Chapter 9 APHuG
How is palm oil beneficial and detrimental
Palm oil exports provided substantial corporate profits, but the growth in the industry resulted in heavy deforestation in both countries
development predicted by the von thunen model of land use around cities
large scale growing of flowers and vegetables in the Netherlands
role of commodity chains in the average size of farms
led to changes in the spatial organization of agriculture from dispersed family farms to large corporate farms that produce, process, and distribute the products
what is the most often cited environmental benefit of the eat local movement
less fossil fuel is used transporting food to market
compare the geographic relationship between the 2nd agricultural revolution and the industrial revolution
mechanization of farm work allowed many young people to migrate and join a growing urban industrial workforce
result of the mechanization of farming in the 2nd agricultural revolution
more reliable crop harvests and healthier populations in areas where the mechanization was adopted
why are tea plantations common in Sri Lanka and exports important to their economy
tea plantations established in Sri Lanka by a former European colonial power
Impacts of 2nd Agricultural Revolution
technological innovations, increased agricultural productivity led to better diets, longer life expectancies, and more people available for work in factories
difference in township and range system and the long lot system
t and r survey based on a geometric grid pattern, and the long lot was a rectilinear pattern based upon waterways or roads
worldwide fertilizer consumption
worldwide fertilizer use is increasing but faster in peripheral LDCs
the township and range survey system in the US contributed to which of the following
a dispersed rural settlement pattern
similarities of world regions where at least 51% women work in agriculture
composed of LDCs with large rural pops
explain the diffusion and successful cultivation of many plants and animals in new regions of the world through the columbian exchange
diffused to a new region with climate and geography similar to that of their point of domestication
womens crucial role in domestication of plants
engaged in collecting plant resources
what could not be a theoretical prediction on von Thunens model
floridas gov't has a dept of citrus
connection btw land value and agricultural production regions
grain crops require extensive acreage and are grown on land that is less costly and farther away from the market than other agricultural land uses
essential requirement of lowland rice production
abundant water
subsistence crop example
corn
when are boundaries of congressional districts redrawn in US
every 10 years
Traditional labor-intensive agriculture often involves which of the following?
field terracing
best example of extensive land use in agriculture
sheep ranch
Agribusiness
A set of economic and political relationships that organized food production from the development of seed to marketing thw products
What agricultural practice has the most significant long term environmental impact in tropical regions
Burning extensive areas of forested land to create pasture which decreases biodiversity
Primary source of fruits and veggies in grocery stores in winter
Chile
Mediterranean agriculture
Chile, Mediterranean area, western US coast, Australia, south Africa
Explain the economic advantage in of farm produced goods (jams and jellies, cheese)
Compared to plain milk or fresh fruit, these value added agricultural goods significantly increase the price of the farm products sold and increase earnings for farmers
What spatial pattern is explained by bidrent theory
Concentric rings of different agricultural activities surrounding a city in the Midwest United States
Why did multiple early hearths of domestication and diffusion of planes and animals arise across the world in Central America, the Fertile Crescent, the Indus River valley, and Southeast Asia
Domestication evolved in each hearth independently of one another as societies in each area learned and applied the process to local plants and animals
Explain an impact of globalized agricultural commodity chains on consumers as compared to producers
Drought and depletion of groundwater sources in developing countries cause a rise in global grain prices and associated higher costs for food
True/false: consumer demand for organic food has significantly reduced the amount of meat produced by most agribusiness firms
False
True/false: isolated farmsteads in the US evolved as a result of physical barriers preventing communal farm practices
False
Risks associated with pesticide applications
Farmer health in LDCs and environmental pollution in MDCs
Compare cattle ranching and feedlots
Feedlots minimize costs associated with livestock production because they don't use as much space as cattle ranching
Temperate regions
Has the most productive settlement according to the theory of environmental determinism
Agriculture practiced in California differs from forms practiced in other Mediterranean agricultural regions because...
In California farms use more irrigation
Cause of increase in global grain production since 1950
Increase in the use of energy and technology
GMOs increase productivity of modern farming by...
Increasing plants drought resistance and resistance to pests
Why is soil salinization a concern in the arid landscape
Irrigation increases the salt content of the soil, which disrupts the growth of crops and degrades soil fertility
Plant domestication according to Carl sauer
It first occurred in diversified habitats with a variety of species
Why farmers plant strawberries and watermelons in the same field
Limited farmland encourages intensive farming with intercropping to produce high yields
Where was corn first domesticated
Mexico
Importance of climate to agricultural practices
Mid latitude climates tend to support similar agricultural crops and practices, such as wheat farming in the us and china
What country is terracing least likely to be used by farming groups to create additional space and minimize erosion in steep slopes
Niger
Greece food assemblage
Olives, pita bread, cheese, figs, lamb, and wine
Commercial ranchers in the pampas of Argentina Uruguay and southern Brazil are likely to...
Raise livestock for export
What facilitated the transportation of beef over kind distances to global markets in the first half of the 20th century
Refrigerated ships
Result of expansion of feedlots on environmental sustainability in rural areas
Runoff from animal waste has increased the pollution in local water supplies
Explain the green revolutions highly variable level of success in increasing agricultural yields
Small scale farmers in Asia often lacked the resources necessary to acquire the hybrid seeds and the chemical inputs to grow them, leaving large gaps in the success of the green revolution outside of urban cores
earliest centers of plant domestication
Southeast Asia, Mesoamerica, Middle East
What explains the impact of rising global temperatures on agricultural regions
The wheat belt will shift northward
Explain increase of wheat production in India between 1950 and 1990
Use of improved plant hybrids and agricultural chemicals
result of frequent clearing of tropical rain forest for agriculture
a shift to animal raising
Why have many family farms in NA been replaced by agribusiness farms since the 1980s
agribusiness farms have the resources to take advantage of economies of scale
where is subsistence agriculture most common
amazon basin
explanation for the similar impact of large scale commercial in MDCs and plantation in LDCs
both involve the consolidation of family farms and displacement of rural communities
similarities and differences between metes and bounds and township and range
both require geometric calculations to survey property lines. however, the township and range uses simplified calculation to create a more ordered landscape
explain the diffusion of plants and animals from their hearths of domestication
both spread across the globe through contagious diffusion in early years by farmers and traders and later by relocation diffusion through european exploration and colonialism
where are tomatoes grown in the von thunens model
closest to the market because they spoil quicker than beef or grain
What item is most likely to be supplied by a trans-national corporation
coffee
impact of improvements in transportation systems on agriculture
corporate farms have gained a greater advantage over family farms
result of industrialization and mechanization of agriculture in the US in the past 70 years
decrease in the number of farms and an increase in the size of farms
Mexico and western US affected by what
desertification
environmental problem most associated with African Sahel
desertification
activities most likely to be found in the outermost zone of von thunen model of agricultural land use
extensive grain or stock farming
Indonesia is an example of what type of state
fragmented
where is nomadic pastoralism practiced
in the dry regions of africa and asia
significance of similarities btw Asia and sub-saharan africa in terms of the % of women working in agriculture
in the subsistence based rural economies in these regions, female farmers produce much of food that their families need for survival
social or environmental impact most directly related to the use of chemicals in agriculture
increase in land and water pollution from agricultural runoff
why did the ganges and nile valley have high population densities
intensive agriculture based on irrigation
compare % of women in agriculture to % of women in workforce
many women in these regions work on farms and grow food for their families but not all are paid
Why is the traditional classification of agriculture as a primary economic activity a problem when considering the geography of agriculture?
modern farmers are engaged in production, research, marketing, and some manufacturing of their products
characteristic of shifting cultivation
multicropping
subsistence agriculture
production of agricultural products destined for direct consumption by the producer rather than for market
subsistence agriculture
production only for family consumption
what type of agriculture is found on the outer edges of india
rice cultivation
most suitable place for a farmer to purchase a large parcel of land necessary for raising livestock
ring farthest from market because the land is less expensive and outweighs transportation costs to get the livestock to market
which was more efficient: long lots or metes and bounds
river in the long lots system provides better access to waterways to transport goods to market
why does the new england region specialize in market gardening agriculture rather than other types of agriculture (such as grain farming)
several large cities on the east coast provide a growing market and shorter distances for transporting market gardening products
Differences in the agricultural practices and land use for sheep and poultry
sheep production is an example of extensive agriculture requiring large pastures, but poultry production is an example of intensive agriculture often practiced indoors
which pair of agricultural types occupies the largest % of the world's total land area
shifting cultivation and nomadic herding
Labor-intensive intertillage is often practiced where
southeast asia
What world region has the Green Revolution had the least impact on agriculture
sub-saharan africa
Green revolution technology has resulted in what modern agriculture
the development of high yield grains and the expansion of cultivated areas
land parcels in the american midwest tend to be rectilinear because...
the federal survery system adopted in the late 18th century imposed a geometric pattern on the landscape
growth potential of alternative practices such as the growing of amaranth grain and the raising of deer, elk, emus, and buffalo for meat is limited because...
the growers have not established an integrated commodity chain
which factor did von thunen emphasize in his model
transportation cost