CHGN462_Exam3_S22

Match disease, pathogen, mode of transmission and symptoms: ?, African trypanosomiasis/Trypanosoma brucei, ?, Fevers/Headache/Joint pain/Trouble Sleeping

African Sleeping Sickness, Tse-Tse Fly

Most vitamins are made commercially by... a. a genetically engineered Eschrichia coli strain b. biochemical fermentation c. chemical synthesis d. both A & B

b. biochemical fermentation

The organism whose fermentative production of carbon dioxide produces the characteristic holes in Swiss (Emmentaler) cheese are the... a. lactic acid bacteria b. propionic acid bacteria c. lactobacilli d. mycobacteria

b. propionic acid bacteria

One important difference between the C, N, and S cycles and the P, Ca, and Si cycles is that... a. P, Ca, and Si are NOT cycled in terrestrial environments b. the P, Ca, and SI cycles do NOT involve redox changes or gaseous forms that can alter Earth's atmospheric chemistry c. the P, Ca, and Si cycles do NOT involve microbial activity d. the P, Ca, and Si cycles are NOT affected by global warming or other human activity

b. the P, Ca, and SI cycles do NOT involve redox changes or gaseous forms that can alter Earth's atmospheric chemistry

The most prevalent human infectious diseases are caused by? a. bacteria b. viruses c. fungi d. protozoans

b. viruses

Influenza A virus can be identified by which of the following surface glycoproteins? a. HA b. NA c. Both HA and NA d. M protein

c. Both HA and NA

Which species is commonly present on the skin of humans, normally does not cause disease, and grows well on 7.5% NaCl-containing media? a. Sarcina ventriculi b. Staphylococcus aureus c. Staphylococcus epidermis d. Treponema saccharophilum

c. Staphylococcus epidermis

Recognizing pathogens that contains multiple unique proteins, which enable the human immune system to recognize just one and mount an effective response, has opened the door on development of some vaccines only being... a. attenuated carrier viruses b. monovalent c. subunit vaccines d. purified protein administered

c. subunit vaccines

What is the function of mercuric reactions? a. CH3HgCH3 to Hg^2+ b. CH3Hg^+ to Hg^2+ c. Hg^4+ to Hg^2+ d. Hg^2+ to Hg^0

d. Hg^2+ to Hg^0

A notorious biofilm former implicated in cystic fibrosis is... a. Bacillus subtilis b. Escherichia coli c. Lactobacillus acidophilus d. Pseudomonas aerguinosa

d. Pseudomonas aerguinosa

Genetically modified organisms are made to lack proteases when the product is a(n)... a. antibiotic b. extremosyme c. human hormone d. protein

d. protein

The generation time of Escherichia coli in the human intestine is _____ in the laboratory culture. a. at about the same rate as b. faster than c. more optimal than d. slower than

d. slower than

In the soil, oxygen concentrations are highly variable even within a soil particle. The center of the particle may be anoxic even if the outer portions are oxygen rich. In this context, facultative anaerobes could be found... a. at the surface of the particle b. in the center of the particle c. in the middle regions of the particle d. throughout the particle

d. throughout the particle

Influenza virus targets... a. respiratory epithelium b. gastrointestinal cells c. oral cavity cells d. throat epithelium

a. respiratory epithelium

You have isolated gram positive cocci from your inner nose. The organism appears to grow linearly and have surface protrusions when viewed microscopically and appears to hydrolyze erythrocytes when grown on media containing blood. What genus is this bacterium likely a member of?

Streptococci

Match disease, pathogen, mode of transmission and symptoms: ?, Papillomavirus, ?, ?

Warts/Cervical Cancer, Direct contact, Benign tumor warts/cancer

At which time period(s) during PCR thermocycling is/are hottest in temperature? a. During DNA denaturation b. During primer annealing c. During primer extension/elongation d. Both the first and last cycles are hotter in temperature than all the other cycles.

a. During DNA denaturation

What is the major reservoir of stable nitrogen? a. N2 b. NO c. NO3^- d. NH4^+

a. N2

When microorganisms degrade oil, the carbom is oxidized to... a. carbon dioxide b. carbon monoxide c. methane d. methanol

a. carbon dioxide

Which of the following microbial groups is most resistant to desiccation due to their cell wall? a. gram positive b. gram negative c. mycoplasmas d. viruses

a. gram positive

Isonicotinic acid hydrazide (INH) is an antibiotic used in the treatment of tuberculosis. It affects the synthesis of... a. mycolic acid b. linoleic acid c. globular proteins of the cell membrane d. DNA transcription

a. mycolic acid

Two major environmental extremes of the deep sea are high ________ and low ________. a. pressure/nutrient levels b. nutrient levels/pressure c. temperature/pressure d. oxygen/pressure

a. pressure/nutrient levels

Coal contains substantial amounts of mercury. When coal is burned to generate heat or electricity, the mercury is released into the atmosphere. Most of this mercury is eventually deposited into the ocean or other aquatic environments. What happens to the mercury once it is deposited in the ocean?

In aquatic environments, bacteria convert mercury into methylmercury or dimethylmercury, which are extremely toxic and absorbs through the skin into the flesh of aquatic organisms. These compounds bioaccumulate and are concentrated as they pass up the food chain, potentially causing problems for humans that eat large quantities of fish. Bacteria in anoxic environments can detoxify mercury compounds, often buried in sediments as mercuric sulfide. If the sediments are oxidized, the mercury will be released back into the overlying water.

What are the major antigenic barriers for tissue transplantation from one individual to another?

In different individuals, MHC proteins are not structurally identical. Different individuals have polymorphisms. Tissue transplants not matched for MHC identity are recognized by TH1 cells as nonself triggering macrophage activation and transplant destruction.

What does the MMR vaccine protect you from?

Measles, Mumps, Ruebella

Match disease, pathogen, mode of transmission and symptoms: Leprosy, ?, ?, Area of sensation loss in skin

Mycobacterium leprae, Direct

Name three amino acids used in the food industry that are produced by microorganisms. Include their purpose.

Phenylalanine, aspartic acid, lysine

Why is reductive dechlorination a more important process than the breakdown of xenobiotics?

Polluted areas become anoxic quickly, leading to only hydrogen to react with the contaminant.

Match disease, pathogen, mode of transmission and symptoms: Acne, ?, Direct, Infected Oil

Propionibacterium acnes

Why does the burning of fossil fuels cause an imbalance within the carbon cycle? What is the consequence of this imbalance? Include a diagram of the carbon cycle to illustrate your answer.

The natural carbon cycle remains in balance because the production of carbon dioxide by respiration is roughly balanced by the consumption of carbon dioxide by photosynthesis. Over geological time, a large amount of carbon has built up in the form of fossil fuels, soils, sediments, and rocks. This stored carbon is being rapidly released as carbon dioxide through the burning of fossil fuels. The burning of fossil fuels is generating carbon dioxide faster than photosynthesis can consume or store it, thus the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is increasing. Over geological time, these processes will continue and a new homeostasis will be reached, but in the near term in the increased carbon dioxide may cause significant global warming (climate change) that will impact human society.

Match disease, pathogen, mode of transmission and symptoms: Chicken Pox, ?, ?, Rash

Varicella-Zoster, Respiratory