Cognition Exam 4

The key difference between depictive representation and propositional representation is based on which of the following? - Longevity - Neural response - Validity - Content

Content

could not name pictures of objects (even his own drawings) but could draw objects in great detail from memory

C.K.

When the process of analogical problem solving was applied to the fortress and radiation problems, which of the following represented the mapping step of this process? - Likening the dangerous mines to the dangerous tumor - Developing schemas for each individual problem - Connecting the fortress with the tumor - Generalizing from groups of soldiers to using many rays to solve the problem

Connecting the fortress with the tumor

when a relationship between two events appears to exist, but in reality, there is no relationship or the relationship is much weaker than it is assumed to be

Illusory Correlations

What is likely to occur if a person sustains damage to the parietal lobe of the brain? - Complex images will appear one-dimensional. - Images will be perceived as being smaller. - Topographic maps will be mostly abstract. - Image processing will be reduced by half.

Image processing will be reduced by half.

________ occurs when a person gives up trying to solve a tough problem and then suddenly comes up with the answer while doing something else. - Mindfulness - Insight - Incubation - Daydreaming

Incubation

could draw accurate pictures of objects in front of him but not from memory

R.M.

The analogy that makes the solution to the mutilated checkerboard problem obvious is the _________________ problem. - light bulb - Tower of Hanoi - radiation - Russian marriage

Russian marriage

"seeing" in the absence of a visual input

Visual imagery

Monique is an interior design student. As part of her internship, she is redesigning a small kitchen for a client. She would like to expand the kitchen and add a dining area. Before creating sketches for the client, she imagines the new layout in her mind, most likely using: - tacit knowledge - a proposition - the method of loci - a depictive representation

a depictive representation

Suppose that, as a participant in an imagery study, you are asked to memorize the four outside walls of a three-story rectangular house. Later, you are asked to report how many windows are on the front of the house. You will probably be fastest to answer this question if you create an image as though you were standing - right at the front door. - two feet from the front door. - at the far side of the front yard, away from the house. - one mile away from the house.

at the far side of the front yard, away from the house

_____________________ states that events that more easily come to mind are judged as being more probable than events that are less easily recalled

availability heuristic

The finding that an individual's support for a particular viewpoint could actually become stronger when faced with corrective facts opposing their viewpoint

backfire effect

the relative proportion of different classes in the population

base rate

the tendency to think a syllogism is valid if its conclusion is believable

belief bias

In Kaplan and Simon's experiment, they presented different versions of the mutilated checkerboard problem. Participants in the _________________ group had the fastest response time. - blank - color - black and pink - bread and butter

bread and butter

A syllogism in which the premises and conclusion are statements that begin with All, No, or Some.

categorical syllogism

the process of determining whether a conclusion logically follows from statements

deductive reasoning

The idea that people are basically rational

expected utility theory

The reasoning principle that to test a rule, it is necessary to look for situations that would falsify the rule.

falsification principle

The process of analogical encoding is focused on ________. - finding similarity - generating ideas - fostering insight - creating value

finding similarity

Effect where decisions are influenced by how the choices are stated.

framing effect

the process of drawing general conclusions based on specific observations and evidence

inductive reasoning

determining the amount of time needed to carry out various cognitive tasks; the use of response time in perceptual-motor tasks to infer the content, duration, and temporal sequencing of cognitive operations

mental chronometry

experiencing a sensory impression in the absence of sensory input

mental imagery

preconceived notion about how to approach a problem

mental set

Gick and Holyoak proposed that analogical problem solving involves the following three steps: - restructuring, searching, and simulating. - noticing, mapping, and applying. - surfacing, structuring, and generalizing. - well-defining, insighting, and means-end analysis.

noticing, mapping, and applying.

Finke's "creating an object" experiment had participants create a novel object by combining parts. Once they created an object, they were given the name of an object category and instructed to interpret their creation as a practical object or device within that category. Finke used the term preinventive forms to describe the - object parts. - novel objects before a function was described. - practical objects within the category. - inventions rated high in both practicality and originality.

novel objects before a function was described

The elements of the problem space include all of the following EXCEPT - initial state. - operators. - goal state. - intermediate states.

operators

Warmth judgments on nearness to a solution _________________ prior to the solution of an insight problem and _________________ prior to the solution of a non-insight problem. - gradually rise; gradually rise - gradually rise; rise suddenly just - rise suddenly just; gradually rise - vary unpredictably; vary unpredictably

rise suddenly just; gradually rise

Newell and Simon were early pioneers in designing computer programs that could solve problems. Their research program was based on the idea that problem solving is a process that involves - insight. - algorithms. - parity. - search.

search

A mental rotation task is focused on the ________ aspect of imagery. - spatial - propositional - abstract - detail

spatial

the basic form of deductive reasoning

syllogism

An explanation proposed to account for the results of some imagery experiments that states that participants unconsciously use knowledge about the world in making their judgments. This explanation has been used as one of the arguments against describing imagery as a depictive or spatial representation.

tacit knowledge explanation

Janet is alone in a room that contains a chair and a shelf with a book resting on top. She attempts to retrieve the book, but the shelf is a foot above her reach. How will Janet retrieve the book? Psychologists would NOT classify this scenario as a problem because - the solution is immediately obvious. - there is an obstacle between the present state and the goal state. - the initial state is not clearly defined. - the goal state is not clearly defined.

the solution is immediately obvious

The lesson to be learned from the imagery techniques for memory enhancement (for example, the pegword technique) is that these techniques work because - distinctive images tend to provide easy "magical" improvements in memory - they tap into reliable ways to develop "photographic" memory - their flexible, undefined structures allow "rememberers" to spontaneously organize information in any way they want - they showcase the fact that memory improvement requires a great deal of practice and perseverance

they showcase the fact that memory improvement requires a great deal of practice and perseverance

the use of strong magnets to briefly interrupt normal brain activity as a way to study brain regions

transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)

A problem first described by Maier in which a person is given the task of attaching two strings together that are too far apart to be reached at the same time. This task was devised to illustrate the operation of functional fixedness.

two-string problem

A syndrome in which people ignore objects located toward their left and the left sides of objects located anywhere; most often caused by damage to the right parietal lobe

unilateral neglect

Which of the following is NOT commonly associated with people who are considered highly creative? - Daydreaming - Analysis - Mindfulness - Solitude

Analysis

Which term best describes the task of factoring the equation 9x2 + 5x - 7 = 4x2 - 2x + 8? - Divergent - Functional - Analytical - Analogical

Analytical

Leaving a footprint in the wet sand—with a deep indentation for the heel, a rise for the arch, and each toe clearly identified—is similar to which concept? - Pegword - Mental walk - Depictive representation - Topographic map

Topographic map

Which of the following provides the best example of functional fixedness? - Using a pair of pliers as a paperweight - Using a tire as a football practice target - Using a juice glass as a container for orange juice - Using a wine bottle as a vase

Using a juice glass as a container for orange juice

Imagery neurons respond to - all visual images. - only visual images in a specific category. - an actual visual image as well as imagining that same image. - concrete mental images but not abstract mental images.

an actual visual image as well as imagining that same image

The ability to shift experience from one problem-solving situation to a similar problem is known as - analogical encoding. - analogical transfer. - insight. - in vivo problem solving.

analogical transfer

The text's discussion of the research on in vivo problem solving highlighted that _________________ play(s) an important role in solving scientific problems. - analogies - insight - flexibility - subgoals

analogies

Peggy is participating in a paired-associate learning experiment. During the study period, she is presented with pairs of words such as boat-hat and car-house. While taking the test, she would be presented with - b___ - h___. - boat _______ - car ________. - house. - a blank piece of paper for free recall.

boat _______ - car ________.

A hypothesis, associated with Paivio's dual coding theory, that states that concrete nouns create images that other words can hang onto, which enhances memory for these words.

conceptual-peg hypothesis

A syllogism in which the first premise has the form "If ... then."

conditional syllogisms

Ali works for Citrus Squeeze, a company that makes orange juice. Sales of their calcium-enhanced OJ have been poor, and the product was cancelled. His factory still had three cases of cartons, and Ali was told he could take them if he wanted them. With the cartons, Ali made several birdfeeders for his backyard and also planted tree seedlings in some of them; he used the remaining ones to build a "fort" for his four-year-old son. Ali's use of the cartons represents - convergent thinking. - divergent thinking. - insight. - hierarchical organization.

divergent thinking

Mental imagery involves - experiencing a sensory impression in the absence of sensory input. - mental representations of the current sensory inputs. - sensory representations of a stimulus. - the misrepresentation of a stimulus as possessing physical attributes that are, in fact, absent.

experiencing a sensory impression in the absence of sensory input

restricting use of an object to its familiar functions

functional fixedness

Shepard and Metzler's "image rotation" experiment was so influential and important to the study of cognition because it demonstrated - how easy mental rotation is for humans. - that humans cannot successfully rotate mental images beyond 90 degrees. - that humans can only perform mental rotation on "real-world" objects. - imagery and perception may share the same mechanisms.

imagery and perception may share the same mechanisms

"Early" researchers of imagery (beginning with Aristotle until just prior to the dominance of behaviorism) proposed all of the following ideas EXCEPT - studying images was a way of studying thinking - images are one of the 3 basic elements of consciousness - imagery requires a special mechanism - thought is impossible without an image

imagery requires a special mechanism

In the two-string problem, tying the pliers to one of the strings best represents a(n) _________________ state. - functional fixedness - goal - intermediate - initial

intermediate

when the difference between the starting situation and the goal is determined and then steps are taken to reduce that difference

means-end analysis

when people evaluate evidence in a way that is biased toward their own opinions and attitudes

myside bias

Your text describes imagery performance of a patient with unilateral neglect. This patient was asked to imagine himself standing at one end of a familiar plaza and to report the objects he saw. His behavior shows - neglect manifests itself in perception only, not in imagery. - neglect always occurred on the left side of the image, with "left side" being determined by the direction in which the patient imagined he was positioned. - neglect occurred in imagery such that some objects in the plaza were never reported. - neglect involved both the left and right sides of the visual field, with an apparently "random" agnosia of different components of the fields.

neglect always occurred on the left side of the image, with "left side" being determined by the direction in which the patient imagined he was positioned.

The significance of Perky's results was that - screen images interfered with people's ability to form mental images. - people were influenced by the projected images when forming their mental images, even when they were unaware that the projected images were present. - the screen images had no effect on people's mental images. - people "used" the screen images to create their mental images but only when the objects were unfamiliar.

people were influenced by the projected images when forming their mental images, even when they were unaware that the projected images were present.

Kosslyn's transcranial magnetic stimulation experiment on brain activation that occurs in response to imagery found that the brain activity in the visual cortex - is an epiphenomenon - can be inferred using mental chronometry - supports the idea that the mechanism for imagery involves propositional representations - plays a causal role in both perception and imagery

plays a causal role in both perception and imagery

A representation in which relationships are represented by symbols, as when the words of language represent objects and the relationships between objects.

propositional representation

As described in your text, the pegword technique relies on all of the following EXCEPT - associations. - propositions. - rhymes. - visualizations.

propositions

The circle problem, in which the task is to determine the length of a line inside a circle, was proposed to illustrate - how analogies can be used to solve problems. - means-end analysis. - representation and restructuring. - the problem space.

representation and restructuring

________________ states that the likelihood that an instance is a member of a larger category depends on how well that instance resembles properties we typically associate with that category.

representativeness heuristic

Kosslyn interpreted the results of his research on imagery (such as the island experiment) as supporting the idea that the mechanism responsible for imagery involves ___________ representations. - epiphenomenal - propositional - spatial - unilateral

spatial

Kosslyn = imagery is ______________; Pylyshyn = imagery is __________________

spatial; propositional

Tendency to do nothing when faced with making a decision.

status quo bias

Experts _________________ than novices. - spend less time analyzing problems - are better at reasoning in general - are more likely to be open to new ways of looking at problems - take a more effective approach to organizing the solution to a problem

take a more effective approach to organizing the solution to a problem

Trinh is a famous chef. Since she does not like to share her secret family recipes, she does not write down her special creations, which makes it difficult to remember their ingredients. To aid her memory, she has created a unique "mental walk" that she takes to recall each recipe. For each one, she has a familiar "route" she can imagine walking through (e.g., from the end of her driveway to her living room) where she places each item in the recipe somewhere along the way (e.g., fish sauce splattered on the front door). By doing so, Trinh is using ___________ to organize her memories. - mental synthesis - paired-associate learning - the pegword technique - the method of loci

the method of loci

Luis is taking his girlfriend, Rosa, to a resort town neither one of them has visited. Luis wants to make a good impression on Rosa, so he spends the week before the trip reading about fun places to go while they are there. He also memorizes a map of the small resort town, so he can lead her around without bothering to ask for directions. When they arrive, they first visit a botanical garden. When Rosa says, "Where to next?" Luis conjures a mental image of the map and says, "art museum." Let's assume the garden was six inches due south on the map and that it took Luis four seconds to scan the map image between the two. After they visit the museum, Luis takes Rosa to a fancy restaurant. On the map, the restaurant was three inches northwest of the museum, so it is most likely that when Luis scanned the image to find the restaurant, the scan took approximately ___________ seconds. - two - three - four - six

two

Amedi and coworkers (2005) used fMRI to investigate the differences between brain activation for perception and imagery. Their findings showed that when participants were ___________, some areas associated with nonvisual sensation (such as hearing and touch) were ___________. - using visual images; activated - using visual images; deactivated - perceiving stimuli; activated - perceiving stimuli; deactivated

using visual images; deactivated