Climate Change Pt 2
Change in the average weather that occur over an extended period of time is called historic global change. global warming potential. the greenhouse effect. global warming. global climate change.
global climate change.
How much has the average global temperature increased in the last 120 years? 0.6°F 1.0°F 1.4°F 2.7°F 3.2°F
1.4°F
Over two thirds of which greenhouse gas emissions come from the burning of fossil fuels? Water vapor Carbon dioxide CFCs Nitrous oxide Methane
Carbon dioxide
Most nitrous oxide emissions are from fossil fuel combustion. agricultural practices. refrigerants. deforestation. industrial processes.
agricultural practices.
When soot lands on snow and ice, the absorption of thermal energy increases because there is a decrease in evaporation. condensation. absorption. albedo. net primary productivity.
albedo.
Which is a negative health consequence of increased surface temperatures? A reduction in winter influenza An increase in geographic range of disease-causing pests A decrease in groundwater access An increase in the duration of the growing season An increased rate of forest succession
An increase in geographic range of disease-causing pests
The concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere in 1958 was 310 ppm and rose to 390 ppm in 2009. The percent increase in carbon dioxide over this period of time was approximately 20 percent. 25 percent. 55 percent. 70 percent. 80 percent.
25 percent.
Which is not considered a greenhouse gas? Carbon dioxide Ozone Nitrogen Methane Chlorofluorocarbon
Nitrogen
The greenhouse effect is due to the absorption and reradiation of infrared radiation by the atmosphere. the reflection of ultraviolet radiation by the atmosphere. the absorption of ultraviolet radiation by the atmosphere. the reflection of infrared radiation from Earth's surface. the absorption of ultraviolet radiation by Earth.
the absorption and reradiation of infrared radiation by the atmosphere.
Although the average global temperature over the last 120 years has increased by 0.8°C, some parts of the globe have experienced a decline in temperatures. Which area has experienced the most pronounced decrease? The Atlantic Ocean The North Pole Antarctica The equator Europe
Antarctica
What is the evidence that solar radiation is less important to global warming than the increase in greenhouse gases? Temperatures have increased more in the summer than the winter. Temperatures have increased more in the winter than the summer. Temperature increases have been uneven across the globe. There is an historic correlation of CO2 and temperature. There is a lack of temperature change in some areas.
Temperatures have increased more in the summer than the winter.
What is the only developed country that has not ratified the Kyoto Protocol? Russia France The United States Canada Japan
The United States
Which is a potential source of natural short-term climate change? Earthquakes Natural selection Volcanism Ecological succession Wetland expansion
Volcanism
An environmental scientist is melting an ice core to research changes in Earth's temperature over time. The scientist observes a high concentration of heavy oxygen (oxygen-18) in an ice core dated 300,000 years before present. This would directly indicate average concentrations of carbon dioxide 300,000 years before present. lower concentrations of carbon dioxide 300,000 years before present. colder temperatures 300,000 years before present. higher levels of nitrous oxide 300,000 years before present. warmer temperatures 300,000 years before present.
warmer temperatures 300,000 years before present.
Ocean currents are major heat distribution mechanisms for the planet and thus have a large impact on regional climate. Of the following events, which would be most likely to disrupt the thermohaline cycling of ocean currents and cause much of Europe to experience colder temperatures? Additional calcium carbonate in the water from coral bleaching Loss of radiant heat from marine mammals because of overharvesting Additional water from melting of Greenland ice sheets Additional salt run-off from desalinization plants Reduced continental run-off of fresh water
Additional water from melting of Greenland ice sheets
Historic temperatures and CO2 concentrations tend to move independently of each other. behave differently; temperature increases when CO2 concentrations remain the stable. behave differently; temperature remains stable when CO2 concentrations increase. move together. move in opposite directions.
move together.
The difference between the present observed carbon dioxide concentration and the concentration 400,000 years ago is closest to 20 ppm. 35 ppm. 60 ppm. 90 ppm. 120 ppm.
120 ppm.
If the annual rate of CO2 increase is 1.5 ppm and the concentration in 2010 is 390 ppm, what concentration would you expect in 2100? 420 ppm 480 ppm 505 ppm 525 ppm 540 ppm
525 ppm
Which gas is the greatest overall contributor to the greenhouse effect? Carbon dioxide Methane Ozone Nitrous oxide Chlorofluorocarbons
Carbon dioxide
Which nation is responsible for the most carbon emissions on an annual basis? India Germany The United States China Russia
China
Which two nations produce the most carbon dioxide? Brazil and Germany Japan and China China and the United States India and China China and Saudi Arabia
China and the United States
Which greenhouse gas is not found in nature? Carbon dioxide Nitrous oxide Chlorofluorocarbon Methane Ozone
Chlorofluorocarbon
Which fuel releases the most carbon dioxide in producing a given amount of energy? Natural gas Nuclear power Hydropower Oil Coal
Coal
How might climate change increase the range of pests? Higher intensity weather events Changing precipitation patterns Increasing number of heat waves Disruption of oceanic currents Decreased duration of cold spells
Decreased duration of cold spells
Which is an example of a negative feedback? Higher air temperatures cause increased ocean evaporation. Higher air temperatures cause increased decomposition in soils. Lower concentrations of CO2 cause increased absorption of oceanic CO2. Low albedo causes decreased reflection of sunlight. Higher CO2 concentrations cause increased photosynthesis.
Higher CO2 concentrations cause increased photosynthesis.
Which data are used to estimate historic temperatures and carbon dioxide concentrations? I. Marine organism fossils II. Air trapped in ice III. Glacier depth
I and II only
Which statement accurately describes an anthropogenic source of methane production? I. Raising livestock produces large quantities of methane. II. Destruction of wetlands increases methane production. III. Methane produced by termites has less warming potential than methane produced by livestock.
I only
Climate change and global warming will likely affect I. populations that live on the coast. II. ski resorts in New England and the Mid Atlantic. III. the geographic range of temperature-limited human diseases.
I, II, and III
Which describes the class of compounds known as chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)? I. Volcanic eruptions release them into the atmosphere. II. They are known to deplete ozone. III. They were targeted for banning in 1987 as part of the Montreal Protocol.
II and III
What is NOT a potential negative effect of climate change on agriculture? Increased range of pests Increased risk of droughts Increased damage from severe weather events Increased rates of photosynthesis Decreased growing season in western Europe
Increased rates of photosynthesis
Which is a global collaboration to curb greenhouse gas emissions? Clean Air Act Kyoto Protocol Montreal Protocol Natural Resource Defense Council Environmental Protection Agency
Kyoto Protocol
Which creates a release of methane as an indirect result of anthropogenic activities? Melting of arctic permafrost Decreased termite activity Greater concentration of atmospheric soot Increased use of wind power in the northern latitudes Reduced tropical deforestation
Melting of arctic permafrost
If the ice caps at the poles continue to shrink, which is NOT a likely outcome? Polar bears could decline or become extinct. Seal populations would likely increase. Arctic fox populations would be negatively affected. Penguin populations would increase. Indigenous people would lose a food source.
Penguin populations would increase.
The loss of glaciers could directly cause an increase in permafrost. a decrease in storm intensity. a lowering of the mosquito line in highland areas. a decline in seasonal drinking water supplies. an increase in water filtration capabilities.
a decline in seasonal drinking water supplies.
Assume the atmosphere has 100 parts per million (ppm) of carbon dioxide and 2 ppm of methane. In this scenario, ___________ would have a greater effect on global warming even though it has a(n) ________ global warming potential. carbon dioxide; lower carbon dioxide; higher methane; lower methane; equivalent methane; higher
carbon dioxide; lower
The greenhouse gas with the highest greenhouse warming potential is carbon dioxide. methane. water vapor. chlorofluorocarbon. nitrous oxide.
chlorofluorocarbon.
Methane is naturally produced by decomposition. volcanic eruptions. denitrification. evapotranspiration. forest fires.
decomposition.
Effects of climate change on organisms include all of the following except increased growing seasons. disruption of animal life cycles. coral bleaching. decreased species ranges in temperate areas. increased dispersal of plants and animals.
decreased species ranges in temperate areas.
An increase in the concentration of greenhouse gases in the troposphere will lead to a reduction in heat radiated back to space in the form of infrared radiation. visible light. gamma radiation. ultraviolet light. cosmic rays.
infrared radiation.
In 1997 the United States did not ratify the Kyoto Protocol because it required the same emission reductions from all signatories. it did not limit the emissions of developing nations. the predictions regarding the severity of climate change were too uncertain. current technology was unable to meet the required goals. the target emission reductions were seen as impossible to achieve.
it did not limit the emissions of developing nations.
Ocean acidification is a concern for marine organisms because algae cannot reproduce with high levels of CO2. lower oceanic pH causes calcium carbonate in an organism's shell to dissolve. marine mammals have trouble respiring with high levels of CO2 in the ocean. the increase in pH causes carbonic acid to form and precipitate. ocean acidification leads to warmer ocean temperatures.
lower oceanic pH causes calcium carbonate in an organism's shell to dissolve.
Particulate matter can increase global warming by reacting with chlorofluorocarbons. reducing surface absorption of ultraviolet radiation. producing additional nitrous oxides. reflecting radiation. lowering surface albedo.
lowering surface albedo.
Global warming might limit the availability of fresh water in many areas because of melting glaciers. increased sea level. thawing permafrost. more frequent heat waves. changes in storm intensity.
melting glaciers.
Over time, observations in atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations demonstrate seasonal variations. The seasonal variations in levels of CO2 are caused by photosynthetic activity by plants. combustion of fossil fuels. decrease in household heating during summer months. solar storms. longitudinal differences in measurement.
photosynthetic activity by plants.
Climate models predict that warmer temperatures will cause an increase in precipitation in Hadley Cells. an increase in precipitation in Africa and Australia. no change in precipitation across the globe. some regions to receive an increase in precipitation while others will receive a decrease. precipitation to increase in the Northern Hemisphere and decrease in the Southern Hemisphere.
some regions to receive an increase in precipitation while others will receive a decrease.
Permafrost refers to layers of soil that often remain frozen throughout the entire year. Warmer summer temperatures have increased the thawing of permafrost in Alaska. As the permafrost thaws, organic matter begins to decompose. This decomposition contributes to global warming because the thawed permafrost decreases the photosynthesis on the surface. permafrost absorbs greenhouse gases when it is frozen. the decomposition of organic matter releases water vapor into the atmosphere. the decomposition of organic matter can emit carbon dioxide and methane into the atmosphere. the thawing of the permafrost decreases the albedo of the landscape.
the decomposition of organic matter can emit carbon dioxide and methane into the atmosphere.
The absorption of infrared radiation by atmospheric gases and the random re-radiation of the energy back towards Earth and into space is known as the albedo effect. global climate change. the greenhouse effect. global warming. the atmosphere's thermocline.
the greenhouse effect.