chapter 9 mastering biology
Which of the summary statements below best describes the results of the following reaction?C6H12O6 + 6O2 →→ 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy
C6H12O6 is oxidized and O2 is reduced.
Which of these is not a product of glycolysis?
FADH2
How many NADH are produced by glycolysis?
2
In glycolysis there is a net gain of _____ ATP.
2
Which of the following is one of the molecules formed by the removal of a carboxyl group (as CO2) from a molecule of pyruvate?
acetyl CoA
Which of these is NOT a product of the citric acid cycle?
acetyl CoA
go over question 30
fill in the blank
Which step of the cellular respiration pathway can take place in the absence of oxygen?
glycolysis
In glycolysis, ATP molecules are produced by
substrate-level phosphorylation
True or false? The reactions that generate the largest amounts of ATP during cellular respiration take place in the mitochondria.
true
Which of the following statements best summarizes ATP use and production in the catabolism of each glucose molecule in glycolysis?
two molecules of ATP are used, and four molecules of ATP are produced
Assuming the U.S. is similar to the U.K., which of the following will occur?
There will be no real change in the exercise habits of adults in the coming years.
Catabolism of fatty acids produces two-carbon molecules that are converted to acetyl CoA. The acetyl CoA molecules will most likely be metabolized in aerobic cellular respiration by which of the following mechanisms?
directly entering the citric acid cycle
Which of the following sequences describes the path by which electrons move from high-energy to lower-energy molecules in aerobic respiration?
glucose →→ NADH →→ electron transport chain →→ oxygen
Inhibition of which of the following processes would reduce or eliminate generation of a proton-motive force in mitochondria?
pumping of hydrogen ions from the mitochondrial matrix across the inner membrane and into the intermembrane space
In the following reaction which molecule functions as the oxidizing agent?Pyruvate + NADH + H+ →→ Lactate + NAD+
pyruvate
In fermentation _____ is reduced and _____ is oxidized.
pyruvate ... NADH
You are a personal trainer, working to help your clients achieve optimum fitness in the least amount of time. Which of the following is most important for you to discuss with them to determine how intensely they should be working out?
their maximum heart rate
Which of the following statements best describes the electron transport chain?
It consists of a series of redox reactions.
Substrate-level phosphorylation accounts for approximately what percent of the ATP formed by the reactions of glycolysis?
100%
In glycolysis, what starts the process of glucose oxidation?
ATP
The enzyme phosphofructokinase (PFK) catalyzes a key step in glycolysis and is inhibited by high levels of which of the following molecules?
ATP and citrate
Which of the following is true for most people?
As you get older, your muscle mass decreases while the amount of collagen in your muscles increases.
Which stage of glucose metabolism produces the most ATP?
Electron transport and chemiosmosis
Which of the following statements about the electron transport chain is true?
NADH and FADH2 donate their electrons to the chain.
Which of these are by-products of cellular respiration?
heat, carbon dioxide, and water
In muscle cells, fermentation produces
lactate and NAD+
In most cells, not all of the carbon compounds that participate in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle are converted to carbon dioxide by cellular respiration. What happens to the carbon in these compounds that does NOT end up as CO2?
they are removed from these processes to serve as building blocks for other complex molecules
True or false? The potential energy in an ATP molecule is derived mainly from its three phosphate groups.
true
Glycolysis results in the net production of which of the following sets of molecules per glucose molecule?
2 NADH, 2 pyruvate, and 2 ATP
Approximately how many molecules of ATP are produced from the complete oxidation of one molecule of glucose (C6H12O6) in aerobic cellular respiration?
30-32
For each mole of glucose (C6H12O6) oxidized by cellular respiration, how many moles of CO2 are released in the citric acid cycle (see the accompanying figure)?
4
what enters the citric acid cycle
Acetyl CoA
Which of the following statements best describes the primary role played by oxygen in cellular respiration?
It serves as the final acceptor for electrons from the electron transport chain.
Recent research indicates which of the following?
Less time for exercise is needed if you exercise at a vigorous intensity.
The standard free energy for the complete oxidation of glucose to CO2 and water is -686 kcal/mol, and the standard free energy for the reduction of NAD+ to NADH is +53 kcal/mol. Which of the following statements best explains why only two molecules of NADH are formed in glycolysis when up to 12 molecules could theoretically be produced?
Most of the free energy available from the oxidation of glucose remains in pyruvate, one of the products of glycolysis.
Which of the following statements best describes a characteristic of NAD+?
NAD+ is reduced to NADH in glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, and the citric acid cycle.
Which of the following statements best explains why carbohydrates and fats may be considered high-energy foods?
They contain many electrons associated with hydrogen atoms.
Which of these is exhibiting kinetic energy?
a space station orbiting earth
Into which molecule are all the carbon atoms in glucose ultimately incorporated during cellular respiration?
carbon dioxide
In your body, what process converts the chemical energy found in glucose into the chemical energy found in ATP?
cellular respiration
The synthesis of ATP by oxidative phosphorylation is an example of which of the following processes?
coupling of an endergonic reaction to an exergonic reaction
"Conservation of energy" refers to the fact that
energy cannot be created or destroyed but can be converted from one form to another
Which process is not part of the cellular respiration pathway that produces large amounts of ATP in a cell?
fermentation
In chemiosmosis, the most direct source of energy used to convert ADP + Pi to ATP is energy released
from movement of protons through ATP synthase, down their electrochemical gradient
Which molecule is metabolized in a cell to produce energy "currency" in the form of ATP?
glucose
If the proteins of the electron transport chain were labeled with a fluorescent tag, the fluorescence observed by microscopy will be localized to which of the following regions of the mitochondria?
inner membrane
Energy released from the electron transport chain is used to pump H+ ions into which location in eukaryotic cells?
mitochondrial intermembrane space
Which of the following processes is driven by chemiosmosis?
oxidative phosphorylation
Chemical energy is a form of _____ energy.
potential
Energy is observed in two basic forms: potential and kinetic. Which of the following correctly matches these forms with a source of energy?
potential energy with the covalent bonds of a sugar molecule
In the citric acid cycle, ATP molecules are produced by
substrate-level phosphorylation
Most CO2CO2 from catabolism is released during
the citric acid cycle
Which of the following reactions produces the majority of the CO2 released by the complete oxidation of glucose?
the citric acid cycle
When a cell is deprived of oxygen, which of the following processes will be inhibited first?
the electron transport chain
Which of the following events takes place in the electron transport chain?
the harnessing of energy from redox reactions to generate a proton gradient
Your 60-year-old aunt was recently diagnosed with sarcopenia. Which of the following activities will likely help her the most?
yoga
