Cognitive Psych- Chapter 7
State-Dependent Learning
Better memory when moods match learning condition and test condition Consistent state of mind
Deep processing
Close attention to meaning Relating item to something else Elaborative rehearsal Better memory
Evidence for hippocampal involvement
Episodic memories activated during retrieval of both recent and remote memories
Generation Effect
Generating material on your own enhances learning and retention
Levels of processing
How well something is remembered depends on degree to which info was initially encoded/processed Depth of processing Memory for words is better when they are linked to other knowledge
Shallow processing
Little attention to meaning Focus on physical features of the word (number of vowels, letters in all capitals) Occurs during maintenance rehearsal
maintenance rehearsal
Maintains information but does not transfer it to LTM repetition
Transfer-appropriate processing
Memory improves if the type of processing used during encoding is the same as the type during retrieval
Self-reference effect
Memory is better if you are asked to relate a word to yourself
When consolidation occurs
Much of consolidation (including reactivation) happens during sleep / relaxed wakefulness Can also happen during rehearsal Especially elaborative rehearsal
You have been studying for weeks for a nursing school entrance exam. You love the idea of becoming a nurse, and you have been enjoying learning about the material for your exam. Each night, you put on relaxing clothes and study in the quiet of your lovely home. Memory research suggests you should take your test with a _____ mindset.
calm/relaxed
Standard model of consolidation
during consolidation : retrieval depends on hippocampus after consolidation : only cortical areas
According to the levels of processing theory, memory durability depends on the depth at which information is
encoded
Retrieval
process of transferring info from LTM back into working memory (consciousness) Most of our failures of memory are failures to retrieve
The maintenance rehearsal task of learning a word by repeating it over and over again is most likely to
produce some short-term remembering, but fail to produce longer-term memories.
The standard model of consolidation proposes that the hippocampus is
strongly active when memories are first formed and being consolidated but becomes less active when retrieving older memories that are already consolidated
Jenkins and Russell (1952) presented a list of words like "chair, apple, dish, shoe, cherry, sofa" to participants. In a test, participants recalled the words in a different order than the order in which they were originally presented. This result occurred because of the
tendency of objects in the same category to become organized
Transfer-appropriate processing is likely to occur if
the type of encoding task matches the type of retrieval task
Encoding specificity principle
Memory retrieval is effective to the extent by which the context of encoding corresponds to the context of retrieval (tulving & thompson, 1973) People do better when encoding and retrieval conditions are the same
Synaptic Transmission
Neurotransmitters released by one neuron Cross synaptic gap Affect postsynaptic neuron
Last month, Roger got drunk and misplaced his glasses. He couldn't find them until today when he came home slightly inebriated and remembered exactly where he had put them. The fact that he was able to find them after drinking, but not while he was sober demonstrates?
State-dependent memory
___________ consolidation involves the gradual reorganization of circuits within brain regions and takes place on a fairly long time scale
Systems
Consolidation
Transforms new memories from fragile state to more permanent state
elaborative rehearsal
Understand meaning of an item or making connections between the item and something you know Transfers information to LTM
Other factors that aid encoding
Visual imagery Self-reference effect Generation effect Organizing to-be-remembered information Relating words to survival value Retrieval practice
Retrieval cues
Words or other stimuli that help us retrieve information from our memory
Elementary school students in the United States are often taught to use the very familiar word "HOMES" as a cue for remembering the names of the Great Lakes (each letter in "HOMES" provides a first-letter cue for one of the lakes: Huron, Ontario, Michigan, Erie, Superior). This memory procedure usually works better than repeating the names over and over. The use of this familiar word provides an example of
elaborative rehearsal
