CMJN Chapter 1
Scientific Method
A belief in controlled laboratory experimentation and careful, objective measurement
Francis Bacon
Analyzed perceptual bias (seem remarkable today). He identified the 4 idols of distortions that get in the way of clear thinking
Augustine
Argues that it would be foolish for truth "to take its stand unarmed against falsehood"
Credibility
Aristotle became one of the first communication specialist to point out the importance of ________________ when teaching Ethos.
Science of Rhetoric
Aristotle considered the __________________ to be that of "observing in any given case the available means of persuasion."
Plato
Aristotle was a student of __________ and attended his academy.
Peripatetic School
Aristotle's school where he would lecture about ethics, politics, and rhetoric (philosophy, science, logic)
Paidagogos
Attentant hired by your parents to make sure you don't skip class
George Campbell
Believed in the importance between speaker and audience. Believed that receivers were active participants in persuasion process and the effective communicator studied the faculties of the human mind.
Aristotle
Believed that a speaker could sway an audience in 3 ways: Ethos, Pathos, Logos
Augustine
Believed that people communication through signs
Bacon
Believes we should be on guard against these prejudices and distortions in our own thought and speech and in those of others
Style and Eloquence
Belletristic rhetoricians were interested less in the psychology of communication than in problems of....
Lyceum
Best school to study rhetoric in Athens that was founded by Aristotle that taught young men.
Agora
Central Marketplace passed to get to the sanctuary of Apollo the Wolf Slayer to hear Aristotle's lecture at Lyceum
"Queen of Disciplines"
Classical Rhetoricians believed communication was... because society determined politics in the best interest and rhetoric was a big part of that.
Read and well Educated
Classical and Psychological theorists believed that speaker be widely....... and use clear language and follow motivation based on order of arguments.
Ancient Greece
Communication has been studied for many centuries. Many communication principles we believe today, we taught in ___________________________ over 25 hundred years ago.
Contemporary Period (1900-present)
Communication theorists used scientific methods to analyze communication behavior as a social science in which Period of Communication?
Greece was a society that revered the spoken word.
Communication was important in Ancient Greece in the Classical Period. What was the first reason?
Greeks put a great deal of emphasis on persuasion and argumentation.
Communication was important in Ancient Greece in the Classical Period. What was the second reason?
Ancient Greece banned professional lawyers, they wanted to be able to argue successfully
Communication was important in Ancient Greece in the Classical Period. What was the third reason?
Tibias
Corax's idea about persuasion promoted ________ to study the ways in which speakers could effectively order their ideas.
Arrangment- 3rd Canon
Describes ways to order ideas effectively.
Elocutionary Approach
Designed Elaborate Systems of instruction to improve speakers' verbal and nonverbal presentation.
The Science of Mnemonics
Developed during this oral society to help speakers keep track of complex arguments.
Simondies
Developed the most popular Mnemonic System, speakers visualizing a villa with the main ideas of their speech in the room.
Persuasion
During a time in Sicily of over through and exile, Corax recognized people can argue their own cause through...
Printing
During the Modern Period, the new technology was...
Preacher
Duty of the Christian Clergy and its goal was to interpret the word of God.
Psychological/Epistemological Approach
Eager to find a scientific basis for the study of human communication because they wanted to understand how human action could be influenced by speech.
Bellestric Approach
Focused on writing and speaking as art forms, developing critical standards for judging drama, poetry, and oratory.
Aristotle
His writings on rhetoric are considered by many to be the single greatest source of rhetorical theory. In the past, he was the tutor of the later Alexander the Great.
Idols of the Theatre
Idol are fallacies that occur when we accept fashionable ideas uncritically
Idols of the Market Place
Idol that is social in nature and center on imprecise use of language
Idols of the Tribe
Idol that referred to fallacies in thinking due to human nature
Theology
In the Medieval Period and the Renaissance, rhetoric became secondary to...
Writing & Preaching
In the Medieval Period and the Renaissance, what were the 2 most important forms of communication?
Scientific Method
In the Modern Period, its rise meant that ideas and arguments should be empirically grounded (based on observation).
Modern Period (1600-1900)
In this Period, Public rhetoric was the major force in determine public policy. The written word became important in books and newspapers; which were more available.
Modern Period (1600-1900)
In this Period, Rhetoric had 4 paths: Classical, Psychological, Belletristic, and Rules for delivery.
Medieval Period and the Renaissance (400CE-1600)
In this Period, it turned mainly to focus on Prescriptive not Theoretical. They emphasized methods of embellishment and amplifying rhetorical style.
Classical Period (500BC-400CE)
In this Period, public communication because an important tool for problem solving and the study of Rhetoric was a respected discipline. It lasted about 9 hundred years.
Medieval Period and the Renaissance (400CE-1600)
In this Period, rhetoric became secondary to theology due to monolithic Christianity. Major rhetorical acts included writing and preaching.
Classical Period (500BC-400CE)
In this Period, the first know communication model, Canons of Rhetoric, originated and rhetoric emphasized credibility, ways to ground arguments, and audience analysis.
Contemporary Period (1900-present)
In this Period, the rise of electronic media signaled additional changes in communication study.
Contemporary Period (1900-present)
In this Period, where modern departments of communication were formed. Communication expanded to include interpersonal, group, and public studies.
Idols of the Cave
Individual prejudices we bring with us because of our own backgrounds and personalilites
Psychological/Epistemological Approach
Investigated the relationship of communication and thought, trying to understand in a scientific way how people could influence one another through speech.
Women
It was hard for _______________ to attend school even though 2 managed to attend Plato's Academy as they disguised themselves as men.
Rene Descartes and John Locke
Mistrusted normal uses of rhetoric and argued that truth could be obtained only through discourse that was solidly grounded in an understanding of human rationality
Rhetoricians
Name for teachers of communication in Ancient Athens.
Delivery- 5th Canon
Necessary for success because if the speaker did not use a pleasing voice and graceful gestures, the speech would not be effective.
Communication
No society has existed, or ever could exist without a well-ordered system of...
so many different professions
One of the most attractive aspects of studying communication is that it prepares us for...
Elocutionists
People who focused on developing elaborate rules for delivery in the Modern Period.
Modern Period
Period where their was a new emphasis on one's ability to determine truth rationally and independently.
Ancient Athens
Place where communication was just as popular it is today. Had famous teachers teaching it to students.
Theoretical/Ethical
Plato, Aristotle, Cicero, and Quintilian were more _________________ than the Sophists.
Invention- 1st Canon
Process of deciding on the subject matter of one's speech and of discovering information and arguments that would lead to sound conclusions.
Style- 2nd Canon
Process of selecting the proper words to convey a message
Sophists
Professional speech teachers who advertised their services to help people with their communication in Ancient Greece
Human Behavior
Psychology, Sociology, and Anthropology sought new ways of applying methods of hard scientists to the study of...
Contemporary Period (1900-present)
Rhetoricians used humanistic methods to analyze rhetorical effects of public discourse in which Period of Communication?
Classical Approach
Set out to recover the insights of the great Classical Rhetoricians, adapting them to Modern Times.
Peripatos
Shaded Walkways Aristotle walked along
Natural Signs
Signs created by God (ex: smoke which causes one to think of fire)
Conventional Signs
Signs created by humans and their interpretation is more difficult (ex: spoken or written word)
Vigorous Style
Style based on pathos that pulled out all the stops- eloquent and emotional.
Plain Style
Style that build ethos by convincing the audience of the speaker's good character, good sense, and trustworthiness. Very logical and clear.
Middle Style
Style that emphasized logos by impressing the audience with the soundness of the speaker's position; consisted of argumentation and careful philosophical distinctions.
Canon of Delivery
The Elocutionists focused their study of communication on the...
Sicily in the 5th century
The Formal Study of Communication began in...... and developed in Ancient Athens.
Memory- 4th Canon
The ability to hold content, style, and arrangement in one's mind was very important in an Oral Society.
Source Credibility
The extent to which a communicator is considered believable and competent
Classical Period
The goal of communication in which period was to discover the possible truth through debate?
George Campbell
The ideas of early modern thinkers were picked up by ______________ and combined with the teachings of classical rhetoricians.
Quintilian
The last of the Classical Theorists, who defined rhetoric as the study of the good man speaking well.
Tricks of Persuasive Speaking
The major concern of the Sophists was to teach ________________________ for the use in law courts or assemblies.
Oral Expression (story telling, poetry, reading, conversations)
The major source of entertainment during the Classical Period because they had not light, books, or others to read.
Medieval Period and the Renaissance
The new goal of communication was to instruct the faithful in certain truth and revealed will of God in which period?
Rhetoric
The study of ___________ because fully developed only after Plato and Aristotle turned their attention to the art of communication
Rhetoric
The study of communication was called...
Communication Scientists
Today, the areas of interest studied by .. have expanded to interpersonal and group interaction and investigations of persuasive messages
Rhetorical Tradition & Scientific Approach
What are the 2 approaches to the study of communication used my contemporary college departments?
Classical Approach, Psychological/Epistemological Approach, Belletristic Approach,
What are the 4 directions of Rhetorical Study that Douglas Ehninger developed in the Modern Period?
Invention, Style, Arrangment, Memory, Delivery
What are the 5 parts of Communication listed in the Canons of Rhetoric?
Classical Period, Medieval Period/Renaissance, Modern Period, Contemporary Period
What periods was Communication Present in?
Medieval Period and the Renaissance
Which Period was characterized by the rise of the power of Christian clergy and the decline of pagan theories of rhetoric?
Vigorous Style
Which Style did Cicero mistrust and warned seekers not to use it unless they had other elements from the other two styles?
Cierco
Who is the Roman Politician who was considered to be Rome's finest Orator.
Greek Philosophers
Who taught rhetoric is directly linked to the rhetoric taught in modern communication courses?
Plato, Socrates, Aristotle, Cierco, Quintilian
Who were the 5 major figures in the Classical Period of Communication?
Augustine, Cassiodorus, John of Salisbury, Erasmus
Who were the 5 major figures in the Medieval Period and the Renaissance?
Sicilian Greeks, Corax and Tibias
Who were the first rhetoricians that believed the study of communication is always prompted by practical problems?
Francis Bacon, Rene Descartes, John Locke, Fenelon, Lord Kames, George Campbell, Joseph Priestley, Thomas De Quincey
Who were the major figures in the Modern Period?
Canons of Rhetoric
Work that stabilized the 5 major topics areas of rhetoric by the time Cierco publishes his work.
Logos
logic of the message
Ethos
personal character
Pathos
the ability to arouse emotions
