Chp 13

Which organization's primary focus is improving healthcare across the world?

WHO

A Z-score of 3.5 represents a score that is how many standard deviations above the mean?

3.5

Two standard deviations from the mean in a normal distribution equals what percentage of the area?

95.45%

Studies a particular culture in great detail

Ethnography

When a number is assigned to a specific category such as a 1=male and 2=female, this is what type of variable?

Nominal

Collect robust types of data

Qualitative research

The key to building what statistical tool is to make it able to stand alone so anyone reading it can understand the information displayed?

Table

A bubble chart is similar to a scatter chart except that it compares three data variables

True

A line graph is a graphical device used to display continuous data to show changes or trends of the data over time.

True

PCORI provides funding to researchers to perform research that is patient centered and patient engaged

True

Determining if data follow a normal distribution is important because certain statistics can be computed on data that is normally distributed. Which of the following is one type of these statistics?

Z-score

What is a standardized unit that provides the relative position of any observation in the distribution and is also the number of standard deviations that the observed value lies away from the mean?

Z-score

Which statistics examine the spread of different values around the measures of central tendency?

Measures of variability

The first step to compute the _________ will include ranking the values from lowest to highest.

Median

Which organization focuses one of its main priorities on patient centered outcomes research?

AHRQ

The focus group study previously mentioned is an example of using what type of data structure?

Aggregate

Which is a simple chart used to describe qualitative, categorical, or discrete variables such as nominal or ordinal data?

Bar chart

Which chart is best to compare data for three different variables?

Bubble chart

Which of the following is an example of a value label variable?

Coder status

Any numerical value that goes from one whole number to the next whole number, such as $35,567.32, 62.596, and 18.65 is called what kind of variable?

Continuous

Determines if a relationship exists between two variables

Correlational studies

What type of study design was used to explore how the use of automated coding software (CAC) could be used to enhance anti-fraud activities?

Descriptive

Analysis of big data does not necessarily mean that upper level statistics have to be used. Once can start with ____ levels of statistics and then move to ____ statistics if the problem that needs to be solved requires this higher level of statistics

Descriptive ; Inferential

Exploratory, generates new hypotheses

Descriptive study

Which type of research includes those studies that pose only minimal risk to human subjects?

Expedited

Randomization

Experimental study

A histogram should be used with discrete data that is part of a frequency distribution.

False

Aggregate data that is individual in nature and not compiled for data analysis

False

Although the CDC provides a great deal of data and reports, it does not provide funding for researchers to conduct their research

False

In a normal distribution, the mean, median, and mode are not equal

False

Samples of data taken from populations have the same properties as the entire population

False

The easiest bar chart to build is the two-variable bar chart

False

The first step in analyzing data is to start with basic types of data analysis such as descriptive statistics

False

The mean is the best measure of central tendency to use with ordinal data. The median is the best to use with ordinal data since the mean should mainly be used with continuous data.

False

Z-scores represent the number of standard deviations above or below the mean, so a Z-score of -1.5 represents a score 1.5 above the mean.

False

Uses multiple methods to determine a new theory

Grounded theory

Which type of IRB review category most closely relates to HIM research activities

HIM does not do IRB research

Which two graphs are best for displaying frequency distributions using continuous data?

Histogram and Frequency polygon

Which of the following measures examine the spread of different values around the measures of central tendency?

Measures of variability

Uses a combination of quantitative and qualitative data

Mixed-methods approach

In which type of distribution are the mean, median, and mode equal?

Normal distribution

Patients must be involved in the design of the research study if the researcher is to receive funding from which of the following organizations?

PCORI

Which chart is similar in appearance to a bar chart but the highest ranking value is listed as the first column and the next highest ranking is second, and so on, to the lowest ranking?

Pareto chart

This is a measure used in descriptive statistics that shows the value below which a given percentage of scores in a given group of scores fall.It is called a:

Percentile

A curve or distribution in which the tail is pulled to the right is called which of the following distributions?

Positively skewed

Framingham Heart Study

Prospective study

Kaiser Permanente study to examine the impact of the implementation of the EHR on outcomes of diabetes patients

Quasi-Experimental study

This particular process is important in effectively testing whether the specific intervention actually made a difference in the outcome of the disease in experimental studies. It is called which of the following?

Randomization

Which measure of variability is the simplest one to compute?

Range

Which of the following measures is simple to compute and calculated by taking the difference between the highest and lowest values?

Range

If a researcher was interested in whether the use of estrogen replacement therapy caused colon cancer in postmenopausal women, they would recruit a group of women with colon cancer (cases) and another group of women without colon cancer (controls) as subjects. What is this type of study design called?

Retrospective case-control

Case-control study

Retrospective study

A scatter chart, scatter plot, scatter diagram, or scatter graph is used to demonstrate a relationship between two variables

True

Frequency polygons differ from line graphs in that frequency polygons display the entire frequency distribution (counts) of the continuous variable; a line graph plots only the specific data points over time

True

Once the review category is determined, the researcher must then submit their research protocol to the IRB for their review and approval

True

PCORI differs from other organizations that conduct evidence-based research because they focus on the patient and include the patients in all steps of the research methodology.

True

Tables are excellent ways to organize and categorize data and can be useful to examine the detail of a specific concept, category, or response

True

The 40th percentile is the score below which 40% of the other scores in a given group of scores fall.

True

The IRB determines whether research conducted on human subjects is appropriate and protects the participant's rights

True

The major difference between WHO and the CDC and AHRQ is that WHO focuses its efforts across the world whereas the CDC and AHRQ focus on the United States

True

The total area under the curve of a normal distribution equals 1.

True

When data is collected on the number of healthcare-associated infections, such as catheter-associated UTI, in a healthcare facility and then compared to benchmark data across a region or the country, this is referred to as comparative data.

True

Coder Status as 1=advanced, 2=intermediate, 3=beginner is an example of a _______ in common data configuration of statistical software.

Value label