CHM 112 chapter 15
What is the intermediate product of the sequence in which 2-chloroheptane is treated with NaOH and then K2Cr2O7/H2SO4 to produce 2-heptanone?
2-Heptanol
Which of the following functional groups are present in the compound shown? Select all that apply.
Alcohol Amide Ketone
Which of the statements correctly describe how to name aromatic derivatives? Select all that apply.
Attached groups (substituents) to benzene are named as prefixes. Multiple substituents are numbered in such a way that one of the groups is attached to the ring at C-1.
A ______ group is an atom or group of atoms in a molecule that is responsible for the characteristic properties and reactions of that molecule. This group is the ______ part of the molecule.
Blank 1: functional Blank 2: reactive or reacting
Boranes Silanes Polysulfanes
Bridge bonds Chain formation Chain and ring formation
What name is given to an atom or group of atoms within a molecule that is largely responsible for the properties and reactivity of the molecule?
Functional group
Which of the following changes occur during reduction of an organic compound?
The number of C-H bonds increases.
Which of the following options correctly describe the characteristics of fibrous and globular proteins? Select all that apply.
The pleated sheet is a common shape found among fibrous proteins. Globular proteins are usually rounded in shape and compact. Fibrous proteins have a relatively simple structure.
Carboxylic acid derivatives undergo substitution by a two-step process, in which _______ occurs first, followed by ______.
addition; elimination
Functional groups containing double or triple bonds tend to undergo _____ type reactions, whereas functional groups containing only single bonds more easily undergo _____ and _____ type reactions.
addition; elimination; substitution
Hydrocarbons that contain the ring structure shown here are _______ hydrocarbons.
aromatic
The C=O group ________. Select all that apply.
can undergo addition reactions is called a carbonyl group
A carbon atom in an organic molecule that is bonded to four different groups is called a(n) ____ center or asymmetric carbon.
chiral
Two mirror-image molecules that are nonsuperimposable are called ______. Select the best answer.
enantiomers
For straight-chain alkanes, boiling point _____ with increasing chain length. The longer the chain, the _____ the surface area and the _____ the dispersion forces. A branched alkane, on the other hand, will have a _____ boiling point than its less branched isomer.
increases; greater; stronger; lower
Match each structure to the correct prefix used to indicate the relative position of the substituents. a b c
meta para ortho
The substitution reaction of an alcohol proceeds because the carbon atom bonded to the oxygen is ______ (since oxygen is so electronegative), attracting an electron-rich group of an incoming reactant, like Br in HBr.
partially positive
Rank the following steps in naming an alkene with the first step at the top and last at the bottom. Instructions
root long position suffix
What suffix is used to name an alkyne?
-yne
What is the correct systematic name for the compound shown?
3-ethyl-4-methyl-1-hexyne
Which of the structures provided is the correct product for the reaction shown?
A
Which of the structures shown are possible for a saturated hydrocarbon containing 5 carbon atoms? Select all that apply.
A D
In the structure shown, the functional group marked "a" is correctly identified as a(n) , the group marked "c" is a(n) , and the central ring portion marked "b" is a(n) ring.
Blank 1: amine or amino group Blank 2: ester Blank 3: aromatic, phenyl, benzene, or aryl
An amino acid contains both a(n) group (-NH2) and a(n) group (-COOH).
Blank 1: amino or amine Blank 2: carboxyl, carboxy, or carboxylic acid
In what way does a strand of DNA provide a genetic code?
Each three-base sequence codes for a specific amino acid.
Why are aromatic rings typically much less reactive than alkenes?
The delocalized system of π electrons in aromatics requires more energy to break up.
In organic structures the abbreviation -R is used to indicate a(n) _____ group or substituent.
alkyl
The α-carbon atom in a(n) ______ is bonded to both the NH2 group and the COOH group.
amino acid
Place the steps for naming an organic compound in the correct order, starting with the first step at the top of the list. Instructions
longest number name
Which of the following compounds are structural isomers of 2-methylpentane (shown)? Select all that apply.
A C
Select the major types of reaction processes that form synthetic polymers. Select all that apply.
Condensation Addition
Select the options that correctly describe the formation of condensation polymers. Select all that apply.
Condensation polymers form when monomers with two functional groups combine. Condensation reactions commonly release water as a product. Many condensation polymers are copolymers consisting of two or more different repeating units.
Which of the following statements correctly defines stereoisomers?
Molecules that differ only in the way their atoms are oriented in space
What is the name of the amino acid shown?
Serine
Carbon chains are much more stable than those of silicon because C-C bond is much ______ than the Si-Si bond and Si has ______ available for bonding by the lone pairs of incoming reactants, making Si-Si bonds more reactive than C-C bonds.
stronger; low-energy d orbitals
Select the correct statements describing fatty acids. Select all that apply.
Animal fatty acids have only saturated hydrocarbon chains. Almost all hydrocarbon chains of fatty acids have an even number of C atoms. Fatty acids are carboxylic acids with long hydrocarbon chains.
Condensation polymers are formed from monomers that have functional groups per molecule, which can be designated A-R-B. The monomers link when an A group from one molecule undergoes a(n) -condensation reaction with a B group on another molecule. One molecule of is eliminated in this reaction.
Blank 1: 2 or two Blank 2: dehydration Blank 3: H2O or water
Many organic compounds contain heteroatoms, which are defined as elements other than carbon or hydrogen. The most common of these are the elements ______ and _______
Blank 1: N or nitrogen Blank 2: O or oxygen
A reaction in which elements are added to a starting material is classified as a(n) reaction. For this type of reaction to occur, the starting material must have a(n) bond to which elements can be added.
Blank 1: addition Blank 2: pi, multiple, or double or triple
Unlike alkenes, benzene and other aromatic compounds do not readily undergo reactions because this would disrupt the delocalized π system, which is extremely . Benzene and its derivatives prefer to undergo type reactions.
Blank 1: addition Blank 2: stable Blank 3: substitution
A hydrocarbon containing at least one C=C double bond is called a(n) ______ . Since the carbon atoms in this type of compound are bonded to fewer than the maximum of four atoms each, they are considered to be _____ hydrocarbons.
Blank 1: alkene Blank 2: unsaturated
The notation -R is used when drawing organic structures to indicate a(n) ____ group, which is a saturated _____ chain.
Blank 1: alkyl or hydrocarbon Blank 2: hydrocarbon
The distribution of density in a functional group plays a fundamental role in determining the chemical of a compound.
Blank 1: electron Blank 2: properties, reactivity, behavior, or reactions
The boiling points of alkanes ____ with increasing chain length. Listen to the complete question
Blank 1: increase or rise
An organometallic compound is a compound containing a(n) atom attached to an alkyl group through a(n) covalent bond. The carbon atom of the bond has a partially charge due to the electronegativity differences of the atoms.
Blank 1: metal Blank 2: polar Blank 3: negative or -
Alkanes are termed _______ hydrocarbons because they have the maximum number of other atoms bonded to each carbon atom.
Blank 1: saturated
Select the correct statements regarding a cyclic alkane. Select all that apply.
Cyclic alkanes are referred to as cycloalkanes. The chair conformation is the most stable form of the cyclic alkane with the formula C6H12. A cyclic alkane has the general formula CnH2n.
Which of the following options correctly describe the characteristics of an elimination reaction? Select all that apply.
Hydrogen is often one of the atoms eliminated in this reaction type. In this reaction 2 σ bonds are broken for every π bond formed. A saturated reactant would become an unsaturated product in this type of reaction.
______ is the reaction by which an ester or an amide is broken down to form the constituent carboxylic acid and an alcohol or amine.
Hydrolysis
Determine the relationship between each of the following structures and the alkane 2-methylbutane (shown). a b c
Identical compound Different, unrelated compound Constitutional isomer
Which of the following options correctly describe plane-polarized light? Select all that apply.
Light is polarized by passing it through a polarizing filter. Plane-polarized light oscillates in a single plane.
Which of the statements correctly explain the role of optical isomerism in biological systems? Select all that apply.
Nearly all amino acids are optically active. Nearly all carbohydrates have optically isomers, with only one being biologically useful. Enzymes use chiral binding sites to select one enantiomer.
C-C C-H C-O C-Br
Nonpolar; unreactive Short, very close to nonpolar, unreactive Polar, reactive Slightly polar, long and weak, reactive
Root Suffix Prefix
Number of C atoms in the longest continuous C chain Functional group or class of compound Identity, location, and number of groups attached to the main chain
Which of the following options correctly describe proteins? Select all that apply.
Proteins are polymers of amino acid monomers. Proteins are naturally occurring polyamides. Proteins are naturally occurring polymers.
What types of reactions do haloalkanes (alkyl halides) typically undergo? Select all that apply.
Substitution Elimination
The carbon atom in an amino acid that is bonded to both the NH2 group and the COOH group is called the _____.
α-carbon
Match each of the following substituted aromatic compounds with its correct name. a b c
1-bromo-2-nitrobenzene 1-methyl-3-nitrobenzene 1,3-dimethylbenzene
Match each marked carbon atom in the structure shown with the correct number of H atoms needed to fulfill its normal bonding requirements. a b c
2 0 1
How many hydrogen atoms are bonded to each of the marked carbon atoms in the structure shown? a b c
2 1 3
Alkenes typically undergo _____ type reactions. The C=C double bond of an alkene is electron _____ and is readily attracted to the partially positive H atoms of H3O+ and HCl.
addition; rich
The reaction of an alcohol with aqueous acid is classified as a(n) reaction since an alkene is formed as the product. This reaction can also be called a(n) because it results in the loss of H2O.
Blank 1: elimination Blank 2: dehydration
Which of the statements correctly describe alkynes? Select all that apply.
Alkynes contain at least one triple-bond between C atoms. The general formula of alkynes is CnH2n-2. Alkynes are linear about each C atom of the triple bond.
Alkane Alkene
All C atoms have tetrahedral geometry and free rotation about the bonds. Some C atoms have trigonal planar geometry and restricted rotation about their bond.
Stereoisomers that are mirror images of each other and cannot be superimposed on each other are called ____ isomers or _____.
Blank 1: optical Blank 2: enantiomers
In an organic reaction, the process of results in an increase in the number of C-O bonds and/or a decrease in the number of C- bonds.
Blank 1: oxidation Blank 2: hydrogen or H
An organic compound may be represented using a(n) _____ structure in which each straight line represents a C-C bond. The end of each straight line in this structure type corresponds to a(n) ______ atom unless otherwise indicated.
Blank 1: skeletal, carbon-skeleton, skeleton, line, or line-bond Blank 2: carbon or C
A reaction in which an atom or group of atoms is replaced by another atom or group or atoms is classified as a(n) reaction.
Blank 1: substitution
Select the options that describe a polysaccharide. Select all that apply.
Cellulose, starch, and glycogen are the three major natural polysaccharides. Monosaccharides serve as the monomer units of polysaccharides
Which of the following statements correctly describe a pair of cis-trans isomers of a specific alkene? Select all that apply.
Cis-trans isomers are also called geometric isomers. These compounds differ in the orientation of the groups around the C=C double bond. For an alkene to have cis and trans isomers, both C atoms of the double bond must be attached to 2 different groups.
Which of the following correctly defines an organic compound?
A compound containing the elements carbon and hydrogen
A ______ is one in which each member differs from the next in the series by a -CH2- group.
homologous series
Match each marked carbon atom in the structure shown with the correct number of H atoms needed to fulfill its normal bonding requirements. a b c
3 1 2
Which of the following statements correctly explain why C chains are so much more stable than Si chains? Select all that apply.
A C-C bond is much stronger than a Si-Si bond. Si has low-energy d orbitals available for bonding and is therefore more reactive.
Which of the following options correctly defines a homologous series?
A group of compounds in which each member differs from the next by one -CH2- group
Which of the following statements correctly describe the oxidation of alcohols? Select all that apply.
Alcohols that have the OH group at the end of the chain are oxidized to carboxylic acids. Alcohols are oxidized to compounds that contain a carbonyl group, C=O.
-al -ol -ate or -oate -yne -one
Aldehyde Alcohol ester Alkyne Ketone
Which of the following are typical reactions of aldehydes and ketones? Select all that apply.
Aldehydes and ketones are reduced to form alcohols. Aldehydes and ketones may undergo addition reactions.
Which of the following statements correctly describe the physical properties of alkanes? Select all that apply.
Alkanes have very low solubility in water. Alkanes are nearly nonpolar molecules. The boiling points of alkanes increase with increasing chain length.
Select the important functional groups with triple bonds. Select all that apply.
Alkynes Nitriles
The lone pair on the nitrogen of amines is responsible for which properties of amines? Select all that apply.
Amines are weakly basic Amines undergo substitution reactions
Which of the following statements correctly describe the properties of amines? Select all that apply.
Amines of low molar mass are water soluble. Amines are weak bases. Primary and secondary amines have higher boiling points than hydrocarbons of similar molar mass.
Which of the following options correctly describe an amino acid? Select all that apply.
An amino acid has an NH2 group and a COOH group bonded to the same carbon atom. At neutral pH both the NH2 and COOH groups of the amino acid are charged.
Which statement correctly describes the general principle that governs a reaction between two organic molecules?
An electron-rich region of one molecule interacts with an electron-poor region of another.
Which of the following structures represent cis alkenes? Select all that apply.
B C
Which of the following structures are the two starting materials required to synthesize the ester shown? Select all that apply.
B E
The substitution reaction of a carboxylic acid or carboxylic acid derivative occurs by a two-step process, in which occurs first, followed by .
Blank 1: addition Blank 2: elimination
A protein is a naturally occurring polymer made up of monomers called acids. The linkage between these monomers, which is called a(n) bond, is an example of the functional group.
Blank 1: amino Blank 2: peptide Blank 3: amide
Aldehydes and ketones both contain a C=O or group, which is very due to the large electronegativity difference between C and O.
Blank 1: carbonyl Blank 2: polar or reactive
An ester can be formed by the reaction of a (n) acid and a(n) in the presence of an inorganic acid as catalyst. This is called a(n) reaction.
Blank 1: carboxylic Blank 2: alcohol Blank 3: esterification or Fischer
Carbon has the ability to catenate, or form long, stable______ of carbon atoms. This is because C-C bonds have relatively_______ bond strength and short bond lengths.
Blank 1: chains Blank 2: high
Optical isomers differ in their reactivity when in a(n)_____ chemical environment. In a living system, such an environment is often provided by an enzyme, which recognizes the specific ______ of one of the optical isomers of a compound but not the other.
Blank 1: chiral Blank 2: shape, geometry, or configuration
An alkane that contains a ring in its structure is called a(n)_____ alkane. For a compound containing a single ring, for every n carbon atoms there will be _____ n hydrogen atoms. Fill in the appropriate number for the second blank.
Blank 1: cyclo or cyclic Blank 2: 2 or two
Alkanes are nearly nonpolar and their behavior is therefore typical of compounds that have _____ forces between their molecules. These forces are weak, causing alkanes to have _____ boiling points compared to polar compounds such as H2O.
Blank 1: dispersion or London Blank 2: low or lower
An addition polymer is formed when two monomers containing bonds react in the presence of a(n) initiator.
Blank 1: double, multiple, or pi Blank 2: radical or free radical
In a(n) reaction, elements of the starting material are "lost" and a(n) bond is formed.
Blank 1: elimination Blank 2: pi or multiple
A carboxylic acid with a long hydrocarbon chain is called a(n) acid. This type of compound is an essential component found in all living cells.
Blank 1: fatty
DNA exists as two chains wrapped around each other in a double structure, which is held together by bonds between the nucleotide bases.
Blank 1: helix or helical Blank 2: hydrogen or H
Alcohols tend to have melting and boiling points compared to alkanes as a result of bonding. Alcohols are able to dissolve molecules and some salts because they themselves are compounds.
Blank 1: high, higher, or greater Blank 2: hydrogen or H Blank 3: polar Blank 4: polar
Simple sugars, such as glucose, are called . These sugars are the monomer units for such as starch and cellulose, which contain many sugar units linked together.
Blank 1: monosaccharides Blank 2: polysaccharides
A single bond joining any two atoms is relatively free to______ , so that two carbon skeletons may in fact represent the same structure whether they are drawn in a(n________ line or with a(n)______ in the line.
Blank 1: rotate Blank 2: straight Blank 3: bend, kink, turn, angle, or branch
The alkene shown exists as a pair of cis-trans isomers. Structure A, which has the two alkyl groups on opposite sides of the double bond, is the____ isomer. Structure B, which has the two alkyl groups on the same side of the double bond, is the____ isomers.
Blank 1: trans Blank 2: cis
Which of the following is the correct structure for the alkane 2,3-dimethylpentane?
C
Carbon is able to form a wide variety of stable chain, ring, and branched compounds. Which factors contribute to this behavior? Select all that apply.
C forms covalent bonds almost exclusively. C-C bonds are relatively short and therefore strong. C-C multiple bonds form readily and are stable.
Which of the following statements correctly describe the systematic rules for naming an organic compound? Select all that apply.
Each substituent must be numbered, even if there are two or more of the same group in the compound. Carbon branches are named by changing the -ane ending to -yl. The root name is obtained by finding the longest continuous carbon chain.
Select the statements that correct describe of the process of esterification. Select all that apply.
Esterification is the reaction of a carboxylic acid and an alcohol to produce an ester. Esterification is a dehydration-condensation reaction.
Which reagent(s) is/are required to bring about the reaction shown?
H+, H2O
What are hydrocarbons?
Organic compounds containing only C and H atoms
Which of the following statements correctly describe organic compounds? Select all that apply.
Organic compounds often contain oxygen or nitrogen atoms. All organic compounds contain carbon atoms.
Which of the following is the major function of nucleic acids?
Protein synthesis
Which of the following are naturally occurring polymers? Select all that apply.
Proteins Nucleic acids Polysaccharides
Which of the following options correctly describe proteins? Select all that apply.
Proteins are naturally occurring polyamides. Proteins are naturally occurring polymers. Proteins are polymers of amino acid monomers.
Which of the following inorganic hydrides exhibit catenation, giving rise to ring and chain structures? Select all that apply.
Silanes Polysulfanes Boranes
Which of the following is NOT a conventional representation for the compound shown?
Structure C Reason: A bond is not drawn inside the bend of a zigzag in this way.
Match each type of functional group to the reaction types each commonly undergoes.
Substitution or elimination Functional groups with only single bonds correct Functional groups with only single bonds Addition double or triple bonds correct toggle button Functional groups with double or triple bonds Substitution Substitution answer drop zone Functional groups with both single and double bonds correct Functional groups with both single and double bonds
Why is the carbonyl group so reactive? Select all that apply.
The C=O bond is electron rich. The C=O bond is very polar.
Which characteristics of a molecule are influenced by its functional groups, leading to a particular set of physical and chemical properties? Select all that apply.
The acid-base behavior of a molecule The overall polarity of the molecule The presence of electron-deficient sites in a molecule
Classify the amine shown correctly and explain your choice.
The amine is 2° because there are two alkyl groups attached to the N atom.
Which of the following options correctly defines an optically active substance?
The compound causes plane-polarized light passing through it to rotate.
Which of the following options correctly describe the changes that occur in addition reactions? Select all that apply.
The driving force in this type of reaction is the formation of two new bonds for each one bond broken. A π bond is broken in an addition reaction. Compounds with double bonds can undergo addition reactions.
Select the statements that correctly describe organometallic compounds. Select all that apply.
The skeleton of the product of the reaction is a combination of the carbonyl reactant and the R group from the organometallic compound. Organometallic compounds convert carbonyl compounds to alcohols in a two-step process with water. Organometallic compounds have a metal atom attached to an R group.
Which of the following correctly describe the components of the name of an organic compound? Select all that apply.
The suffix of the name indicates the class to which the compound belongs. The location of a substituent is indicated by a number followed by a dash. The identity, location, and number of substituents is indicated by the prefix.
Which of the following options correctly describe how an alkene is named? Select all that apply.
The suffix used to name an alkene is -ene. The longest C chain is numbered from the end closer to the C=C double bond. The position of the C=C double bond is indicated by the number of the C atom on which it begins.
Generally, an organic molecule is chiral (cannot be superimposed on its mirror image) if it contains a carbon atom ______.
bonded to four different groups
Because a few R groups form a crevice that closely matches the shapes of reactant molecules, the actions of ______ support the idea that a protein's amino acid sequence determines its structure, which in turn determines its function.
catalytic proteins
An organic molecule is chiral if it contains a carbon atom bonded to four different groups. This carbon atom is called a ______.
chiral center asymmetric carbon
A pair of enantiomers are identical in their properties except when the isomers are in a ______. For example, an enzyme can distinguish between enantiomers because only one fits in its binding site.
chiral environment
A peptide bond (shown) is formed by the ______ reaction in which the carboxyl group of one amino acid reacts with the amine group of another amino acid.
dehydration-condensation
Carbon forms covalent bonds in all its compounds due to its _____. Select all the options that complete this sentence correctly.
electronegativity electron configuration
Most reactions involve the interaction between a region of _____ electron density on one molecule and a region of low electron density on another. These regions may be due to the partial charges that occur in polar bonds or due to the presence of _____ bonds in the molecule.
high; multiple
The smaller alcohols exhibit strong hydrogen bonding that gives them _____ melting and boiling points compared to their parent hydrocarbon. Unlike their parent hydrocarbons, smaller alcohols are able to dissolve _____ species.
higher; polar
Which of the following functional groups do ALL monosaccharides contain? Select all that apply.
hydroxyl (OH) carbonyl
The functional group -CΞN: is called a(n) ______ group.
nitrile
Biological polymers include polysaccharides, proteins, and ______.
nucleic acids
Match each of the following aromatic hydrocarbons with its correct name. a b c
o-bromonitrobenzene m-nitrotoluene m-xylene
Reaction 1 is an example of a(n) _____ type reaction, while Reaction 2 is classified as a(n) _____ type reaction.
substitution; elimination
Constitutional or structural isomers have _____ molecular formula but _____ skeletal connectivity of their atoms.
the same; different
Stereoisomers are molecules possessing the same formula and bonding arrangement but differing in ______.
the spatial arrangement of the atoms
The genetic code is the relation between the sequence of bases in DNA (or RNA) and the sequence of amino acids in a proteins. Genetic experiments show that an amino acid is coded by a group of ______ base(s).
three
The reactivity of an organic compound is determined by the types of bonds it contains. Bonds that are short and/or nonpolar tend to be relatively _____, whereas bonds that are long and/or polar tend to be more _____.
unreactive; reactive
What is the correct systematic name for the alkane structure shown?
4-ethyl-2-methylhexane
Select all that apply Which of the carbon skeletons shown are equivalent to the original structure? Select all that apply.
A Reason: In structures A and D the longest continuous chain contains 5 carbon atoms. These structures are equivalent to the original structure.
Which of the following is the correct condensed formula corresponding to the carbon-skeleton structure shown?
A Reason: The longest continuous C chain in the structure contains 6 carbon atoms. There are two CH3 groups attached to adjacent carbon atoms of the parent chain. Structure A is correct.
Which of the following options correctly defines a saturated hydrocarbon?
A hydrocarbon in which each C atom is bonded to the maximum number of other atoms
Which of the following statements correctly describe the properties and behavior of optical isomers? Select all that apply.
A pair of optical isomers will have identical melting and boiling points. Each optical isomer of a pair will rotate plane-polarized light in opposite directions. Optical isomers are also called enantiomers.
What role does base pairing play in the structure and function of DNA? Select all that apply.
A pyrimidine base and a purine base are always paired, which gives the double helix a constant diameter. Each base is always paired with the same partner so the sequence on one chain is the complement of the sequence on the other chain.
Which of the following statements correctly describe alkanes? Select all that apply.
Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons. The C atoms in an alkane are sp3 hybridized. The general formula for an alkane is CnH2n+2.
Which of the following statements correctly describe alkenes? Select all that apply.
An alkene contains at least one C=C double bond. The general formula for an alkene is CnH2n. The π bond of the C=C double bond restricts rotation.
Which of the following options is the correct structure for the product of the reaction shown?
B
Which of the structures shown are possible for a hydrocarbon containing 5 carbon atoms, one triple bond, and no rings? Select all that apply.
B C E
Which of the following carbon skeletons is NOT equivalent to the others? (H atoms have been omitted.)
B Reason: The longest continuous chain in structure B contains only 3 carbon atoms. The other structures all have the same skeleton.
Benzene (shown) is classed as an aromatic hydrocarbon. Which of the following statements correctly describe the structure of benzene? Select all that apply.
Benzene is a planar molecule. Benzene contains a system of delocalized π electrons located above and below the plane of the ring.
When drawing the structure of an organic compound, it is important to remember that carbon can never have more than______ covalent bonds. In addition, a straight chain and a bent chain may represent the same carbon______ since single bonds allow free rotation.
Blank 1: 4 or four Blank 2: skeleton, arrangement, structure, chain, configuration, or backbone
Fill in the naturally occurring polysaccharide with the correct description of its structure and/or function.: Large, highly crosslinked polysaccharide of glucose; it serves as energy storage in animals.: A structural polysaccharide found in plants; it consists of long chains of glucose.: A mixture of polysaccharides of glucose; it serves as energy storage in plants.
Blank 1: Glycogen Blank 2: Cellulose Blank 3: Starch
In aqueous solution, many monosaccharides form a cyclic structure through the reaction of the carbonyl group with a(n) group elsewhere in the same molecule. The resulting structure contains a five- or -membered ring
Blank 1: alcohol, hydroxy, hydroxyl, or OH Blank 2: 6 or six
In aqueous solution, many monosaccharides form a cyclic structure through the reaction of the carbonyl group with a(n) group elsewhere in the same molecule. The resulting structure contains a five- or -membered ring.
Blank 1: alcohol, hydroxy, hydroxyl, or OH Blank 2: 6 or six
An amine is classified according to the number of groups bonded to the nitrogen. The abbreviation 2o indicates a(n) amine, which has alkyl groups bonded directly to the nitrogen.
Blank 1: alkyl, carbon, C, or R Blank 2: secondary Blank 3: 2 or two
Hydrocarbons that contain at least one C-C triple bond are called _____ . The C atoms of the C-C triple bond are _______ -hybridized; hence this functional group has a(n) ____ geometry
Blank 1: alkynes Blank 2: sp Blank 3: linear
The general term used to describe an organic compound containing only C and H atoms is ______.
Blank 1: hydrocarbon
The reaction by which an ester or an amide is broken down to form the constituent carboxylic acid and alcohol or amine is called . This reaction can be carried out using aqueous or base.
Blank 1: hydrolysis Blank 2: acid
The bond between one amino acid and another (shown) is called a(n) bond. This type of bond is an example of the functional group.
Blank 1: peptide Blank 2: amide
Alkanes are hydrocarbons that contain only _____ bonds between carbon atoms.
Blank 1: single or sigma
A C-C ____ bond allows free rotation, whereas the _____ bond of a C=C double bond restricts rotation. For this reason, groups that are on the same side of a C=C double bond remain on the same side, allowing the existence of ____ or cis-trans isomers for alkenes.
Blank 1: single or sigma Blank 2: pi Blank 3: geometric
In DNA, the adenine base is always paired with the base and the base is always paired with the cytosine base.
Blank 1: thymine, T, or thymidine Blank 2: guanine, G, or guanosine
Protein synthesis involves the DNA three-base words into an RNA message and then the word, via three-base RNA carriers, into the protein's amino acid sequence.
Blank 1: transcribing Blank 2: translating
Which structure is correct for the compound trans-3-methyl-3-heptene?
C
Which of the following statements correctly describe the structural formula for a hydrocarbon? Select all that apply.
Carbon forms a maximum of 4 bonds. Groups joined by single bonds can rotate, leading to apparent bends in a chain. A branch pointing up is the same as one pointing down or to the side.
What types of reactions do haloalkanes (alkyl halides) typically undergo? Select all that apply.
Elimination of HX by reaction with a strong base to form an alkene Substitution by such groups as -OH, -CN, -NH2
True or false: The solubility of alkanes in water increases as the chain length increases.
False
Which of the following are heteroatoms frequently found in organic compounds? Select all that apply.
Nitrogen oxygen Halogens
Which of the following options correctly describe the reactions shown? Select all that apply.
Reaction 1 is an addition reaction. There are 2 addition reactions among the options shown. Reaction 4 is an elimination reaction.
Which of the reactions shown can correctly be classified as oxidations, from the perspective of the reacting substance? Select all that apply.
Reaction A Reaction D
Classify each reaction shown as oxidation, reduction, or neither (from the perspective of the reacting substance). a b c
Reduction neither oxidation
Why are the two carbon skeletons shown equivalent?
Single bonds allow free rotation, so that the two structures are interchangeable without breaking any bonds.
Which of the following options correctly describe a pair of structural isomers? Select all that apply.
Structural isomers differ in the way their atoms are connected to each other. Structural isomers are different compounds.
Carbon forms exclusively covalent bonds. Which of the following factors contribute to this behavior? Select all that apply.
The formation of a stable ion for carbon is energetically unfavorable. Carbon's electronegativity is intermediate between those of metals and nonmetals.
Which of the following options correctly interprets the carbon-skeleton formula shown? Select all that apply.
The longest continuous carbon chain contains 4 carbon atoms. There are 5 carbon atoms in this compound.
Which of the following statements correctly describe nucleic acids? Select all that apply.
The monomer of a nucleic acid contains a sugar portion. Nucleic acids are polymers of nucleotides.
Which of the following statements correctly describe addition polymers? Select all that apply.
The monomers of addition polymers usually contain a C=C double bond. The formation of an addition polymer often involves a radical initiator.
Which of the following statements correctly describe the general characteristics of a substitution reaction? Select all that apply.
The number of bonds attached to the reacting carbon is the same in the product as in the starting material. Heteroatoms such as oxygen or a halogen are often involved in substitution reactions. A bond breaks and a new bond is formed at the same carbon atom in this type of reaction.
Select the major structural differences between alkenes and alkanes. Select all that apply.
The single bonds in alkanes allows free rotation about each bond, whereas the pi bond of alkenes restricts rotation. Alkanes have a tetrahedral geometry around each C atom, whereas alkenes have trigonal planar geometry around each double-bonded C atom. C atoms are all sp3 hybridized in alkanes, whereas double-bonded C atoms are sp2 in alkenes.
Which of the following options correctly describe the different levels of protein structure? Select all that apply.
The tertiary structure of a protein is determined by the intermolecular forces between different side chains of the polypeptide chain. The arrangement of subunits forms part of the quaternary structure of the protein.
A chiral molecule is _____, which means it _____ be superimposed on its mirror image.
asymmetric; cannot
In a carbon-skeleton or line-bond structure for an organic compound, _______. (Select all that apply.)
each end of junction of a line is considered to be a carbon atom Carbon atom labels are omitted the number of H atoms at each C is inferred by remembering that C forms 4 bonds
Hydrocarbon chains are named according to the number of C atoms in the chain. Match each prefix name to the correct chain length. Assume in all cases that the chain is not branched. 2C 4C 5C 8C
eth- but- pent- oct-
Hydrocarbon chains are named according to the number of C atoms in the chain. Match each prefix name to the correct chain length. Assume in all cases that the chain is not branched. Instructions 1C 3C 6C 7C
meth- prop- hex- hept-
Alkanes are miscible in each other and in ______ solvents.
nonpolar
A compound that causes plane-polarized light passing through it to rotate is deemed ______.
optically active
The specific rotation that ______ undergo(es) when passing through a sample that is optically active is useful in characterizing dextrorotatory and levorotatory enantiomers.
plane-polarized light
Like alkenes, compounds containing the C=O group can undergo addition. As a result of the polarity of the C=O group, addition results in an electron-_____ group bonding to the carbonyl O atom and an electron-_____ group bonding to the carbonyl C atom.
poor; rich
A π bond ______ rotation, so that structures A and B represent different isomeric alkenes. A and B are referred to as ______ isomers.
restricts; cis-trans
Rank the following steps in naming an alkyne with the first step at the top and last at the bottom. Instructions
root long position suffix
When a carboxylic acid is reacted with a strong base such as NaOH, _______. Select all that apply.
the acid loses H+ to form a carboxylate anion H2O is formed
Carboxylic acids, which have the functional group -COOH, are ______ acids and therefore ionize ______ in aqueous solution.
weak; partially
