Cognitive Psych- Chapter 7

State-Dependent Learning

Better memory when moods match learning condition and test condition Consistent state of mind

Deep processing

Close attention to meaning Relating item to something else Elaborative rehearsal Better memory

Evidence for hippocampal involvement

Episodic memories activated during retrieval of both recent and remote memories

Generation Effect

Generating material on your own enhances learning and retention

Levels of processing

How well something is remembered depends on degree to which info was initially encoded/processed Depth of processing Memory for words is better when they are linked to other knowledge

Shallow processing

Little attention to meaning Focus on physical features of the word (number of vowels, letters in all capitals) Occurs during maintenance rehearsal

maintenance rehearsal

Maintains information but does not transfer it to LTM repetition

Transfer-appropriate processing

Memory improves if the type of processing used during encoding is the same as the type during retrieval

Self-reference effect

Memory is better if you are asked to relate a word to yourself

When consolidation occurs

Much of consolidation (including reactivation) happens during sleep / relaxed wakefulness Can also happen during rehearsal Especially elaborative rehearsal

You have been studying for weeks for a nursing school entrance exam. You love the idea of becoming a nurse, and you have been enjoying learning about the material for your exam. Each night, you put on relaxing clothes and study in the quiet of your lovely home. Memory research suggests you should take your test with a _____ mindset.

calm/relaxed

Standard model of consolidation

during consolidation : retrieval depends on hippocampus after consolidation : only cortical areas

According to the levels of processing theory, memory durability depends on the depth at which information is

encoded

Retrieval

process of transferring info from LTM back into working memory (consciousness) Most of our failures of memory are failures to retrieve

The maintenance rehearsal task of learning a word by repeating it over and over again is most likely to

produce some short-term remembering, but fail to produce longer-term memories.

The standard model of consolidation proposes that the hippocampus is

strongly active when memories are first formed and being consolidated but becomes less active when retrieving older memories that are already consolidated

Jenkins and Russell (1952) presented a list of words like "chair, apple, dish, shoe, cherry, sofa" to participants. In a test, participants recalled the words in a different order than the order in which they were originally presented. This result occurred because of the

tendency of objects in the same category to become organized

Transfer-appropriate processing is likely to occur if

the type of encoding task matches the type of retrieval task

Encoding specificity principle

Memory retrieval is effective to the extent by which the context of encoding corresponds to the context of retrieval (tulving & thompson, 1973) People do better when encoding and retrieval conditions are the same

Synaptic Transmission

Neurotransmitters released by one neuron Cross synaptic gap Affect postsynaptic neuron

Last month, Roger got drunk and misplaced his glasses. He couldn't find them until today when he came home slightly inebriated and remembered exactly where he had put them. The fact that he was able to find them after drinking, but not while he was sober demonstrates?

State-dependent memory

___________ consolidation involves the gradual reorganization of circuits within brain regions and takes place on a fairly long time scale

Systems

Consolidation

Transforms new memories from fragile state to more permanent state

elaborative rehearsal

Understand meaning of an item or making connections between the item and something you know Transfers information to LTM

Other factors that aid encoding

Visual imagery Self-reference effect Generation effect Organizing to-be-remembered information Relating words to survival value Retrieval practice

Retrieval cues

Words or other stimuli that help us retrieve information from our memory

Elementary school students in the United States are often taught to use the very familiar word "HOMES" as a cue for remembering the names of the Great Lakes (each letter in "HOMES" provides a first-letter cue for one of the lakes: Huron, Ontario, Michigan, Erie, Superior). This memory procedure usually works better than repeating the names over and over. The use of this familiar word provides an example of

elaborative rehearsal