Cog/Mem Midterm 1

As a result of gaps in the behaviorist paradigm, the new cognitive paradigm began to emerge in which decade?

1950's

Donald Broadbent was the first person to develop which of the following?

A flow diagram depicting the mind as processing information in a sequence of stages

Attention, perception, and memory are all different types of mental processes in which the mind engages. These are known as different types of

Cognition

By immediately turning to the correct direction despite it being unfamiliar, Tolman's rats were demonstrating knowledge of what?

Cognitive map

Broadbent's model of attention MOST closely resembles a flow diagram of which?

Computer

Newell and Simon were among the first to use computers for artificial intelligence. What did their computer program do?

Created proofs for problems in logic

Donders's main reason for doing his choice reaction time experiment was to study

Decision making

Studying the course of forgetting newly learned information, Ebbinghaus discovered that most information is lost when?

During the first 2 days

According to Ebbinghaus's research on memory, savings is a function of

Elapsed Time

According to Broadbent's model of attention, which element is responsible for the finding that people are able to "tune out" unimportant information?

Filter

Consider the following definition of the mind: The mind is a system that creates representations of the world so that we can act within it to achieve our goals. Which element of the mind does this definition emphasize?

Functioning and survival

The introduction of research journals in the 1990s devoted to neuroimaging studies represented a shift in which significant development?

How science is conducted

How long does sensory memory last?

Less than 1 second

Donders interpreted the difference in reaction time between the simple and choice conditions of his experiment as indicating how long it took to

Make a decision about the stimulus

Einstein's proposition of the new way of understanding relativity is an example of which?

Paradigm shift

Behaviorists believe that the frequency of behavior increased with the presentation of

Positive reinforcers

Spike has suffered damage to the brain after an injury. In order to identify which region is most affected, which technique would be effective?

Positron emission tomography (PET)

According to Atkinson and Shiffrin's model, which process allows information to move from short-term to long-term memory?

Rehearsal

Endel Tulving, one of the most prominent early memory researchers, proposed that long-term memory is subdivided into all of the following components EXCEPT

Short-term memory

How is the term mind used in this statement: "If you put your mind to it, I'm sure you can solve that math problem?"

The mind as problem solver

How did the introduction of the digital computer influence cognitive psychology?

Theorists began to model the way the brain works in stages after the information processing model of computers.

At the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Symposium on Information Theory, George Miller presented a paper suggesting that

There are limits to the human ability to process information.

How long does long-term memory last?

Years

Regarding children's language development, Noam Chomsky noted that children generate many sentences they have never heard before. From this, he concluded that language development is driven largely by

an inborn biological program

A technique in which trained participants described their experiences and thought processes in response to stimuli is known as

analytic introspection

Which school of thought removed the mind from the study of psychology?

behaviorism

Palmer found that which object was MOST frequently recognized in the context of a kitchen scene?

bread

In Donders's experiment on decision making, when participants were asked to press one button if the light on the left was illuminated and another button if the light on the right was illuminated, they were engaged in a

choice reaction time task

A mental conception of the layout of a physical space is known as a(n)

cognitive map

The branch of psychology concerned with the scientific study of the mind is called

cognitive psychology

The so-called "cognitive revolution" occurred parallel to (and, in part, because of) which being introduced?

computers

Structuralists believed the subject matter of psychology was ______________, and behaviorists believed the subject matter of psychology could not be _______________.

consciousness; consciousness

The first experiments in cognitive psychology were based on the idea that mental responses can be

inferred from the participant's behavior.

In Donders's research on human decision making, he found that the time it took to decide which of two buttons to push in response to a stimulus was

less than 1 second

Penny is attempting to "call to mind" the feelings most prominent on the day a close friend was in a car accident. Which element of the mind is Penny using?

memory

John Watson believed that psychology should focus on the study of

observable behavior

The investigation of how behavior is strengthened by presentation of positive reinforcers (e.g., food) or withdrawal of negative reinforcers (e.g., shock) is best known as

operant conditioning

Ebbinghaus's "memory" experiments were important because they

plotted functions that described the operation of the mind.

If Reece is describing how someone can do anything if they "put their mind to it," which component of the mind is Reece referencing?

problem-solving

In Donders's experiment on decision making, when participants were asked to press a button upon presentation of a light, they were engaged in a

simple reaction time task