Classification of Plants

springwood and summerwood

Springwood is light wood made of wide, thin walled cells and new xylem. Summerwood is dark wood made of small, thick walled cells and that forms when less water is avaliable.

What do roots do?

Take in water and nutrients from the soil. They can also hold the plant in place.

guard cells and stomata

- GUARD CELLS open STOMATA (pores in a leaf) which allow carbon dioxide, oxygen, and water vapor to pass. - The stoma and guard cells help to maintain water homeostasis

Give an example of tracheophyte-angiosperm

Daisies and fruit

Stem structure

-vascular bundles contain xylem on inside and phloem on outside and meristem tissue between the two -cortex and pith- ground tissue, parenchymal cells modified for storage

ground tissue

Made up of 3 cells, Parenchyma cell, collenchyma cell, and sclerenchyma cell

lateral meristems

A meristem that thickens the roots and shoots of woody plants. The vascular cambium and cork cambium are lateral meristems.

Bryophytes

A moss, liverwort, or hornwort; a nonvascular plant that inhabits the land but lacks many of the terrestrial adaptations of vascular plants.

Gymnosperms

A plant that produces seeds that are exposed rather than seeds enclosed in fruits

lateral roots

A root that arises from the outermost layer of the pericycle of an established root.

internode

A segment of a plant stem between the points where leaves are attached.

Upper epidermis layer

A single layer of clear cells that allows light to pass through and prevents the loss of water.

Adhesion

An attraction between molecules of different substances

Tracheophyte seeded angiosperm

Angiosperms are vascular plants. They have stem, roots, and leaves

Tension

As water is lost, tension in the water column increases, can withstand all the tension due to cohesion/adhesion

Stem growth

Auxins stimulate stem cell growth

Moss liverworts

Bryophyte

What is an adaptation of an aquatic plant

Contain tissues with large air-filled spaces, which allows oxygen to diffuse

sporophyte

Diploid, or spore-producing, phase of an organism

apical meristem

Embryonic plant tissue in the tips of roots and in the buds of shoots that supplies cells for the plant to grow in length.

Desert plants adaptations

Extensive roots that either spread out or reach deep, reduced leaves to help minimize water loss, thick stems to store water.

An example of an tracheophyte (seedless) is

Ferns

Dicots

Flowering plant whose embryos have 2 cotyledons. Flowers, vegetables, deciduous trees

Monocots

Grasses, lilies, palm tree, tulips, daffodils, and ginkgo trees

Where do aquatic plants often grow

In the mud where oxygen is not plentiful

Unanchored plants

Lack sunlight at ground level, live on another plant in a commensalistic manner , epiphytes, Spanish moss

Leaf adaptations

Large surface area; network of xylem and phloem; numerous stomata that can close; small diffusion distance; thin transparent cuticle.

What are some examples of aquatic plants

Lily pads and cattails

root tip

Made up of the root cap, meristematic zone, elongation zone, and maturation zone

What do leaves do?

Main organ in photosynthesis. They also function in gas exchange

tracheophytes: seedless

Mainly ferns, have leaves called fronds, spores germinate to form a prothallus

Give an example of bryophyte

Moss liverwort

Gymnosperms

Naked seeds

Does Bryophytes have vascular tissue?

No

Does bryophyte have seeds

No

Does tracheotypes (seedless) have seeds

No

gymnosperms and angiosperms

Of the 4 main types of plants: mosses, ferns, gymnosperms and angiosperms, which ones have seeds?

What is a challenge of an aquatic plant

Often grow in mud where oxygen is not plentiful

An example of tracheotypes (gymnosperm) is

Pine trees

vascular tissue

Plant tissue consisting of cells joined into tubes that transport water and nutrients throughout the plant body.

carnivorous plants

Plants that get some or most of their nutrients from trapping and consuming animals.

Plants during the day

Potassium ions are pumped into guard cells and water moves in via osmosis to reach equilibrium, causing cells to swell

Plants at night

Potassium ions are pumped out of the guard cells and water leaves via osmosis, causing the cells to shrink a little.

meristematic tissue

Responsible for plant growth and produces new cells via mitosis

What are the 3 main plant organs

Roots, stems, and leaves

The parts of the stem are

Sclerenchyma, vascular bundle, ground tissue, xylem, and phloem

secondary growth in stems

Secondary growth: produced by lateral meristems, thickening the roots and shoots of woody plants. - Periderm - Cork cambium - cortex - primary phloem - secondary phloem - vascular cambium - secondary xylem - primary xylem - pith

spongy parenchyma cells

Small, loose cells near the bottom of a leaf

dermal tissue

The skin like part of a plant. It protects the plant and prevents water loss

gametophyte

The stage in the life cycle of a plant in which the plant produces gametes, or sex cells.

Phloem

The vascular tissue through which food moves in some plants

Cuticles

Thick waxy ___ to keep water in (succulensts, cacti)

Node

Tip of stem usually has a terminal bud

Defending against herbivores

To avoid being eaten, manufacture chemicals that are toxic or irritating , chemicals can mimic insect hormones causing a disruption in insect growth humans use some in aspirin, codeine and other drugs

What types of plants are defending against herbivores

Tobacco plants and stinging nettle

Daisies and fruit

Tracheophyte angiosperm

Pine trees

Tracheophyte gymnosperm

Ferns

Tracheophyte seedless

What is the function of vascular tissue?

Transport water and substances from one plant to another

Cohesion

Water molecules sticking to each other.

Does tracheophyte (angiosperm) have seeds

Yes

Does tracheophyte (seedless) have true roots and stems?

Yes

Does tracheophyte angiosperm have true roots and stems

Yes

Does tracheophyte angiosperm have vascular tissue

Yes

Does tracheophyte gymnosperm have seeds

Yes

Does tracheophyte gymnosperm have vascular tissue?

Yes

Does tracheotypes (gymnosperm) have true roots and stems

Yes

Does tracheotypes (seedless) have vascular tissue

Yes

Does bryophyte have roots and stems

Yes, but not well developed

root cap

a structure that covers the tip of a root, protecting the root from injury

parasitic plants

absorb sugars and minerals from their living host plant

Bud

capable of developing into a new shoot system

types of roots in Monocots and Dicots

fibrous and tap

Angiosperms

flowering plants

salt-tolerant plants

halophytes

leaves function

increase the surface area for capturing more sunlight for photosynthesis

palisade mesophyll

layer of cells under the upper epidermis of a leaf

Bryophytes

nonvascular plants

leaves structure

o Epidermis o Cuticle o Stomata o Mesophyll o Ground Tissue o Vascular Tissues

stoma

opening

fibrous root

part of a root system in which roots branch to such an extent that no single root grows larger than the rest

What is vascular tissue?

plant tissue that transports nutrients and water throughout a plant (xylem and phloem)

taproot

primary root found in some plants that grows longer and thicker than other roots

lower epidermis

protective layer on the bottom of leaf which contains stomata & guard cells

collenchyma cells

provide flexible and mechanical support; found in stems and leaves

adventitious roots

roots that arise above ground

stem adaptations

strawberry(runner/stolon; produces new plants where they touch the ground), cacti(green fleshy stems; storage and photosynthesis), potato(tuber; underground stems for storage), rose(thorns for protection)

What do stems do?

support the plant

stem functions

support the plant, transport materials and store extra water.

Prothallus

the gametophyte of ferns and other primitive plants.

gas exchange

the process of obtaining oxygen from the environment and releasing carbon dioxide

root hairs

tiny hair-like extensions that increase the surface area of the root allowing it to absorbs more water and nurtients

vein

tube-like cells that transport materials throughout the plant

How are plants classified?

vascular and nonvascular

types of lateral meristems

vascular cambium and cork cambium

Tracheophytes

vascular plants

Xylem

vascular tissue that carries water upward from the roots to every part of a plant

What is vascular tissue?

xylem and phloem