Chapter 7: Industrial Revolution, Economic Theories, and Social Reformers

Edward Jenner

1976 credited for development of smallpox vaccine. ( One of the first major public health discoveries).

Louis Pasteur

A French chemist, this man discovered that heat could kill bacteria that otherwise spoiled liquids including milk, wine, and beer.

James Watt

A Scottish engineer who created the steam engine that worked faster and more efficiently than earlier engines.

corporation

A business owned by stockholders who share in its profits but are not personally responsible for its debts.

Spanish-American War

A conflict fought between Spain and US. Began after the internal explosion of the USS Maine in Havana harbor in Cuba

Textile

A fabric made by weaving, used in making cloth

Mexican Revolution

A major armed struggle that radically transformed Mexican culture and government

union

A workers association that bargains with employers over wages, benefits, and working conditions.

Industrialization

The development of industries for the machine production of goods.

Racism

prejudice, discrimination, or antagonism directed against someone of a different race

jeremy bentham

primarily known today for his moral philosophy, especially his principle of utilitarianism

germ theory

states that many diseases are caused by microorganisms

Roosevelt Corollary

states that the United States will intervene in conflicts between European countries and Latin American countries to enforce legitimate claims of the European powers

Emilio Aguinaldo

the First President of the Philippines and first president of a constitutional republic in Asia.

Realism

the attitude or practice of accepting a situation as it is and being prepared to deal with it accordingly.

utilitarianism

the doctrine that actions are right if they are useful or for the benefit of a majority.

bourgeoisie

the middle class, typically with reference to its perceived materialistic values or conventional attitudes.

Assimilation

the process of taking in and fully understanding information or ideas.

Social Darwinism

the theory that individuals, groups, and peoples are subject to the same Darwinian laws of natural selection as plants and animals.

Monroe Doctrine

warns European nations that the United States would not tolerate further colonization or puppet monarchs

proletariat

workers or working-class people, regarded collectively

What new machines and ideas became popular during the Industrial Revolution?

Steam Engine, Steamboat, Railroads, Textiles, Interchange, Mass, Canal.

Imperialsim

a policy of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military force.

Assembly line

a series of workers and machines in a factory by which a succession of identical items is progressively assembled.

Impressionism

a style or movement in painting, characterized by a concern with depicting the visual impression of the moment

Boxer Rebellion

a violent anti-foreign and anti-Christian uprising that took place in China

Adam Smith

(1776) wrote "Wealth of Nations".

What did the Industrial Revolution lead to?

Advances in society and technology.

Eli Whitney

An American inventor who developed the Cotton Gin

Henry Bessemer

An Englishman developed a cheap and efficient method of making steel

Suez Canal

An artificial sea-level waterway in the Mediterranean Sea to the Red Sea through to the Red Sea through the Isthmus of Suez

Panama Canal

An artificial waterway in Panama that connects the canal cuts across the Isthmus of Panama

capitalism

An economic system based on private ownership of capital. The people control the economy and what is bought and sold.

Menelik II

Baptized as Sahle Maryam, was Negus of Shewa, then Emperor of Ethiopia

"Wealth of Nations"

Book written by Adam Smith, modern economics, (Father of Capitalism), defending his idea of a free economy, or free market. Economic liberty guaranteed economic progress.

How did Adam Smith think poverty could be cured?

By the government leaving businesses alone.

Child Labor

CHEAP LABOR- Children as young as six or seven years had to work. The conditions were horrible and unsafe.

What is an Industrial Factory?

Chief means of organizing labor around the new machines.

What was the "fuel" of the Industrial Revolution?

Coal

What was the fuel of the Industrial Revolution?

Coal

Samuel Compton

Combined the Spinning Jenny with the Water Frame and called it the Spinning Mule in 1779.

Where did the Industrial Revolution begin?

England

What are the four factors of production?

Entrepreneurship, natural resources, labor, and capital.

Enclosure Movement

Forced farmers to move to cities as Rich landowners bought their land for enclosures.

What was the textile industry like before the Industrial Revolution?

Goods were made by cottage industries which were family run businesses. They were hand made and expensive.

Urbanization

Growth of cities, and movement of people from rural areas to cities.

William Wilberforce

Highly religious man Member of parliament Led the fight for the abolishment of slavery in the British empire

laissez faire

Idea that government should play as small a role as possible in economic affairs.

Karl Marx

Introduces the world to Marxism, theories of socialism and the inevitable revolt of the working class. Author of "The Communist Manifesto".

James Hargreaves

Invented the Spinning Jenny around 1705.

Richard Arkwright

Invented the Water Frame

What was the "foundation" of the Industrial Revolution?

Iron

The machinery of the Industrial Revolution was revolutionary, Why?

James Watt improved the Industrial Revolution by creating a power source with water, creating energy to drive the pistons of the steam engine, this improves transporting on the water by making it quicker and cheaper. More profits for the owners.

Antonia de Lopez de Santa Anna

Known as "the Napoleon of the West". Fought for Mexican independence.

Karl Marx & Friedrich Engels

Large proletariat would revolt and seize key industries and produce what society needed

The Ten Hours Act of 1847

Limits the workday to 10 hours for women and children working in factories.

Factories

Many machines set up in large buildings where people went to work. A method of production that brought many workers and machines together.

Berlin Conference

Regulated European colonization and trade in Africa

Factory system

Method of production that brought many workers and machines together into one building, employees followed rules and regulations and became used to working regular hours and worked simple tasks over and over again.

socialism

a political and economic theory of social organization that advocates that the means of production, distribution, and exchange should be owned or regulated by the community as a whole.

John Stuart Mill

One of the most influential thinkers in the history of liberalism, he contributed widely to social theory, political theory and political economy.

What was the major problem caused by urbanization?

Overcrowding and pollution.

The Factory Act of 1832

Parliament agrees to make it illegal to hire children under 9 yrs old; 9-12 could not work more than 8 hours a day; 13-17 could not work more than 12 hours.

Cottage industry

People/families worked out of their farmhouses, working by had to create textiles for sale.

Queen Liliukalani

Queen of the Hawaiian Islands; opposed the annexation of Hawaii to the US; became Queen after King Kalakaua

Enclosures

Rich landowners buy up farms connecting them together and use productive farming methods to increase agricultural crops over large areas of land, bought from farmers nearby and increased profits for the wealthy landowners.

Crop Rotation

Rotating what is planted in each section yearly to increase output, and allows the land to re-generate. (Get the nutrients back in the soil)

middle-class

Social class made up of skilled workers, professionals, business people and wealthy farmers.

Entrepreneur

Someone who takes on all the financial risks of a business. They risk their time and money to start and manage businesses.

What industry experienced the Industrial Revolution first?

Textile Industry

What forced the small farmers to move closer to cities and jobs.

The Enclosure Movement

Paternalism

practice on the part of people in positions of authority of restricting the freedom and responsibilities of those subordinate to them

Industrial Revolution

The increased output of machine made goods that began in England during the 18th Century.

Name two of the ways women fought for change during the Industrial Revolution?

They fought for the abolition (end) of slavery. They also began the long fight for Women's Rights.

What did factory owners do to make a lot of money?

They were always looking for ways to cut costs of production and increase profits.

Why was England the center of the Industrial Revolution?

They were rich in natural resources needed to build and transport manufactured goods, excess capital and a large labor pool.

Agricultural revolution

Time when new inventions such as the seed drill and the steel plow made farming easier and faster. The production of food rose dramatically.

What is manufacturing?

Turning raw materials into goods that can be sold for a profit.

Opium War

Two wars in China between Western countries and of the Qing dynasty. First war was Britain vs. China, second was Britain and France vs. China

strike

a refusal to work organized by a body of employees as a form of protest

What is a factory?

Where production was centralized into one building.

Sphere of Influence

a country or area in which another country has power to affect developments although it has no formal authority

electricity

a form of energy resulting from the existence of charged particles

Colony

a group of people of one nationality or ethnic group living in a foreign city or country.

Romanticism

a movement of art, emphasizing inspiration, subjectivity, and primacy of the individual

laissez-faire

abstention by governments from interfering in the workings of the free market.

communism

all property is publicly owned and each person works and is paid according to their abilities and needs

thomas malthus

an English economist and demographer best known for his theory that population growth will always tend to outrun the food supply

Maji Maji

an armed rebellion against German colonial rule in German East Africa

trade unions

an organized association of workers, often in a trade or profession, formed to protect and further their rights and interests.

Charles Fourier & Saint Simon

balanced the effects of industrialization with new system

david ricardo

known for discovering the law of diminishing marginal returns

Alexis de Tocqueville

known for his works Democracy in America and The Old Regime and the Revolution

Leopold II

known for the founding and exploitation of the Congo Free State as a private venture

collective bargaining

negotiation of wages and other conditions of employment by an organized body of employees.

Robert Owen

one of the creators of Utopian socialism