Secondary ossification center. c) Primary bone marrow. d) Secondary bone marrow. e) Epiphyseal plate.

e) Epiphyseal plate.

49) Cells that synthesize the organic components of the bone matrix are called a) Osteocytes. b) Osteogenic cells. c) Osteoclasts. d) Chondrocytes. e) Osteoblasts.

e) Osteoblasts.

92) ________ Marrow is found between the trabeculae of spongy bone. a) Gray b) Yellow c) Bone d) White e) Red

e) Red

80) ________ Bones develop inside tendons and are most commonly located near joints at the knees, the hands, and the feet. a) Irregular b) Flat c) Long d) Short e) Sesamoid

e) Sesamoid

42) Patches of fibrocartilage formed in the healing of a fracture are called ________, whereas the bony collar formed around the fracture is called _________. a) Fracture hematoma; granulation tissue. b) Granulation tissue; soft callus. c) Fracture hematoma; hard callus. d) Granulation tissue; hard callus. e) Soft callus; hard callus.

e) Soft callus; hard callus.

9) Trabeculae are found in a) Compact bone. b) Bone matrix. c) Yellow bone marrow. d) Red bone marrow. e) Spongy bone.

e) Spongy bone.

51) In the process of osteolysis, a) New bone is formed. b) An organic framework is formed. c) Fractured bones repair themselves. d) Osteoblasts form the osteoid that is later calcified. e) The bony matrix is dissolved to release the stored minerals.

e) The bony matrix is dissolved to release the stored minerals.

35) A soft callus forms during a) Endochondral ossification. b) Intramembranous ossification. c) Bone growth at the metaphysis. d) The remodeling of bone. e) The healing of a fracture.

e) The healing of a fracture.

55) The tiny plates of bone material found in spongy bone are called a) Lacunae. b) Interstitial lamellae. c) Concentric lamellae. d) Osteons. e) Trabeculae.

e) Trabeculae.

3) These are all tissues that are a part of a long bone except a) Osseous tissue. b) Nervous tissue. c) Adipose tissue. d) Cartilage. e) Transitional epithelium.

e) Transitional epithelium.

72) All of the following are necessary for proper bone formation except a) Vitamin D. b) Vitamin C. c) The hormone thyroxine. d) Vitamin A. e) Vitamin E.

e) Vitamin E.

87) Which of the following is a characteristic of bone? a) Narrow passageways form through the matrix to allow for an exchange of nutrients. b) The matrix of the bone contains osteoclasts. c) The matrix of the bone is very dense and contains deposits of calcium salts. d) all of the above e) both A and C

e) both A and C Narrow passageways form through the matrix to allow for an exchange of nutrients. The matrix of the bone is very dense and contains deposits of calcium salts.

97) While skiing, Heidi falls and breaks her femur. What would you expect to see several hours after the fall? a) hypertension b) cyanosis c) tachycardia d) erythema e) hematoma

e) hematoma

95) What is the primary source for calcitriol in the body? a) bone b) thyroid gland c) liver d) parathyroid gland e) kidneys

e) kidneys

22) Bone elongation is a result of a) Cartilage growth. b) Muscle growth. c) Osseous tissue growth. d) Fibrous membrane addition. e) Dense irregular connective tissue addition.

a) Cartilage growth.

99) How would increasing the proportion of organic molecules to inorganic components in the bony matrix affect the physical characteristics of bone? a) The bone would be less flexible. b) The bones would be stronger. c) The bones would be more flexible. d) The bones would be less compressible. e) The bones would be more brittle.

The bones would be more flexible.

53) The narrow passageways that contain cytoplasmic extensions of osteocytes are called a) Canaliculi. b) Marrow cavities. c) Lamellae. d) Lacunae. e) Matrices.

a) Canaliculi.

30) Which of these is not an effect of calcitriol? a) Cartilage growth in the epiphyseal plate. b) Increased osteoclast activity. c) More intestinal absorption of Ca2+. d) Less calcium in the urine. e) More phosphate in the urine.

a) Cartilage growth in the epiphyseal plate.

64) When production of sex hormones increases, bone growth a) Accelerates rapidly. b) Increases, but only in thickness. c) Slows down. d) Is not affected. e) Increases slowly.

a) Accelerates rapidly.

4) The expanded head at each end of a long bone is called a) An epiphysis. b) A diaphysis. c) Articular cartilages. d) A periosteum. e) An endosteum.

a) An epiphysis.

100) In compact bone, the osteons a) Are lined up in the same direction. b) Are arranged in an irregular pattern. c) Are lined up perpendicular to the long axis. d) Are lacking in the diaphysis. e) Are separated by medullary spaces.

a) Are lined up in the same direction.

83) The deposition of calcium salts in tissues other than bone is referred to as a) Calcification. b) Remodeling. c) Endochondral ossification. d) Intramembranous ossification. e) Osteogenesis.

a) Calcification.