chapter 7

Garment and textile workers

"blue-collar"workers young, single woman

sex

A baby is born, and the doctor identifies it as "male" based on observable physical traits.

Component of Man the Hunter, Woman the Gatherer Story

A more sedentary lifestyle, cooperativeness, and nurturance are natural expectations of female humans. The behavior of early humans was cemented into our DNA and continues to influence human behavior today. Inventiveness, mobility, and time away from home are natural expectations of human males.

true

Anthropologists are increasingly focused on gender as an identity that is expressed through action. Both men and women may display stereotypically masculine and feminine characteristics.

transgender

As a 12-year-old, John is confident that "girl" fits John's sense of self better than "boy."

Not a Research Finding

Boys who were weaker were given more opportunities to play and improve than stronger boys. Parents did not support the favoring of one gender over another.

Incorrect Answer(s)

CO-MADRES successfully brought an end to the Salvadoran civil war. CO-MADRES supported transgender youth in El Salvador by creating religious communities for their safety. CO-MADRES was able to work peacefully with the Salvadoran government to achieve justice and equality.

Correct Answer(s)

CO-MADRES used ideas about femininity in a unique way to achieve justice and equality.

Contemporary gender ideologies are firmly rooted in the natural differences between men and women and gender roles from early human history.

False

Gender studies has been an important subfield of anthropology since the beginning of American anthropology in the early twentieth century.

False

Example of Current Scientific Evidence

Foraging societies had (and have) a flexible division of labor. Hunting may not have been as integral to human survival as was previously thought.

Research Finding

Girls' mistakes were not corrected, whereas boys' mistakes were. T-ball coaches favored boys over girls

Not Experienced by Hijras

Hijras are protected by law and are not harmed.

gender stratification

Hijras in India face unequal access to housing, education, and health care.

Experienced by Hijras

Hijras support themselves through begging, performances, and sex work. Hijras face discrimination in access to housing, health care, and education. Hijras are revered as powerful religious figures.

Not an Example of Current Scientific Evidence

Historical patterns of male dominance show that men have been protecting women and children for thousands of years. Early human teeth were adapted for a primarily carnivorous diet.

Not True of Mexican Men and Machismo

In general, all Mexican men have the same ideas about machismo. Mexican culture has one stable, fixed idea about how men should behave.

work as "global Cinderellas" becoming primary breadwinners

Indonesian and Filipino women

Not a Finding

Informatics "pink-collar" work is typically a stepping stone to high-paying white-collar work. Though their conditions are comfortable, informatics women feel exploited and afraid.

Correct Answer(s)

It can be difficult to prove gender identity and/or sexuality because expressions of gender and sexuality vary widely across cultures. Murray praises nonprofit advocacy groups that resist the government's definitions and processes. Those applying for asylum must provide their identity and also prove that they faced persecution in their country of origin.

Intersex

the appropriate term that describes the state of being born with a combination of male and female genitalia, gonads, and/or chromosomes

French social scientist Michel Foucault coined the term biopower when referring to actions surrounding intersex individuals. What is the meaning of this term?

the power of the state to regulate the body

Place the events that led to the development and evolution of the CO-MADRES organization and movement in El Salvador in order from the first event to the most recent.

the salvadoran civil war began and campaign of violence and tortue against any dissident was launched, grassroots organization co-mardes formed to demand information about victims, co-madres member protested and worked to brind to light the atrocities committed, co-maders evolved to demand womans equality justic for gender violence and inclusion of womans in goverment

Identify the significance of the fairy tale of the egg and the sperm, and Man the Hunter, Woman the Gatherer narratives in U.S. contemporary culture.

they are modern-day cultural myths that reinforces gender ideologies

information workers & Garment and textile workers

watched andmonitoredby supervisors

Early in the textbook, you learned about stratification as the unequal distribution of resources among a group of people. Identify how Barbados factory workers are stratified, from highest social status to lowest.

white-collar front worker and supervisors pink-collar infromatics works blue-collar facorty workers

gender stereotypes

widely held preconceived notions about the attributes of, differences between, and proper roles for men and women in a culture

Annette Weiner

women in the Trobriand Islands

Observed by Pascoe

Masculinity could be associated with women. White male students primarily engaged in "fag discourse."

gender stereotype

Men in Mexico are uninvolved and uninterested in domestic life.

True of Mexican Men and Machismo

Mexican men do not fit common understandings of machismo that have spread around the world. Mexican men negotiate their roles with women.

True of Mexican Men and Machismo

Mexican men do not fit common understandings of machismo that have spread around the world. Mexican men negotiate their roles with women.Mexican men do not fit common understandings of machismo that have spread around the world. Mexican men negotiate their roles with women.

Not Observed by Pascoe

Only gay men were called "fags." Lesbians were not allowed to participate in masculine gender performance.

cisgender

Parents name the baby John, and expect John to be a boy because he was born male.

Western Attitude About Gender

People who do not fit into cultural gender norms are ignored or medically "corrected." People who do not fit into cultural gender norms do not exist.

Native American Attitude About Gender

People who do not fit into cultural gender norms have supernatural powers. People who do not fit into cultural gender norms have special privileges.

false

People's choices about how they will express their gender identity is always conscious. Gender roles reflect fixed identities that are either male or female.

A group of three college friends are close, but they have different gender experiences. Janet was assigned female at birth and lives as a man. Isabel was also assigned female at birth and lives as a woman. Em rejects gender labels, identifying only as human. Isabel often refers to herself as a woman without really thinking about it.

Select the highlighted phrases that describe cisgender experiences.

Stereotypical Description

Sperm have strong tails and are fast and aggressive. Sperm penetrate the waiting, passive egg.

Scientific Findings

Sperm have weak tails and only move their heads to avoid getting stuck on unwanted surfaces. Sperm and the egg work together toward successful fertilization.

movement into male workforce work as career women

Taiwanese women

Incorrect Answer(s)

The Canadian government passed a law in 2021 that for the first time allows for lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender individuals to enter Canada as refugees.

Not a Component of Man the Hunter, Woman the Gatherer Story

The behavior of early humans has no influence on human behavior today.

gender ideology

The tale of Man the Hunter, Woman the Gatherer is used in U.S. culture to explain differences in gender roles.

Sherri Ortner

Women are associated with nature, and men are associated with culture.

Michelle Rosaldo

Women are confined to the private sphere, and men enjoy the public sphere.

Annette Weiner's Findings

Women created and exchanged bundles of banana leaves and skirts. Women and men participated in the exchange of yams.

Bronisław Malinowski's Findings

Women did not have an active participatory role in economic exchange. Men participated in the Kula Ring, an elaborate exchange of ornamental items between islands.

Finding

Women's status as wives and mothers allows them to access company-provided transportation and flexible work hours. Women work in comfortable, air-conditioned modern offices.

transgender

a gender identity or expression that does not fit with the cultural expectations of one's assigned sex at birth

gender ideology

a set of cultural ideas, usually stereotypical, about the essential character of different genders that functions to promote and justify gender stratification.

gender stratification

an equal distribution of power in which gender shapes who has access to a group's resources, opportunities, rights, and privileges

hermaphrodite

an outdated and stigmatizing term for people born with both female and male sexual characteristics

David Murray

asylum seekers in Canada

Usually Applies to Males

deeper voice larger body size

Not Used to Determine Biological Sex

gender

Used to Determine Biological Sex

gonads genitalia chromosome patterns

Who does sociologist Pei-chia Lan call "global Cinderellas" and why?

immigrants domestic workers becuase they dream of escaping poverty but are oppressed in others' homes

Usually Applies to Females

live longer longer physical endurance

information workers

married womenwith children "pink-collar"workers