Chapter 8 Joints of the Skeletal System

11) The joint between adjacent vertebral bodies is a A) symphysis that is amphiarthrotic. B) symphysis that is synarthrotic. C) symphysis that is diarthrotic. D) synovial that is synarthrotic.

symphysis that is amphiarthrotic.

6) The intermediate radioulnar joint exists between the radius and the ulna. The two bones are joined together by a high-collagen sheet of dense connective tissue. This joint allows slight movements and flexibility between the two bones. What specific type of joint is this? A) A synovial plane joint B) A fibrous syndesmotic joint C) A cartilaginous synchondrosis joint D) A cartilaginous symphysis joint

A fibrous syndesmotic joint

50) Which of the following is an infection? A) Osteoarthritis B) A sprain C) Bursitis D) Lyme disease

Lyme disease

26) An athlete, after years of pitching, requires surgery to repair his glenohumeral ligaments. Which joint has been injured? A) Shoulder B) Elbow C) Hip D) Knee

Shoulder

3) In craniosynostosis, the bones of the skull fuse together at the sutures prematurely, causing the brain to grow abnormally. Why would this cause abnormal brain growth?

The sutures are amphiarthrotic and slightly move during brain growth, so the plates of the skull can easily move to suit any direction of brain growth. Fusion at the sutures will prevent this free movement.

24) A professional wrestler ends a match early due to severe pain and loss of function in their lower arm and hand. Upon examination by a doctor, a major tear is discovered in one of the ligaments of the elbow. Which of the following could be the torn ligament? A) The coracohumeral ligament B) The transverse humeral ligament C) The ulnar collateral ligament D) The oblique popliteal ligament

The ulnar collateral ligament

19) Bones of a synovial joint are held together by A) a synovial membrane. B) a joint capsule. C) a meniscus. D) articular cartilage

a joint capsule.

101) The movement of a limb away from the midline is ________.

abduction

15) A synchondrosis A) allows bone growth. B) equalizes pressure between vertebrae. C) includes a joint capsule. D) allows free movement.

allows bone growth.

1) Joints are also called A) annotations. B) articulations. C) affectations. D) affiliations.

articulations.

93) Fluid-filled sacs associated with synovial joints are ________.

bursae

23) Fluid-filled sacs containing synovial fluid are called A) bursae. B) menisci. C) ligaments. D) tendons.

bursae.

40) Displacement of a joint is called A) bursitis. B) sprain. C) dislocation. D) arthritis.

dislocation.

99) Movement at the ankle that brings the foot closer to the shin is ________.

dorsiflexion

44) A movement that brings the foot closer to the shin is A) extension. B) abduction. C) plantar flexion. D) dorsiflexion.

dorsiflexion.

38) The radial collateral ligament is associated with the A) hip joint. B) shoulder joint. C) knee joint. D) elbow joint.

elbow joint.

105) Straightening the leg at the knee is an example of a type of movement called ________.

extension

14) A gomphosis is a ________ joint. A) fibrous B) cartilaginous C) synovial D) synchondrosis

fibrous

9) A suture is an example of a A) fibrous joint. B) cartilaginous joint. C) synovial joint. D) plane joint.

fibrous joint.

97) A yoga move in which a foot is grasped and the leg is brought upward so the foot touches the buttock is an example of ________ at the knee joint.

flexion

42) Movements permitted by the elbow joint between the humerus and the ulna are A) adduction, flexion, and extension. B) movement in any plane. C) flexion and extension. D) rotation and circumduction.

flexion and extension.

10) A tooth root attached to a jawbone by a periodontal ligament is a ________. A) synchondrosis B) syndesmosis C) gomphosis D) synovial joint

gomphosis

86) A ________ is a joint formed where a bony socket meets a cone-shaped bony process.

gomphosis

46) Disuse of the joints ________, which hastens stiffening. A) causes arthritis B) causes injuries C) hampers blood flow D) degenerates cartilage

hampers blood flow

90) The TMJ (temporomandibular joint) is composed of the convex upper condyle of the mandible, which fits into a concave surface of the temporal bone. The joint allows the mandible to swing uniaxially, producing the up-and-down motion of chewing. The TMJ is classified as a ________ joint.

hinge

12) Cartilaginous joints are connected by A) synovial fluid. B) fibrous connective tissue. C) hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage. D) a joint capsule.

hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage.

107) With advancing age, ________ become less elastic as the cross-links that hold collagen molecules together break down.

ligaments

91) Joint capsules may be reinforced by bundles of strong, tough collagenous fibers called ________.

ligaments

22) A joint capsule is reinforced by A) tendons binding articular ends of bones together. B) articular cartilage cushioning ends of bones. C) ligaments binding articular ends of bones together. D) hyaline cartilage providing strength to the capsule walls.

ligaments binding articular ends of bones together.

27) Fibrocartilage discs that divide the joint into two compartments are called A) menisci. B) bursae. C) tendons. D) ligaments.

menisci.

39) The rotator cuff of the shoulder is composed mainly of A) adipose and epithelial tissue. B) articular cartilage. C) epithelium and loose connective tissue. D) muscle tendons.

muscle tendons.

31) A muscle end attached to a less movable or relatively fixed part is called the A) symphysis. B) articulation. C) origin. D) insertion.

origin.

54) A sprain involves A) inflammation of bursae. B) overstretched or torn ligaments in a joint. C) dislocation of bones in joint. D) overuse of a joint.

overstretched or torn ligaments in a joint.

94) A joint with articulating surfaces that are nearly flat is a ________ joint

plane

95) The hamate and capitate are two adjacent carpal bones. They articulate with each other at completely flat edges that allow sliding motions when needed. The joint between the hamate and capitate is a ________ joint.

plane

30) Most of the joints between the short bones in the ankle and wrist are A) hinge joints. B) pivot joints. C) plane joints. D) condylar joints.

plane joints.

43) Movement that brings the foot farther from the shin is a A) plantar flexion. B) hyperextension. C) rotation. D) dorsiflexion.

plantar flexion.

100) Thrusting the head forward to contact an incoming soccer ball is an example of ________.

protraction

104) Moving a part backward is called ________.

retraction

102) The movement of a limb around an axis is ________.

rotation

17) A synovial membrane A) is very thick with many layers of cells. B) secretes serous fluid. C) secretes mucus. D) secretes synovial fluid.

secretes synovial fluid.

35) The coracohumeral ligament is associated with the A) knee joint. B) hip joint. C) elbow joint. D) shoulder joint.

shoulder joint

49) Artificial joints are built of A) glucosamine and chondroitin. B) silicone polymers for small joints and metals for large joints. C) silicone polymers for large joints and metals for small joints. D) proteins for small joints and carbohydrates for large joints.

silicone polymers for small joints and metals for large joints

21) Articular cartilage receives oxygen and nutrients from A) a direct blood supply. B) blood vessels in underlying spongy bone. C) surrounding synovial fluid. D) chondrocytes.

surrounding synovial fluid.

88) Limited movement occurs when forces compress the cartilaginous pad between bones at a ________.

symphysis

87) During bone development, an endochondral bone starts off as bands of hyaline cartilage between the two ends of the bone. Before ossification, this banded mass of hyaline cartilage is a type of joint called a(n) ________.

synchondrosis

85) The type of joint that joins the fibula and tibia is called a(n) ________

syndesmosis

5) Types of fibrous joints include A) synarthrotic, amphiarthrotic, and diarthrotic joints. B) syndesmosis, suture, and gomphosis joints. C) synchondrosis, symphysis, and synovial joints. D) pivot, condylar, and ellipsoidal joints.

syndesmosis, suture, and gomphosis joints.

13) A fibrous joint in which an interosseous ligament binds bones is a A) synchonrosis. B) syndesmosis. C) gomphosis. D) symphysis.

syndesmosis.

89) Most joints of the skeletal system are ________.

synovial

92) A shiny, vascular lining of loose connective tissue that forms the inner layer of the joint capsule is the ________ membrane.

synovial

41) The hip joint has less freedom of movement than the shoulder joint because A) the joint capsule of the hip is surrounded by muscles and the shoulder is not. B) the articulating parts of the hip are closer together than those of the shoulder. C) the hip joint capsule is less elastic than the shoulder. D) the hip has less synovial fluid than the shoulder joint.

the articulating parts of the hip are closer together than those of the shoulder

58) The TMJ (temporomandibular joint) is composed of the upper condyle of the mandible, which fits into the temporal bone. These two surfaces exist in a capsule and are surrounded by a thin membrane that secretes a lubricating fluid. This means that the TMJ is a fibrous joint.

FALSE

59) Ossification typically completes after age 40.

FALSE

57) The pubic symphysis is a fibrous joint.

False

33) The act of closing the fingers to make a fist is an example of what type of joint movement (at the interphalangeal joints)? A) Extension B) Abduction C) Flexion D) Rotation

Flexion

64) A ball-and-socket joint is also called an ellipsoidal joint.

FALSE

66) A condylar joint allows only up-and-down motion in one plane.

FALSE

71) As you climb a tree, you pull your thigh sideways (spreading your legs apart) to rest your foot on a nearby branch. This thigh movement is adduction.

FALSE

73) You drop your cell phone. You lean forward to pick it up, using your abdominal muscles to pull your torso closer to the ground. This movement is extension of the back.

FALSE

74) Rotation of the forearms so the palms face upward is called pronation.

FALSE

76) The hip joint allows a greater freedom of movement than the shoulder joint

FALSE

77) The patellar ligament connects the medial condyle of the femur to the medial condyle of the tibia.

FALSE

82) Osteoarthritis is caused by a bacterial infection.

FALSE

83) Arthritis is a circulatory problem

FALSE

84) Joints that are held together by collagen-rich dense connective tissue are ________ joints.

FIBROUS

109) In ________, joints are inflamed, swollen, and painful.

arthritis

108) An injured athlete undergoes a surgical procedure where their doctor makes an incision in their knee and inserts a small camera to view the meniscus. This procedure is called ________.

arthroscopy

8) Suppose the pubic symphysis did not exist in the pelvic girdle and the two pubic bones were fused in the middle. Which of the following best describes the way the region would be affected if this joint was removed?

Childbirth would have a high mortality risk because the pelvic girdle would be rigid and unmoving.

32) Which of the following correctly pairs a term with its definition? A) Extension—bending the leg at the knee to bring the heel closer to the buttocks B) Abduction—lifting the arm out to the side of the body so that it is parallel to the ground C) Flexion—bringing the arm from overhead back down to the side of the body D) Adduction—moving the arm forward so its is in front of the body

Abduction—lifting the arm out to the side of the body so that it is parallel to the ground

51) A patient is experiencing joint inflammation and pain. They undergo an arthrocentesis and their physician discovers cloudy, pus-filled synovial fluid. Which of these conditions is most likely occurring? A) Osteoarthritis B) A sprain C) Bacterial joint infection D) Gout

Bacterial joint infection

29) In which of the following is rotational movement possible? A) Ball-and-socket joint B) Condylar joint C) Hinge joint D) Pelvic joint

Ball-and-socket joint

4) Suppose all synarthrotic joints were fused in an individual. Which of the following would be true of this individual? A) The person would not be able to flex their fingers and grasp objects. B) Braces would not work to straighten the person's teeth because their teeth would not move. C) The person would not be able to bend forward because their vertebral column would be fused. D) Head-turning would be impossible because the atlas and axis would be fused.

Braces would not work to straighten the person's teeth because their teeth would not move

25) A football player suffers from a partially torn anterior cruciate ligament. Which joint has been injured? A) Shoulder B) Elbow C) Hip D) Knee

Knee

A person works an office job that requires them to be in a sitting position for 10 hours a day. They go home and sit until they go to bed. This person never exercises and rarely gets up to move around after being seated. Their joints begin to constantly feel stiff and painful. On a physiological level, what has happened to cause these symptoms?

Lack of movement hinders blood from moving through the vessels of the synovial membrane, which starves the ligaments of nutrients and causes them to lose elasticity.

36) The ball-and-socket joint of the hip is replaced with a pivot joint in which the femur is directly planted into the acetabulum. What movement(s) is/are now the only one(s) possible? A) Abduction and adduction B) Rotation C) Flexion and extension D) Circumduction

Rotation

52) Which of the following best describes the causes of common forms of arthritis?

Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disease and osteoarthritis is caused by effects of aging

34) You turn your head to look at something. What type of joint movement is this? A) Retraction B) Abduction C) Circumduction D) Rotation

Rotation

16) Which of the following is not a type of fibrous joint? A) Syndesmosis B) Coronal suture C) Gomphosis D) Symphysis

Symphysis

28) Which of the following is not a synovial joint? A) Condylar B) Ball-and-socket C) Hinge D) Symphysis

Symphysis

7) A patient has a condition in which collagen fibers are incorrectly manufactured and are non-functional. Which types of joints will be most heavily affected? A) Synarthrotic, amphiarthrotic, and diarthrotic joints B) Syndesmosis, suture, and gomphosis joints C) Synchondrosis, symphysis, and synovial joints D) Pivot, condylar, and ellipsoidal joints

Syndesmosis, suture, and gomphosis joints

55) The fibrous joints between the flat bones of the skull are sutures. T/F

TRUE

56) A synchondrosis is a cartilaginous joint T/F

TRUE

61) Synovial fluid moistens and lubricates the cartilaginous surfaces in a joint

TRUE

62) A meniscus cushions articulating surfaces of bones.

TRUE

63) Closed, fluid-filled sacs that function as cushions are called bursae.

TRUE

65) The type of synovial joint in which only rotation may occur is a pivot joint.

TRUE

67) A saddle joint forms between bones whose articulating surfaces have both convex and concave regions.

TRUE

68) In a push-up, the elbow joint flexes as the person lowers.

TRUE

69) Kicking a soccer ball is flexion of the leg at the knee joint as the foot draws back and then extension as it contacts the ball.

TRUE

70) Your friend trips and you lift your hand to help them up. In the process, you rotate your forearm so that your palm faces upward. This forearm movement is supination.

TRUE

72) As you are cooking, you accidentally touch the burner of the stove. You jerk your hand away by contracting muscles in your arm to pull your forearm toward the arm. This movement is flexion.

TRUE

75) Moving a part away from the midline is abduction.

TRUE

78) The elbow joint includes a hinge joint.

TRUE

79) The hip joint is a ball-and-socket joint.

TRUE

80) The basic structure of the knee joint permits flexion and extension.

TRUE

81) Fibrous joints are the first to change with age.

TRUE

60) The synovial membrane reabsorbs fluid and may help remove substances from an infected joint cavity.

TRUe

48) Connie recently celebrated her 45th birthday. She feels okay most of the day, but in the morning, for about a half hour after she gets out of bed, all of her joints feel stiff. This is due to A) sprains. B) torn ligaments. C) changes in collagen structure. D) nerve damage.

changes in collagen structure.

98) To relieve a neckache, you swing your head in a circular motion around your shoulders. This movement where you swing your head circularly around a fixed point is an example of ________.

circumduction

96) A ________ joint is found between a metacarpal and its adjacent phalanx

condylar

106) The ________ ligaments in the knee joint help prevent displacement of the articulating surfaces.

cruciate

103) The bodies of adjacent vertebrae are separated by ________ that act as shock absorbers

intervertebral discs

45) Activity and exercise A) make joints more vulnerable to injury. B) hasten osteoarthritis. C) keep joints functional longer. D) increase joint stiffness.

keep joints functional longer.

37) The largest and most complex synovial joint is the A) hip joint. B) knee joint. C) elbow joint. D) shoulder joint.

knee joint

20) Greg trips over a toy and experiences a sharp pain. His physician diagnoses a torn meniscus. Greg has injured his A) knee joint. B) elbow joint. C) shoulder joint. D) hip joint.

knee joint.

18) If the synovial membrane could not secrete synovial fluid, A) the onset of arthritis would be slowed because synovial fluid generates friction within the joint capsule. B) blood would not directly flow into the joint capsule to nourish cartilage. C) the cartilage contained within the capsule would not receive nutrients from synovial membrane blood vessels. D) new cartilage would not be generated because synovial fluid is a stimulant for cartilage production.

the cartilage contained within the capsule would not receive nutrients from synovial membrane blood vessels.

2) Classifying joints as synarthrotic, amphiarthrotic, or diarthrotic represents

the degree of movement possible at the joint.

53) In rheumatoid arthritis

the synovial membrane becomes inflamed and thickens, forming a mass.