Check your understanding week 7

It is true that encephalitis is usually

Because of a viral infection in brain cells.

Which disorder usually causes skeletal pain and involves significant bone demineralization from vitamin D deficiency?

Osteomalacia

Most muscle strains are caused by

abnormal muscle contraction

The chief pathologic features of osteoarthritis are

degeneration of articular cartilage, destruction of the bone under the cartilage, and thickening of the synovium

A patient diagnosed with diabetes, smokes a pack of cigarettes daily and eats very few green leafy vegetables. After experiencing a fractured toe, this patient is at risk for

delayed healing

Paget's disease is characterized by

excessive bone resorption followed by excessive formation of fragile bone.

Individuals diagnosed with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) are at risk for developing numerous complications of various organs because of

immune injury to basement membranes.

The pathophysiology of osteomalacia involves

inadequate mineralization in the osteoid

The most important determinant for prescribing therapy for acute stroke is

ischemic versus hemorrhagic cause.

The most common site affected in Paget's disease is the

lower spine.

A bone disorder that results from insufficient vitamin D is referred to as

osteomalacia.

Bone healing may be impaired by

nicotine use

The physiologic mechanisms involved in the pain phenomenon are termed

nociception

It is true that Bell palsy is a

paralysis of the muscles innervated by the facial nerve

The most common presenting sign/symptom with rheumatic fever is

polyarthritis

A laboratory test result that helps confirm the diagnosis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is

positive antinuclear antibodies

Most sensory afferent pain fibers enter the spinal cord by way of the ________ nerve roots.

posterior

The classic manifestations of Parkinson disease include

rest tremor and skeletal muscle rigidity

The disease that is similar to osteomalacia and occurs in growing children is

rickets

What effect do demyelinating disorders such as multiple sclerosis have on neurotransmission?

slower rate of action potential conduction

The primary reason that prolonged seizure activity predisposes to ischemic brain damage is that

the lack of airway maintenance can lead to hypoxia

Pain in fibromyalgia involves

Changes in pain transmission in the spinal cord

An example of inappropriate treatment for head trauma would be

hypoventilation

"Please explain the pathophysiology of osteoarthritis to me," says another nurse. "Is it just wear and tear so that the cartilage wears out?" Your best response is

"No; cells in bone, cartilage, and the synovial membrane all get activated and secrete inflammatory mediators that destroy cartilage and damage bone."

What type of seizure usually occurs in children and is characterized by brief staring spells?

Absence

Which neurologic disorder is commonly referred to as Lou Gehrig disease?

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

Which group of clinical findings indicates the poorest neurologic functioning?

Assumes decorticate posture with light touch, no verbal response

________ edema occurs when ischemic tissue swells because of cellular energy failure.

Cytotoxic

Modulation of pain signals is thought to be mediated by the release of

Edorphins.

A tool used to assess levels of consciousness is

Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS).

What type of fracture generally occurs in children?

Greenstick

The person at highest risk of a greenstick fracture from falling off a tall ladder is age

Greenstick fractures occur primarily in children. The adults are not at high risk for greenstick fracture.

Ascending paralysis with no loss of sensation is characteristic of

Guillain-Barré syndrome

________ occurs when a brainstem impaired patient exhibits a persistent rhythmic or jerky movement in one or both eyes.

Nystagmus

What effect do demyelinating disorders such as multiple sclerosis have on neurotransmission?

Slower rate of action potential conduction

Which statement is true about the incidence of multiple sclerosis?

The age of onset ranges from 20 to 50 years

Parkinson disease is associated with

a deficiency of dopamine in the substantia nigra

Myasthenia gravis is an autoimmune disease in which

acetylcholine receptors are destroyed or dysfunctional

Risk factors for hemorrhagic stroke include

acute hypertension

A patient who experiences early symptoms of muscle twitching, cramping, and stiffness of the hands may be demonstrating signs of

amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

Upper extremity weakness in association with degeneration of CNS neurons is characteristic of

amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

Ankylosing spondylitis cause is commonly associated with the presence of rheumatoid factor autoantibodies in the bloodstream. This indicates that rheumatoid arthritis is likely to be

an autoimmune process

Rheumatoid arthritis is commonly associated with the presence of rheumatoid factor autoantibodies in the bloodstream. This indicates that rheumatoid arthritis is likely to be

an autoimmune process.

The most common source of osteomyelitis is

an infection that migrates via the bloodstream.

Leakage of CSF from the nose or ears is commonly associated with

basilar skull fracture

The most important preventive measure for hemorrhagic stroke is

blood pressure control

A severe complication of elevated intracranial pressure is

brain herniation.

A compound, transverse fracture is best described as a bone that is

broken and protruding through the skin

Pain in fibromyalgia involves

changes in pain transmission in the spinal cord.

The dementia of Alzheimer disease is associated with structural changes in the brain, including

deposition of amyloid plaques in the brain

Modulation of pain signals is thought to be mediated by the release of

endorphins.

Pain that waxes and wanes and is exacerbated by physical exertion is likely related to

fibromyalgia syndrome

Acceleration-deceleration movements of the head often result in polar injuries in which

focal injuries occur in two places at opposite poles.

Seizures that involve both hemispheres at the outset are termed

generalized

The most common type of osteomyelitis is

hematogenous

Prosthetic joint infection is most often because of

hematogenous transfer

Autonomic dysreflexia is characterized by

hypertension and bradycardia

Gouty arthritis is a complication of

inadequate renal excretion of uric acid.

Dopamine precursors and anticholinergics are all used in the management of Parkinson disease, because they

increase dopamine activity in the basal ganglia

Ankylosing spondylitis is characterized by

inflammation, stiffness, and fusion of spinal joints.

Ankylosing spondylitis causes

intervertebral joint fusion

A patient presenting with a severe, pounding headache accompanied by nausea and photophobia is likely experiencing a ________ headache.

migraine

It is recommended that women of childbearing age take folic acid daily for prevention of

neural tube defects

Cerebral aneurysm is most frequently the result of

subarachnoid hemorrhage

Manifestations of acute brain ischemia (Cushing reflex) are due primarily to

sympathetic nervous system activation.

A clinical finding consistent with a diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis would be

systemic manifestations of inflammation

Complete healing of a bone fracture occurs when

the callus has been completely replaced with mature bone

The ________ is the level of painful stimulation required to be perceived.

threshold

Slow pain sensation is transmitted primarily by

unmyelinated C fibers

"Tell me again the name of that chemical that makes crystals when my gout flares up," asks the client. The nurse's best response is

uric acid

Rickets is characterized by soft, weak bones resulting from a deficiency of

vitamin D