CNHP 3000 Midterm study guide

value orientation theory

All human cultures are confronted with universally shared problems emerging from relationships with fellow beings, time, activities, and nature

Ethnocentrism

Belief in the superiority of one's nation or ethnic group.

Culture

Beliefs, customs, and traditions of a specific group of people.

eastern culture group objects

Chinese children grouped objects on the basis of relationships (cow and grass placed together because "cows eat grass.")

3 types of microaggressions

Microassault Microinsult Microinvalidation

narrative medicine

a clinical field that helps medical professionals recognize, absorb, interpret, and be moved by the stories of illness

social class

a division of a society based on social and economic status.

stereotype

a generalized (sometimes accurate but often overgeneralized) belief about a group of people

third culture

a new culture that two or more individuals from different cultures can share which is not merely the fusion of the separate cultures but a new coherent whole

intercultural communication

ability to communicate effectively and appropriately with people of other cultures. stresses the dev. of skills that transform one from a monocultural into a multicultural person

some illnesses may not appear to occur in all cultures

anorexia/2-d love

6 barriers to intercultural communication

anxiety, assuming similarity instead of difference, ethnocentrism, stereotypes and prejudice, non verbal misinterpretation, and language

modern eastern cultures

are inclined to see a world of substances and have holistic view, focusing on continuities in substances and relationships in the environment

high context culture

culture in which less has to be said or written because more of the meaning is in the physical environment or already shared by people

low context culture

cultures in which little of the meaning is determined by context because the message is explicit, detailed, and redundant

Microaggressions

everyday verbal, nonverbal, and environmental slights, snubs, or insults, whether intentional or unintentional, which communicate hostile, derogatory, or negative messages to target persons based solely upon their marginalized group membership

values

feelings not open for discussion with a culture about what is good or bad, beautiful or ugly, normal or abnormal, which are present in a majority of the members of a culture, or at least in those who occupy pivotal positions

prejudice and type of personality

highly prejudice indiv. is said to have an authoritarian personality, tendency to overgeneralize and think in bipolar terms, not willings to change ways even when presented new and conflicting info

cultural identify

identification with and perceived acceptance into a group that has a shared system of symbols, meanings, and norms

relation to nature 3 parts

individual-and-nature relationship, science and technology, materialism

Toqueville predicted the Us would be a great power due to

its large geographic size, abundant natural resources, growing population, and vibrant national character

emic knowledge

knowledge of the culture learned from the inside

narrative medicine and communication

language used, eye contact, jargon, show respect, are you being useful, put yourself in their shoes, and are you likable and sympathetic/empathetic

cultural nearsightedness

less extreme form of ethnocentrism; taking one's own culture for granted and neglecting other cultures

high-context culture characteristics

less verbally explicit communication, less written, formal info (body language, tone of voice), more internalized understandings of what is communicated, long-term relationships, strong boundaries, decisions and activities focus around personal face-face relationships, often around a central person who has authority

perception and culture

meanings attached to your perceptions are greatly determined by your cultural background ex. dogs as pets? westerners see puppy as part of the family, where in the Arab world dogs are viewed as watch dogs, hunting dogs, ect

not products of culture

non-material/ non physical ideas that individuals have about their culture morals, language, and rules

single race gene

people can be of the same culture but of different ancestries: US, for example, is a culture of people with many ancestries

skills or area of intercultural communication competence (Chen 1990)

personality strength, communication skills, psychological adjustment, and cultural awareness

bias

prejudice in favor of or against one thing, person, or group compared with another, usually in a way considered to be unfair.

Racism

prejudice with the exercise of power on or over the group through historical or institutional structure

ethics

question of how we ought to lead our lives

heros

real or imaginary people who serve as behavior models w/in a culture (expressed in myths which can be subject of novels and other forms of literature

ethnicity

referring to a group of people of the same decent and heritage who shares a common and distinctive culture passed on through generations: distinguishing characteristics can be language, accent, physical features, family names, customs, and religion

temporal orientation

refers to cultures conception of time

Profiling

refers to law enforcement practice of scrutinizing a certain individual based on characteristics thought to indicate a likelihood of criminal behavior

relational orientation

refers to perceptions of the self and the ways society is organized

6 main forms of regulators of social networks

religion, nation, class, gender, race, and civilization

subculture

resembles a culture in that it usually encompasses a relatively large number of people, exists within a dominant culture and is often a subdivision based on geographic region, ethnicity, or economic or social class.

Low-Context culture Characteristics

rule oriented, more knowledge is codified, public, external, and accessible, sequencing, separation of time, of space, of activities, or relationships, more interpersonal connections of shorter duration, knowledge is more often transferable, task-centered, decisions and activities focus around what needs to be done, divisions odf responsibilities

3 step perception process

selection: we are exposed to too many stimuli to process, so we do not consciously see any objects unless we are paying direct, focused attention on that object. organization: categorize stimuli from the environment in some meaningful way, and such categorizations are culturally marked. interpretation: attach memory to data, and we make judgements regarding meanings within our culture.

Microaffirmations

small acts of kindness, subtle or small acknowledgements of a persons value or accomplishments

rituals

socially essential collective activities

western culture group objects

tend to group objects based on their attributes ex. American children grouped objects because they belonged to the same category (chicken/cow placed together as "animals")

modern western cultures

tend to see the world of object; and have have an analytic view, focusing on objects and their attributes

field dependence

the degree to which perception of an object is influenced by the background or environment in which it appears

context

the environment surrounding communication

prejudice

the irrational suspicion or hatred of a particular group, race, religion, or sexual orientation

Sensation

the neurological process by which we become aware of our environment; you are not directly aware of what is in the physical world, but rather of your internal sensations; internal sensations are culturally marked

cultural relativism

the view that an individuals beliefs and behaviors should be understood only in terms of that persons own culture

symbols

verbal and non-verbal language

regional differences due to immigration (3 areas)

verbal control and dominance, affiliativeness and immediacy, and arousal or activation

etic knowledge

when a culture is learned by an outsider, the stranger tends to acquire theoretical and normative information