cognition exam chapters 9-11

If decisions about category membership depends on resemblance, then membership is a ______ decision. Categories have ______, such that objects that are high in ______ are "better" members of the category.

"more" or "less" graded membership typicality

A typical college graduate in the United States knows a minimum of _____ thousand and up to ______ thousand different words.

75, 100

What is a defining feature?

A feature that all category members must have to belong to the category.

Identify the overregularization errors.

Correct: "i losed a tooth last night." "Look! Sheeps!" Incorrect: "Txt me back wen u can" "I climbed a fence yesterday." "I saw too dogs."

What can we learn from rating tasks?

Correct: Participants easily make rating judgments. Ratings are fairly consistent across participants. Incorrect: participants struggle with the task if it uses basic-level categorization labels. Participants seem to compare the test item against other test items ratings tend to be independent of other tasks.

Which of these sentences have multiple phrase structures?

Correct: The gorilla was wearing my pajamas. Visiting guests can be awful. Incorrect: They are roasting chickens. Two computers were reported stolen by the TV announcer.

Which of these factors contribute toward making speech perception a complicated task?

Correct: When producing speech, phonemes overlap, the sound of an individual phoneme differs based on what else is being said Incorrect: If you can't hear one of the phonemes in a speech stream, you won't be able to understand the whole world, it is very difficult to hear the differences between categories of sounds

Why is categorization so important? For instance, what do you know or can you now do if i tell you that this is a photo of a dog, Milo?

Correct: draw broad conclusions from this specific case, apply general knowledge to new cases Incorrect: refine your definition of that category, establish a category definition to understand the concept

Maxx has neglect syndrome owing to damage in his right parietal lobe. He's on his way to meet a woman with whom his friend set him up. Which of these situations will likely arise during or after the date?

Correct: he won't remember that she went to Ireland as part of a study abroad program in college. If she sits across the table from him, he won't notice the tattoo that she has on her right arm (his left). Incorrect: He won't remember that she is planning to run a marathon next year. When he pictures the restaurant that they went to, he won't pictures the bar section that was on their right side.

What do we learn about visual imagery processes from mental rotation tasks?

Correct: participants imagine one of the forms rotating until its position is aligned with the other form. Mental images may be more like "mental sculptures" than pictures. Incorrect: Scanning across a mental image takes time. Participants can imagine 3D rotations but not as easily as 2D rotations.

How do we know that data obtained from image-scanning procedures and mental rotation tasks are not a consequence of the demand character of the experiment.

Data is consistent when experimenters don't mention that imagery may be relevant to the task.

Wittgenstein proposed that category members share ________.

Family resemblance

Identify each of the items as a "free" morpheme, a "bound" morpheme, or indicate that it is not a morpheme at all.

Free morpheme: "umpire" "the" Bound morpheme: "-es" "-ed"

Select the sentences that violate English syntax.

He placed on the counter. He slept the apple on the counter.

Andre has eidetic imagery. What is likely true of Andre?

If given a copy of a poem in a language that he doesn't know, he will be able to recall it exactly. He would accurately describe himself as having a "photographic memory."

Evidence indicates that language, attention, and thinking are related, but how?

Language influences attention which then influences thinking

Molly (an English speaker) and Aiko (a Japanese speaker) are setting up Molly's house for a birthday party. Their friend Brent walks in with balloons. When he sets them down, a couple of them hit against the nearby ceiling fan and pop. How are molly and aiko each likely to describe this balloon-popping event? Who is most likely to remember that Brent was involved?

Molly: "Brent popped the balloons!" and most likely remembered that Brent was involved. Aiko: "The balloons popped!"

A mental image, a percept, and a picture of the same stimulus will be similar in some ways and different in others. Identify the characteristics that are true of each concept.

Pictures: has mental interpretations, depictions of the stimulus Mental images: has one interpretation, organized, depictions of the stimulus Percepts: last, organized, depictions of the stimulus

"Can you pass me the salt?" Failing to recognize that this is a request for salt and not an inquiry about arm strength or reach violates which rules of the language?

Pragmatic rules

Indicate whether each scenario is abiding by a prescriptive rule or a descriptive rule of English.

Prescriptive: "With whom are you going?" "It is i." Descriptive: "But i don't want to." "No one really knows why they are alive."

Which of these statements about garden-path sentences is TRUE?

Printed garden-path sentences are usually more confusing than spoken versions.

Which of these items are propositions?

Propositions: Some books include pictures, bananas are vegetables, dogs love cheese Not propositions: Books have, Dogs cheese

_____ refers to the pattern of pauses and pitch changes that characterize speech production.

Prosody

Identify each scenario as an example of prototype-based reasoning or exemplar-based reasoning.

Prototype-Based: "I haven't seen one before, but that looks pretty vegetable-y to me." "Nobody wins or scores or anything like that? Nope, doesn't sound like a game to me." Exemplar-Based: Your neighbor's new pet looks a lot like other cats that you remember seeing. it must be a cat, too. "That does't look like any bug that i've ever seen. It must be something else."

Identify the advantages that prototypes provide and the advantages that exemplars provide for categorical reasoning.

Prototype: Provide a quick summary of the category Exemplar: provide information about variability within a category allow you to adjust your concept to the context

Which of these propositions are represented by this diagram and which are not?

Represented: Furniture is made of wood. Birds live in trees. Unrepresented: Cats scratch trees. Birds eat cats.

Tamara and Rovi are participating in a research study. The experimenter asks Tamara to picture a giraffe standing next to a parakeet and Rovi to picture a parakeet standing next to an ant. The experimenter asks Tamara and Rovi each the same question: "Does the parakeet have feathers?" Who answers the question the fastest: Tamara or Rovi?

Rovi

______ data is a form of evidence in which one is asked directly about one's own thoughts or experiences.

Self-report

Match each term to the correct definition

Sentences: coherent sequences of words that express an intended meaning Phonemes: smallest units of sound that distinguish words in a language Morphemes: smallest language units that carry meaning

Indicate whether answering each question depends on visual imagery, spatial imagery, or either.

Spatial imagery: "I'm coming from the other side of town. How do i get to your apartment from here?" Visual imagery: Your roommate shouts to you from the other room, "Ugh, i just got a small stain on my cable-knit sweater. Think anyone will be able to see it?" "Would this quilt match the color of our sheets at home?" Either: While shopping in a furniture store, your roomates asks you, "If i were to move the couch to the other side of the living room, would it block the door to the kitchen?" "Picture your home. Imagine walking from the kitchen to the bedroom. About how far away is it?"

"Colorless green ideas sleep furiously." --Noam Chomsky What does this quote by Noam Chomsky tell us about the rules of syntax in language?

Syntax is not sufficient to convey semantics

Which of these conversations depends on having established common ground to fill in gaps in the dialogue?

Tammy: "I'm leaving you." Eric: "Who is he?"

What is the problem with defining our concept of dog: "A dog is a creature that has fur and four legs and barks"?

There are not defining features for most concepts, only shared attributes

How much does a lawnmower resemble a plum?

They share many properties, but resemblance is low.

Identify the true and false statements about the conceptual knowledge.

True: Typicality effects arise from comparisons against prototypes and exemplars. Judgments of resemblance depend on your beliefs and prior knowledge. False: When judging resemblance, you often ignore prototypes and exemplars. Typicality doesn't usually influence categorical judgments.

Identify each statement about imagery and perception as true or false.

True: interference can arise between auditory perception and auditory imaging. Imagery can facilitate perception. False: mental imagery consistently interferes with perception. Perception cannot prime imagery, but imagery can prime perception.

Identify these statements about the relationship between imagery and perception as true or false.

True: researchers can figure out what participants are imagining based on neural activation patterns. Visual perception and imagery both rely heavily on the occipital cortex. False: Activation patterns during imagery are identical to those during perception. The brain is more sensitive to features in perception than imagery.

Identify these statements about visual memory as true or false.

True: to form a mental image, you first activate nodes to specify the "image frame," People with large color vocabularies have better color memories False: Visual information is stored in long-term memory with visual labels and verbal information with verbal labels, Verbal labels influence memory for visual information but not spatial information

Which of these statements about parallel-distributed processing (PDP) models are true and which are false?

True: very powerful, very good at generalizing to new variations false: rely mostly on local representations, detect patterns only if the range of variations is small

How would a child likely answer this question? "Is it possible to turn __________ ?"

Yes: a toaster into a coffeepot a raccoon into a raccoon that behaves like a skunk No: a skunk into a dog a lemon into a lime

According to the model proposed by Collins and Quillian, participants confirm that "an ostrich is a bird" _____ they confirm that "a canary is a bird."

as quickly as

What evidence do we have that suggests that visual imagery is distinct from spatial imagery?

correct answers: People who have been blind since birth complete image-scanning and mental rotation tasks just like people who can see, damage to visual areas does not impair spatial imagery performance incorrect: if brain damage causes problems in perception, it also causes problems in imagery

Match each type of task to the conclusion that we can draw from the data obtained from it.

image-scanning procedure: participants scan across images at a constant rate. chronometric studies: as the mode of representation changes--imagery versus descriptive--so does the pattern of information availability. Participants can imagine 3D rotations as easily as 2D rotations. Participants scan across images at a constant rate mental rotation task: participants can imagine 3D rotations as easily as 2D rotations

The way in which a speaker restricts air flow from the lungs to make a speech sound

manner of production

Identify each as a natural kind or an artifact.

natural kind: cactus, parakeet, mountain range artifact: car, sculpture

Knowledge of a word includes several different components. Match the appropriate label to each knowledge component.

phonological representation: the mental representation of the word's sounds, pronunciations, etc. Sound: the sequence of phonemes that make up the word semantic representation: the mental representation of the word's meaning orthography: the sequence of letters that spell the word syntax: the rules that govern how to use the word

The overall organization of sentences and the ways in which various elements are linked to each other are defined by _______ rules. These rules can be illustrated using a ________, like the one illustrated here:

phrase-structure, tree structure

The position at which a speaker restricts air flow from the lungs to make a speech sound

place of articulation

According to ___________ model, the __________ are responsible for connecting and integrating information from other brain areas. Other information _____ is represented in more-specialized regions.

the hub and spoke, anterior temporal lobes, "spokes"

For what purposes do people use visual images?

to solve problems, to make decisions, to help them remember, to describe their thoughts

A vibration caused by the rapid opening and closing of vocal folds

voicing