Cog/Mem Midterm 1
As a result of gaps in the behaviorist paradigm, the new cognitive paradigm began to emerge in which decade?
1950's
Donald Broadbent was the first person to develop which of the following?
A flow diagram depicting the mind as processing information in a sequence of stages
Attention, perception, and memory are all different types of mental processes in which the mind engages. These are known as different types of
Cognition
By immediately turning to the correct direction despite it being unfamiliar, Tolman's rats were demonstrating knowledge of what?
Cognitive map
Broadbent's model of attention MOST closely resembles a flow diagram of which?
Computer
Newell and Simon were among the first to use computers for artificial intelligence. What did their computer program do?
Created proofs for problems in logic
Donders's main reason for doing his choice reaction time experiment was to study
Decision making
Studying the course of forgetting newly learned information, Ebbinghaus discovered that most information is lost when?
During the first 2 days
According to Ebbinghaus's research on memory, savings is a function of
Elapsed Time
According to Broadbent's model of attention, which element is responsible for the finding that people are able to "tune out" unimportant information?
Filter
Consider the following definition of the mind: The mind is a system that creates representations of the world so that we can act within it to achieve our goals. Which element of the mind does this definition emphasize?
Functioning and survival
The introduction of research journals in the 1990s devoted to neuroimaging studies represented a shift in which significant development?
How science is conducted
How long does sensory memory last?
Less than 1 second
Donders interpreted the difference in reaction time between the simple and choice conditions of his experiment as indicating how long it took to
Make a decision about the stimulus
Einstein's proposition of the new way of understanding relativity is an example of which?
Paradigm shift
Behaviorists believe that the frequency of behavior increased with the presentation of
Positive reinforcers
Spike has suffered damage to the brain after an injury. In order to identify which region is most affected, which technique would be effective?
Positron emission tomography (PET)
According to Atkinson and Shiffrin's model, which process allows information to move from short-term to long-term memory?
Rehearsal
Endel Tulving, one of the most prominent early memory researchers, proposed that long-term memory is subdivided into all of the following components EXCEPT
Short-term memory
How is the term mind used in this statement: "If you put your mind to it, I'm sure you can solve that math problem?"
The mind as problem solver
How did the introduction of the digital computer influence cognitive psychology?
Theorists began to model the way the brain works in stages after the information processing model of computers.
At the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Symposium on Information Theory, George Miller presented a paper suggesting that
There are limits to the human ability to process information.
How long does long-term memory last?
Years
Regarding children's language development, Noam Chomsky noted that children generate many sentences they have never heard before. From this, he concluded that language development is driven largely by
an inborn biological program
A technique in which trained participants described their experiences and thought processes in response to stimuli is known as
analytic introspection
Which school of thought removed the mind from the study of psychology?
behaviorism
Palmer found that which object was MOST frequently recognized in the context of a kitchen scene?
bread
In Donders's experiment on decision making, when participants were asked to press one button if the light on the left was illuminated and another button if the light on the right was illuminated, they were engaged in a
choice reaction time task
A mental conception of the layout of a physical space is known as a(n)
cognitive map
The branch of psychology concerned with the scientific study of the mind is called
cognitive psychology
The so-called "cognitive revolution" occurred parallel to (and, in part, because of) which being introduced?
computers
Structuralists believed the subject matter of psychology was ______________, and behaviorists believed the subject matter of psychology could not be _______________.
consciousness; consciousness
The first experiments in cognitive psychology were based on the idea that mental responses can be
inferred from the participant's behavior.
In Donders's research on human decision making, he found that the time it took to decide which of two buttons to push in response to a stimulus was
less than 1 second
Penny is attempting to "call to mind" the feelings most prominent on the day a close friend was in a car accident. Which element of the mind is Penny using?
memory
John Watson believed that psychology should focus on the study of
observable behavior
The investigation of how behavior is strengthened by presentation of positive reinforcers (e.g., food) or withdrawal of negative reinforcers (e.g., shock) is best known as
operant conditioning
Ebbinghaus's "memory" experiments were important because they
plotted functions that described the operation of the mind.
If Reece is describing how someone can do anything if they "put their mind to it," which component of the mind is Reece referencing?
problem-solving
In Donders's experiment on decision making, when participants were asked to press a button upon presentation of a light, they were engaged in a
simple reaction time task