Cognition Ch 7: Long Term Memory: Encoding, Retrieval, and Consolidation
retrograde
loss of memory for events that occur before an injury is called ____ amnesia. It can extend back minutes, hours, or even years depending on the nature of the injury
poor
maintenance rehearsal results in ______ memory
retrieval
many of our failures of memory are failures of ______
episodic
memories lose their _____ character over time, which is known as the semanticization of remote memories
long term potentiation
one of the outcomes of structural changes at the synapse is a strengthening of synaptic transmission. This strengthening results in a phenomenon called _____ _____ ____- enhanced firing of neurons after repeated stimulation
reconsolidated
recent research indicates that memories can become susceptible to disruption when they are reactivated by retrieval. After reactivation, these memories must be _______
retrieval cue
remembering words in a particular category may serve as a _______ ____- a word or other stimulus that helps a person remember info stored in memory
synaptic
______ consolidation takes place over minutes or hours and involves structural changes at synapses.
systems
______ consolidation takes place over months or even years and involves the gradual reorganization of neural circuits within the brain.
consolidation
______ is the process that transforms new memories from a fragile state into a more permanent state
maintenance, elaborative
______ rehearsal helps maintain info in STM but is not an effective way of transferring info into LTM. ______ rehearsal is a better way to establish long term memories
remember, know
______ responses indicate episodic memory and ______ responses indicate semantic memory. (fill in blanks w/ either remember or know)
retrieval cues
_______ _____ are words or other stimuli that help us remember info stored in our memory. (like how the word apple might help you remember grape)
anterograde
_______ amnesia is amnesia for events that occur after an injury (the inability to form new memories)
encoding, retrieval
_______ is the process of acquiring info and transferring it into LTM. _______ is transferring info from LTM in WM
deep
_______ processing involves close attention, focusing on an items meaning, and relating it to something else.
shallow
_______ processing involves little attention to meaning, as when a phone number is treated over and over or attention is focused on a word's physical features such as whether it is printed in lowercase or capital letters
levels of processing
_________ ____ ______ states that memory depends on how info is encoded or programmed into the mind.
graded, standard
a characteristic of retrograde amnesia is ____ amnesia- the amnesia tends to be most severe for events the happened just before the injury and to become less severe for earlier events. This gradual decrease in amnesia corresponds, according to the _______ model, to the changes in connections between the hippocampus and cortical areas.
strongly, less
according to the standard model of consolidation, the hippocampus is _____ active when memories are first formed and initially recalled but becomes _____ involved as memories are consolidated
levels of processing
an early idea linking the type of encoding to retrieval, proposed by Craik and Lockhart, is called ___________ ___ _______ theory. According to this, memory depends on the depth of processing an item receives
state dependent learning
an example of how matching the conditions at encoding and retrieval can influence memory is _____ ____ _____-learning that is associated with a particular internal state, such as mood or state of awareness
maintenance rehearsal
if you hold something in your memory by repeating it over and over (or other ways without any consideration of meaning or making connections with other info), you're engaging in ________ ______. This type results in poor memory
encoding specificity, state dependent learning, transfer appropriate processing
retrieval can be increased by matching conditions at retrieval to conditions that existed at encoding. This is illustrated by _______ ______, _____ _____ ______, and matching types of processing (_______ ______ ______)
encoding
retrieval can be increased by matching the conditions at retrieval to the conditions that existed at ______
self generated
retrieval cues are significantly more effective when they are _____ _____. This was shown in Mantyla's experiment with random ass words like banana and shit and people made up stuff like "yellow, edible" etc or were provided with other people's dumb retrieval cues
self reference
the _____ _____ effect is when your memory is better if you are asked to relate a word to yourself.
multiple trace
the _____ ______ model of consolidation states that the hippocampus is involved both when memories are being established and during the retrieval of remote episodic memories
standard, hippocampus
the _____ model of consolidation proposes that incoming info activates a number of areas in the cortex. The hippocampus coordinates the activity of different cortical areas. As time passes, connections are formed between the cortical areas, and the connections between the ______ and cortex are weakened and eventually vanish
generation
the ______ effect explains that generating material yourself, rather than passively receiving it, enhances learning and retention
standard, cortex
the ______ model of consolidation proposes that memory retrieval depends on the hippocampus during consolidation but after consolation is complete, retrieval involves the ______ and the hippocampus is no longer involved
spacing
the advantage for short study sessions with breaks in-between is called the ____ effect
episodic, semantic
the hippocampus response does decrease over time, as proposed by the standard model of consolidation. However, the decrease in response only occurs for memories that have lost their _______ character and are now more ______ in nature.
reactivation
the major mechanism of consolidation is _____, a process in which the hippocampus replays the neural activity associated with a memory. During this, activity occurs in the network connecting the hippocampus and cortex.
cued recall, free
the operation of retrieval cues have been demonstrated in the lab using a technique called ______ _____ where the subject is presented with retrieval cues to aid in recall of the previously experienced stimuli. In _____ recall, a subject is simply asked to recall stimuli.
encoding specificity
the principle of ____ ______ states that we learn info along with its context. This is shown in the diving experiment
encoding specificity
the principle of ______ _______ states that we encode info along with its context. A classic experiment showing this is the diving experiment. Yay! Scuba diving!
encoding
the process of acquiring info and transferring it into LTM is called _______
retrieval
the process of transferring info from LTM to WM is called ______
free, cued
the results of Tulving and Pearlstone's experiment demonstrate that retrieval cues aid memory. Subjects in the ____ recall group recalled 40% of the words, whereas subjects in the _____ recall group who had been provided with the names of categories recalled 75% of the words
reconsolidated
the results of the rats and anisomycin drug experiment shows that when a memory is reactivated, it becomes fragile, just as it was immediately after it was first formed, and the drug can prevent reconsolidating. Thus, just as the original memory is fragile until it is consolidated, a reactivated memory becomes fragile until it is _______
episodic
there is evidence supporting the standard model, but recent research indicates that the retrieval of _______ memories can involve the hippocampus
encoding specificity
there was an experiment where students studied in either a quiet or noisy location and then took the test in either a quiet or noisy room. The results show that subjects did better when the testing condition matched the study condition. This is an example of _______ ______, which was also shown in the diving experiment :)
paired associate, twice
Bower and Winzenz decided to test visual memory. They used a procedure called ______ ______ learning, where a list of word pairs is presented. Later, the first word of each pair is presented, and the subject's task is to remember the word it was paired with. Subjects who created images remembered more than ____ as many words as the subjects who had just repeated the word pairs
twice, organization
Bransford and Johnson illustrated the effect where preventing organization from happening reduces the ability to remember. They asked their subjects to read that weird balloon story either before or after seeing the pic that explains it. Subjects who saw the pic before they read the passage remember _____ as much from the passage as subjects who didn't see the pic or saw it after reading. They key here is ________.
episodic, multiple trace
Gilboa did an experiment where he elicited recent and remote episodic memories by showing subjects pics of themselves taken at various times ranging from recent to when they were only 5 yrs old. The results of this experiment showed that the hippocampus was activated during both retrieval of recent and remote _______ memories. This supports the _____ ______ model of consolidation
hippocampus
HM lost his ability to form new memories after his _______ was removed, so this indicates the importance of that brain structure in forming new memories
long term potentiation
Hebb is the guy who introduced the idea that the formation of memories is associated with structural changes at the synapse. these structural changes are then translated into enhanced nerve firing, as indicated by ______ ______ _____
more
In Muler and Pilzecker's experiment, subjects learned list 1 of words then list 2. The immediate group immediately learned list 2 after list 1 whereas the delay group waited 6 mins and then learned list 2. When tested on list 1, the delay group recalled ____ of list 1 than the immediate group. This shows consolidation.
RR, RK
In Viskonta's experiment about hippocampus response, he had subjects respond either remember (R) or know (K) for a picture pair at 10 minutes and then 1 week. Subjects responded RR (remember at 10 mins, remember at 1 week) or RK (remember at 10 mins, know at 1 week). He found that the hippocampus response remained high for ___ pairs but dropped to near zero for __ pairs.
cortex, hippocampus, reactivation, hippocampus
In standard consolidation, connections between the _____ and _____ are initially strong. As time passes, activity occurs between the hippocampus and cortex, a process called ______. Over time, connections are formed between cortical areas, and the connections between the ______ and cortex are weakened and eventually vanish.
transfer appropriate processing
Morris's dumb experiment showed that subjects had better performance when the type of processing matches in encoding and retrieval. This is called _______ _____ ____
levels of processing
Morris's rhyming/meaning transfer appropriate processing experiment shows that deeper processing at encoding does not always result in better retrieval, as proposed by _______ ____ _____ theory
encoding specificity, state dependent learning, transfer appropriate processing
There are 3 specific situations in which retrieval is increased by matching conditions at retrieval to those at encoding. These are 1) ______ _____- matching the context in which encoding and retrieval occur, 2) _____ ______ ______- matching the internal mood present during encoding and retrieval, 3) _______ ______ ______- matching the task involved in encoding and retrieval
transfer appropriate processing, rhyming
_____ _____ ____ is the idea that retrieval is better if the same cognitive tasks are involved during both encoding and retrieval. This seems obvious and i think the experiments showing this are stupid. The experiment for this is basically just having people study one thing and if that's what the test is on they do better. duh. Subjects who did a _____ based encoding task did better on the rhyming test than subjects who did a meaning based encoding task.
consolidation
_____ is defined as the process that transforms new memories from a fragile state, in which they can be disrupted, to a more permanent state, in which they are resistant to disruption
state dependent learning
______ _______ _____ is the idea that memory is better when the person's mood during retrieval matches his or her mood during encoding
levels of processing, better
according to __________ ____ _______ theory, deep processing results in ______ memory than shallow processing
multiple trace
according to the _______ _____ model of consolidation, the hippocampus is involved in retrieval of episodic memories, even if they originated long ago
hippocampus, episodic
according to the multiple trace model of consolidation, the ________ is involved in retrieval of _______ memories, even if they originated long ago.
state dependent learning
according to the principle of ____ ____ _____, a person's memory will be better when his or her internal state during retrieval matches the state during encoding. Eich's mood experiment supports this idea
retrograde, most, less
graded amnesia is a characteristic of ______ amnesia where amnesia tends to be ______ severe for events that happened just before the injury and to be ____ severe for earlier events.
longer
systems consolidation takes place over a ______ time than synaptic consolidation. (shorter or longer?)
shallow, deeper, deepest
in Craik and Tulving's experiment on different levels of processing, subjects were asked 3 types of questions. Questions about physical features of the word represented ______ processing, rhyming represented _____ processing, and fill in the blank questions represented ______ processing
little, testing effect
in Roediger and Karpicke's experiment, they sowed that there was ______ difference between the rereading and testing groups after the 5 min delay but that after 1 week, the testing group's performance was much better than the rereading group. This enhanced performance due to retrieval practice is called the _______ ____
consolidation
in an experiment, students who went to sleep before testing forgot much less material than those in the awake group. One reason is that going to sleep eliminates environmental stimuli that might interfere and another reason is that ______ appears to be enhanced during sleep
survival
linking words to ______ created memory that was actually better than the elaborate tasks (like forming visual images, self reference effect, generation effect)
transfer appropriate
memory performance is enhanced when the type of coding that occurs during acquisition matches the type of retrieval that occurs during a memory test. The results of an experiment by Morris supports this idea, which is called ________ _____ processing. This is the most obvious thing I have ever heard.
encoded
one of the main factors that determines whether you can retrieve info from LTM is the way that info was _______ when you learned it
simultaneously
synaptic and systems consolidation are processes that occur _______- one works rapidly, at the level of the synapse, and another works more slowly, at the level of neural circuits
internal
state dependent learning is the idea that learning associated with a particular ______ state will be best remembered when the same state is matched
encoding specificity, state dependent learning, levels of processing
transfer appropriate processing is like _______ _____ and _______ ______ ____ because it demonstrates that matching conditions during encoding and retrieval improves performance. But it also has important implications for _______ __ ______ theory since that said that deeper encoding leads to better retrieval but transfer appropriate processing overrides that since rhyming is not very deep
reconsolidation
when a memory is retrieved, it becomes fragile again and needs to be consolidated again. This is a process called _______
firing rate, long term potentiation
when a stimulus is repeated, structural changes begin to occur at the synapse. After many repetitions, more complex connections have developed between two neurons which causes an increase in ____ ____, even though the stimulus is the same as before. This is ____ _____ ______.
elaborative rehearsal
when you consider meaning or make connections to other info, you're engaging in _______ ______. This type of rehearsal results in better memory than maintenance rehearsal