Check your understanding week 7
It is true that encephalitis is usually
Because of a viral infection in brain cells.
Which disorder usually causes skeletal pain and involves significant bone demineralization from vitamin D deficiency?
Osteomalacia
Most muscle strains are caused by
abnormal muscle contraction
The chief pathologic features of osteoarthritis are
degeneration of articular cartilage, destruction of the bone under the cartilage, and thickening of the synovium
A patient diagnosed with diabetes, smokes a pack of cigarettes daily and eats very few green leafy vegetables. After experiencing a fractured toe, this patient is at risk for
delayed healing
Paget's disease is characterized by
excessive bone resorption followed by excessive formation of fragile bone.
Individuals diagnosed with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) are at risk for developing numerous complications of various organs because of
immune injury to basement membranes.
The pathophysiology of osteomalacia involves
inadequate mineralization in the osteoid
The most important determinant for prescribing therapy for acute stroke is
ischemic versus hemorrhagic cause.
The most common site affected in Paget's disease is the
lower spine.
A bone disorder that results from insufficient vitamin D is referred to as
osteomalacia.
Bone healing may be impaired by
nicotine use
The physiologic mechanisms involved in the pain phenomenon are termed
nociception
It is true that Bell palsy is a
paralysis of the muscles innervated by the facial nerve
The most common presenting sign/symptom with rheumatic fever is
polyarthritis
A laboratory test result that helps confirm the diagnosis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is
positive antinuclear antibodies
Most sensory afferent pain fibers enter the spinal cord by way of the ________ nerve roots.
posterior
The classic manifestations of Parkinson disease include
rest tremor and skeletal muscle rigidity
The disease that is similar to osteomalacia and occurs in growing children is
rickets
What effect do demyelinating disorders such as multiple sclerosis have on neurotransmission?
slower rate of action potential conduction
The primary reason that prolonged seizure activity predisposes to ischemic brain damage is that
the lack of airway maintenance can lead to hypoxia
Pain in fibromyalgia involves
Changes in pain transmission in the spinal cord
An example of inappropriate treatment for head trauma would be
hypoventilation
"Please explain the pathophysiology of osteoarthritis to me," says another nurse. "Is it just wear and tear so that the cartilage wears out?" Your best response is
"No; cells in bone, cartilage, and the synovial membrane all get activated and secrete inflammatory mediators that destroy cartilage and damage bone."
What type of seizure usually occurs in children and is characterized by brief staring spells?
Absence
Which neurologic disorder is commonly referred to as Lou Gehrig disease?
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Which group of clinical findings indicates the poorest neurologic functioning?
Assumes decorticate posture with light touch, no verbal response
________ edema occurs when ischemic tissue swells because of cellular energy failure.
Cytotoxic
Modulation of pain signals is thought to be mediated by the release of
Edorphins.
A tool used to assess levels of consciousness is
Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS).
What type of fracture generally occurs in children?
Greenstick
The person at highest risk of a greenstick fracture from falling off a tall ladder is age
Greenstick fractures occur primarily in children. The adults are not at high risk for greenstick fracture.
Ascending paralysis with no loss of sensation is characteristic of
Guillain-Barré syndrome
________ occurs when a brainstem impaired patient exhibits a persistent rhythmic or jerky movement in one or both eyes.
Nystagmus
What effect do demyelinating disorders such as multiple sclerosis have on neurotransmission?
Slower rate of action potential conduction
Which statement is true about the incidence of multiple sclerosis?
The age of onset ranges from 20 to 50 years
Parkinson disease is associated with
a deficiency of dopamine in the substantia nigra
Myasthenia gravis is an autoimmune disease in which
acetylcholine receptors are destroyed or dysfunctional
Risk factors for hemorrhagic stroke include
acute hypertension
A patient who experiences early symptoms of muscle twitching, cramping, and stiffness of the hands may be demonstrating signs of
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Upper extremity weakness in association with degeneration of CNS neurons is characteristic of
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Ankylosing spondylitis cause is commonly associated with the presence of rheumatoid factor autoantibodies in the bloodstream. This indicates that rheumatoid arthritis is likely to be
an autoimmune process
Rheumatoid arthritis is commonly associated with the presence of rheumatoid factor autoantibodies in the bloodstream. This indicates that rheumatoid arthritis is likely to be
an autoimmune process.
The most common source of osteomyelitis is
an infection that migrates via the bloodstream.
Leakage of CSF from the nose or ears is commonly associated with
basilar skull fracture
The most important preventive measure for hemorrhagic stroke is
blood pressure control
A severe complication of elevated intracranial pressure is
brain herniation.
A compound, transverse fracture is best described as a bone that is
broken and protruding through the skin
Pain in fibromyalgia involves
changes in pain transmission in the spinal cord.
The dementia of Alzheimer disease is associated with structural changes in the brain, including
deposition of amyloid plaques in the brain
Modulation of pain signals is thought to be mediated by the release of
endorphins.
Pain that waxes and wanes and is exacerbated by physical exertion is likely related to
fibromyalgia syndrome
Acceleration-deceleration movements of the head often result in polar injuries in which
focal injuries occur in two places at opposite poles.
Seizures that involve both hemispheres at the outset are termed
generalized
The most common type of osteomyelitis is
hematogenous
Prosthetic joint infection is most often because of
hematogenous transfer
Autonomic dysreflexia is characterized by
hypertension and bradycardia
Gouty arthritis is a complication of
inadequate renal excretion of uric acid.
Dopamine precursors and anticholinergics are all used in the management of Parkinson disease, because they
increase dopamine activity in the basal ganglia
Ankylosing spondylitis is characterized by
inflammation, stiffness, and fusion of spinal joints.
Ankylosing spondylitis causes
intervertebral joint fusion
A patient presenting with a severe, pounding headache accompanied by nausea and photophobia is likely experiencing a ________ headache.
migraine
It is recommended that women of childbearing age take folic acid daily for prevention of
neural tube defects
Cerebral aneurysm is most frequently the result of
subarachnoid hemorrhage
Manifestations of acute brain ischemia (Cushing reflex) are due primarily to
sympathetic nervous system activation.
A clinical finding consistent with a diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis would be
systemic manifestations of inflammation
Complete healing of a bone fracture occurs when
the callus has been completely replaced with mature bone
The ________ is the level of painful stimulation required to be perceived.
threshold
Slow pain sensation is transmitted primarily by
unmyelinated C fibers
"Tell me again the name of that chemical that makes crystals when my gout flares up," asks the client. The nurse's best response is
uric acid
Rickets is characterized by soft, weak bones resulting from a deficiency of
vitamin D