Chapter 9-10 Soc1000

What factor makes class systems open? A. They allow for movement between the classes. B. People are more open-minded. C. People are encouraged to socialize within their class. D. They do not have clearly defined layers.

A. They allow for movement between the classes

The behaviors, customs, and norms associated with a class are known as: A. class traits B. power C. prestige D. underclass

A. class traits

A ____________ perspective theorist might find it particularly noteworthy that wealthy corporations improve the quality of life in peripheral nations by providing workers with jobs, pumping money into the local economy, and improving transportation infrastructure. A. functional B. conflict C. feminist D. symbolic interactionist

A. functional

In the United States, most people define themselves as: A. middle class B. upper class C. lower class D. no specific class

A. middle class

Occupational prestige means that jobs are: A. all equal in status B. not equally valued C. assigned to a person for life D. not part of a person's self-identity

B. not equally valued

The basic premise of the Davis-Moore thesis is that the unequal distribution of rewards in social stratification: A. is an outdated mode of societal organization B. is an artificial reflection of society C. serves a purpose in society D. cannot be justified

C. serves a purpose in society

status consistency

The consistency or lack there of , of an individuals rank across social categories like income, education and occupation

Gini Coefficient

a measure of income inequality between countries using a 100-point scale, in which 1 represents complete equality and 100 represents the highest possible inequality

structural mobility

a societal change that enables a whole group of people to move up or down the class ladder

social stratification

a socioeconomic system that divides society's members into categories ranking from high to low, based on things like wealth, power, and prestige

Two different stratification systems

closed systems: allow little change in social position open systems: allow movement and interaction between the layers

global stratification

comparison of the wealth, economic stability, status, and power of countries as a whole

Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD)

countries make up a group of thirty-four nations whose governments work together to promote economic growth and sustainability

primogeniture

law stating that all property passes to the firstborn son

downward mobility

lowering of one's social class

Worker Rights Consortium (WRC)

monitors working conditions and works to assist college and universities with maintaining compliance with their labor code

peripheral nations

nations on the fringes of the global economy, dominated by core nations, with very little industrialization

class sytem

social standing based on social factors and individual accomplishments

conflict theorists

stratification promotes inequality

Slavery in the pre-Civil War U.S. South most closely resembled A. chattel slavery B. debt bondage C. relative poverty D. peonage

A. chattel slavery

Unlike Davis and Moore, Melvin Tumin believed that, because of social stratification, some qualified people were _______ higher-level job positions. A. denied the opportunity to obtain B. encouraged to train for C. often fired from D. forced into

A. denied the opportunity to obtain

If a sociologist says that nations evolve toward more advanced technology and more complex industry as their citizens learn cultural values that celebrate hard work and success, she is using _______ theory to study the global economy. A. modernization theory B. dependency theory C. modern dependency theory D. evolutionary dependency theory

A. modernization theory

Social stratification is a system that: A. ranks society members into categories B. destroys competition between society members C. allows society members to choose their social standing D. reflects personal choices of society members

A. ranks society members into categories

North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)

Agreement that created a free-trade area among the United States, Canada, and Mexico.

endogamous marriages

unions of people within the same social category

exogamous unions

unions of spouses from different social categories

Which statement represents stratification from the perspective of symbolic interactionism? A. Men often earn more than women, even working the same job. B. After work, Pat, a janitor, feels more comfortable eating in a truck stop than a French restaurant. C. Doctors earn more money because their job is more highly valued. D. Teachers continue to struggle to keep benefits such as health insurance.

B. After work, Pat, a janitor, feels more comfortable eating in a truck stop than a French restaurant.

Which of the following scenarios is an example of intragenerational mobility? A. A janitor belongs to the same social class as his grandmother did. B. An executive belongs to a different class than her parents. C. An editor shares the same social class as his cousin. D. A lawyer belongs to a different class than her sister.

B. An executive belongs to a different class than her parents

France might be classified as which kind of nation? A. Global B. Core C. Semi-peripheral D. Peripheral

B. Core

Which person best illustrates opportunities for upward social mobility in the United States? A. First-shift factory worker B. First-generation college student C. Firstborn son who inherits the family business D. First-time interviewee who is hired for a job

B. First-generation college student

What factor makes caste systems closed? A. They are run by secretive governments. B. People cannot change their social standings. C. Most have been outlawed. D. They exist only in rural areas.

B. People cannot change their social standings

Maya is a twelve-year-old girl living in Thailand. She is homeless and often does not know where she will sleep or when she will eat. We might say that Maya lives in _________ poverty. A. subjective B. absolute C. relative D. global

B. absolute

A sociologist who focuses on the way that multinational corporations headquartered in core nations exploit the local workers in their peripheral nation factories is using a _________ perspective to understand the global economy. A. functional B. conflict theory C. feminist D. symbolic interactionist

B. conflict theory

If a sociologist points out that core nations dominate the global economy, in part by creating global interest rates and international tariffs that will inevitably favor high-income nations over low-income nations, he is a: A. functionalist B. dependency theorist C. modernization theorist D. symbolic interactionist

B. dependency theorist

When Karl Marx said workers experience alienation, he meant that workers: A. must labor alone, without companionship B. do not feel connected to their work C. move from one geographical location to another D. have to put forth self-effort to get ahead

B. do not feel connected to their work

Faith has a full-time job and two children. She has enough money for the basics and can pay her rent each month, but she feels that, with her education and experience, her income should be enough for her family to live much better than they do. Faith is experiencing: A. global poverty B. subjective poverty C. absolute poverty D. relative poverty

B. subjective poverty

Which statement illustrates low status consistency? A. A suburban family lives in a modest ranch home and enjoys a nice vacation each summer. B. A single mother receives food stamps and struggles to find adequate employment. C. A college dropout launches an online company that earns millions in its first year. D. A celebrity actress owns homes in three countries.

C. A college dropout launches an online company that earns millions in its first year

Structural mobility occurs when: A. an individual moves up the class ladder B. an individual moves down the class ladder C. a large group moves up or down the class ladder due to societal changes D. a member of a family belongs to a different class than his or her siblings

C. a large group moves up and down the class ladder due to societal changes

n a U.S. town, a mining company owns all the stores and most of the houses. It sells goods to the workers at inflated prices, offers house rentals for twice what a mortgage would be, and makes sure to always pay the workers less than needed to cover food and rent. Once the workers are in debt, they have no choice but to continue working for the company, since their skills will not transfer to a new position. This situation most closely resembles: A. child slavery B. chattel slavery C. debt slavery D. servile marriage

C. debt slavery

One flaw in modernization theory is the unwillingness to recognize _________. A. that semi-peripheral nations are incapable of industrializing B. that peripheral nations prevent semi-peripheral nations from entering the global market C. its inherent ethnocentric bias D. the importance of semi-peripheral nations industrializing

C. its inherent ethnocentric bias

The GNI PPP figure represents: A. a country's total accumulated wealth B. annual government spending C. the average annual income of a country's citizens D. a country's debt

C. the average annual income of a country's citizens

Which graphic concept best illustrates the concept of social stratification? A. Pie chart B. Flag poles C. Planetary movement D. Pyramid

D. pyramid

Mike, a college student, rents a studio apartment. He cannot afford television and lives on cheap groceries like dried beans and ramen noodles. Since he does not have a regular job, he does not own a car. Mike is living in: A. global poverty B. absolute poverty C. subjective poverty D. relative poverty

D. relative poverty

global feminization of poverty

a pattern that occurs when women bear a disproportionate percentage of the burden of poverty

subjective poverty

a state of poverty composed of many dimensions, subjectively present when one's actual income does not meet one's expectations

Caste system

a system where people are born into a social standing that they will retain their entire life.

second world

a term from the Cold War era that describes nations with moderate economies and standards of living

first world

a term from the Cold War era that is used to describe industrialized capitalist democracies

third world

a term from the Cold War era that refers to poor, unindustrialized countries

fourth world

a term that describes stigmatized minority groups who have no voice or representation on the world stage

modernization theory

a theory that low-income countries can improve their global economic standing by industrialization of infrastructure and a shift in cultural attitudes towards work

modernization theory

a theory that low-income countries can improve their global economic standing by the industrialization of infrastructure and a shift in cultural attitudes towards work

dependency theory

a theory which states that global inequality is due to the exploitation of peripheral and semi-peripheral nations by core nations

Davis-Moore thesis

a thesis that argues that some social stratification is a social necessity

One flaw in dependency theory is the unwillingness to recognize _______. A. that previously low-income nations such as China have successfully developed their economies and can no longer be classified as dependent on core nations B.that previously high-income nations such as China have been economically overpowered by low-income nations entering the global marketplace C. that countries such as China are growing more dependent on core nations D. that countries such as China do not necessarily want to be more like core nations

A. that previously low-income nations such as China have successfully developed their economies and can no longer be classified as dependent on core nations

Which of these systems allows for the most social mobility? A. Caste B. Monarchy C. Endogamy D. Class

D. Class

In the past, the United States manufactured clothes. Many clothing corporations have shut down their U.S. factories and relocated to China. This is an example of: A. conflict theory B. OECD C. global inequality D. capital flight

D. capital flight

Dependency theorists explain global inequality and global stratification by focusing on the way that: A. core nations and peripheral nations exploit semi-peripheral nations B. semi-peripheral nations exploit core nations C. peripheral nations exploit core nations D. core nations exploit peripheral nations

D. core nations exploit peripheral nations

Based on meritocracy, a physician's assistant would: A. receive the same pay as all the other physician's assistants B. be encouraged to earn a higher degree to seek a better position C. most likely marry a professional at the same level D. earn a pay raise for doing excellent work

D. earn a pay raise for doing excellent work

Conflict theorists view capitalists as those who: A. are ambitious B. fund social services C. spend money wisely D. get rich while workers stay poor

D. get rich while workers stay poor

chattel slavery

a form of slavery in which one person owns another

class

a group who shares a common social status based on factors like wealth, income, education, and occupation

standard of living

a level of material comfort in terms of goods and services available to someone to maintain a particular lifestyle

conspicuous consumption

act of buying and using products to make a statement about social standing

meritocracy

an ideal system in which personal effort—or merit/good —determines social standing

upward mobility

an increase—or upward shift—in social class

underground economy

an unregulated economy of labor and goods that operates outside of governance, regulatory systems, or human protections

intergenerational mobility

difference in social class between different members of a family

intragenerational mobility

difference in social class between different members of the same generation

core nations

dominant capitalist countries

social mobility

the ability to change positions within a social stratification system

debt bondage

the act of people pledging themselves as servants in exchange for money for passage, and are subsequently paid too little to regain their freedom

debt accumulation

the buildup of external debt, wherein countries borrow money from other nations to fund their expansion or growth goals

global inequality

the concentration of resources in core nations and in the hands of a wealthy minority

Gross National Income (GNI)

the income of a nation calculated based on goods and services produced, plus income earned by citizens and corporations headquartered in that country

deindustrialization

the loss of industrial production, usually to peripheral and semi-peripheral nations where the costs are lower

income

the money a person earns from work or investments

capital flight

the movement (flight) of capital from one nation to another, via jobs and resources

absolute poverty

the state where one is barely able, or unable, to afford basic necessities

class traits (class markers)

the typical behaviors, customs, and norms that define each class

wealth

the value of money or assets a person has from, for example, inheritance

A sociologist working from a symbolic interaction perspective would: A. study how inequality is created and reproduced B. study how corporations can improve the lives of their low-income workers C. try to understand how companies provide an advantage to high-income nations compared to low-income nations D. want to interview women working in factories to understand how they manage the expectations of their supervisors, make ends meet, and support their households on a day-to-day basis

D. want to interview women working in factories to understand how they manage the expectations of their supervisors, make ends meet, and support their households on a day-to-day basis

relative poverty

the state of poverty where one is unable to live the lifestyle of the average person in the country

semi-peripheral nations

in-between nations, not powerful enough to dictate policy but acting as a major source of raw materials and an expanding middle class marketplace