Chapter 8 - Socioemotional Development in Early Childhood

Gender typing

acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role

Moral Development

development that involves thoughts, feelings, and behaviors regarding rules and conventions about what people should do in their interactions with other people

Emotional Development

young child growing awareness of self is linked to the ability to feel an expanding range of emotions

3.) Neglectful Parenting

-AKA Uninvolved or Rejecting -Uninvolved in child's life (military, divorce, parents addicted to drugs, mental illness) -don't pay much attention to their child's needs (can change through time though) -seldom have expectations regarding child's behavior *socially incompetent, problems with independence, poor self-control, low self-esteem, delinquency

2.) Indulgent Parenting

-let child's preferences take priority (let their child do whatever they want) -rarely force the child to conform to parental standards -child's freedom of expression and autonomy are valued (child may misbehave, become spoil + entitled) *poor self-control, domineering, egocentric, difficulties with peers

4.) Authoritative Parenting

-most positive kind of parenting -a democratic style ("I understand but...") -establish clear rules and expectations and discuss them with the child -control is exercised in conjunction with support -aware of child's feelings, capabilities -acknowledge the child's perspective, but enforce parental standards -encourage development of the child's autonomy within reasonable limits -rely heavily on positive reinforcement *cheerful, self-controlled, self-reliant, achievement-oriented, good social skills

1.) Authoritarian Parenting

-restrictive/punitive (restrict on child's behavior; punish them-negative affect) -rigid rules/expectations;strictly enforced -demand obedience and respect for authority -little verbal exchange -parental control is important *unhappy, fearful, low self-esteem, poor social skills

Expressing Emotions

-self-conscious emotions: children must be able to refer to themselves and be aware of themselves as distinct from others -pride, shame, embarrassment, and guilt are examples of self-conscious emotions -15 to 18 months of age -pride and guilt more common -influenced by parents

Understanding Emotions

-young children increasingly understand that certain situations are likely to evoke particular emotions -2 to 4 year olds use more terms to describe emotions -4 to 5 year olds reflect on emotions

What are the 4 parenting styles?

1.) authoritarian parenting 2.) indulgent parenting 3.) neglectful parenting 4.) authoritative parenting

Influencing child's behavior

1.) consistency and clarity -consistency of rules and consequences -follow through with consequences -child needs to know the rules and the consequences for breaking them -parents have to present a united front 2.) logical consequences -devise consequences that are appropriate to the child's misbehavior -3 "R's" of logical consequences: RELATED to the problem, RESPECTFUL no humiliation, REASONABLE designed to teach not to induce suffering

Initiative vs. Guilt

Erikson's psychosocial stage associated with early childhood is initiative versus guilt; children have become convinced that they are persons in their own right; during early childhood, they begin to discover what kind of person they will become Children use their perceptual, motor, cognitive, and language skills to make things happen

Gender role

a set of expectations that prescribes how females or males should think, act, and feel

Gender identity

the sense of being male or female, which most children acquire by the time they are 3 years old