Cognitive Psych Exam 3- Chapter 9

n a parallel distributed processing model, connection weights are related to which of the following? a. family resemblance b. category differentiation c. stimulus priming d. network activity

d. network activity

A task for determining how prototypical an object is would be a. a task where participants rate the extent to which each member represents the category title. b. a task where participants rate the extent to which category members resemble one another. c. a fill in the blank task where participants generate the category classification for a list of members. d. a fill in the blank task where participants generate paired members within a category.

a. a task where participants rate the extent to which each member represents the category title.

The principle illustrated when most people are able to recognize a variety of examples of chairs even though no one category member may have all of the characteristic properties of "chairs" (e.g., most chairs have four legs but not all do) is a. family resemblance. b. instance theory. c. prototypicality. d. graded membership.

a. family resemblance.

magine that a young child is just learning about the category "dog." Thus far, she has experienced only two dogs, one a poodle and the other a German shepherd. On her third encounter with a dog, she will be LEAST likely to correctly categorize the animal as a dog if that animal a. is a breed of dog that is hairless and teacup-sized. b. is similar to an "average" for the dogs she has encountered. c. matches the size of the poodle but is of a different breed. d. matches an exemplar of one of the dogs she has experienced.

a. is a breed of dog that is hairless and teacup-sized.

Jorge and Bob are neighbors. Jorge loves birds and his father works for the zoo. He has been to a dozen bird sanctuaries, and he and his dad go on bird watching hikes once a month. In contrast, Bob doesn't think much about birds. His only contact with them is in his backyard. It would be correct to say that Jorge's standard probably involves a. more exemplars than Bob's. b. more prototypes and more exemplars than Bob's. c. more prototypes than Bob's. d. the same prototypes and exemplars as Bob's.

a. more exemplars than Bob's.

Spreading activation a. primes associated concepts. b. inhibits unrelated concepts. c. weakens the link between unrelated concepts. d. creates new links between associated concepts.

a. primes associated concepts.

Rosch found that participants respond more rapidly in a same-different task when presented with "good" examples of colors such as "red" and "green" than when they are presented with "poor" examples such as "pink" and "light green." The result of this experiment was interpreted as supporting the ___________ approach to categorization. a. prototype b. network c. exemplar d. parallel processing

a. prototype

The semantic network model predicts that the time it takes for a person to retrieve information about a concept should be determined by a. the distance that must be traveled through the network. b. the amount of information contained in each concept. c. the representativeness of the information contained in each concept. d. the typicality of the information contained in each concept.

a. the distance that must be traveled through the network.

The connectionist network has learned the correct pattern for a concept when a. the error signals are reduced to nearly none and the correct properties are assigned. b. the output pattern matches the initial input pattern and this symmetry becomes "locked" into the system. c. the output unit response is greater than zero and the input signal has to compensate. d. the connection weights add up to exactly +1.00.

a. the error signals are reduced to nearly none and the correct properties are assigned.

What is the relationship between prototypicality and reaction time? a. Reaction time tends to be faster for objects rated higher in prototypicality. b. Reaction time tends to be slower for objects rated higher in prototypicality. c. Reaction time tends to be faster for objects rated lower in prototypicality. d. Reaction time tends to be unrelated to prototypicality.

a. Reaction time tends to be faster for objects rated higher in prototypicality.

If you were about to do a lexical decision task, you'd probably be ___. a. distinguishing words from nonwords b. creating categories c. organizing categories d. explaining the hierarchical order of select words

a. distinguishing words from nonwords

The Collin and Quillian semantic networks model has been criticized because it does not account for ________. a. typicality b. artifacts c. degradation d. economy

a. typicality

Which of the following is a connectionist model proposing that concepts are represented by activity that is spread across a network? a. The prototype approach b. Parallel distributed processing theory c. Enhancement due to priming d. Semantic network theory

b. Parallel distributed processing theory

The prototype approach to categorization states that a standard representation of a category is based on a. the definition of the category. b. category members that have been encountered in the past. c. a defined set of category members. d. a universal set of category members.

b. category members that have been encountered in the past.

One beneficial property of connectionist networks is graceful degradation, which refers to the property that a. these networks learn by a process that is analogous to the way a child learns about the world by making mistakes and being corrected. b. damage to the system does not completely disrupt its operation. c. learning a new concept does not interfere with remembering a previously learned concept. d. learning can be generalized between similar concepts to facilitate future learning.

b. damage to the system does not completely disrupt its operation.

If you say that "a Labrador retriever is my idea of a typical dog," you would be using the ___________ approach to categorization. a. family resemblance b. exemplar c. prototype d. definitional

b. exemplar

Research suggests that the ___________ approach to categorization works best for small categories (e.g., U.S. presidents). a. prototype b. exemplar c. definitional d. semantic network

b. exemplar

The ___________ model includes associations between concepts and the property of spreading activation. a. connectionist network b. semantic network c. neural network d. parallel distributed processing

b. semantic network

Based on the information your textbook provided about different category types, jumping from ___________ categories results in the largest gain in information. a. basic level to subordinate level b. superordinate level to basic level c. basic level to superordinate level d. subordinate level to basic level

b. superordinate level to basic level

Collins and Quillian's semantic network model predicts that the reaction time to verify "a canary is a bird" is ___________ the reaction time to verify "an ostrich is a bird." a. slower than b. the same as c. interfered with by d. faster than

b. the same as

An advantage of the exemplar approach over the prototype approach is that the exemplar approach provides a better explanation of the ___________ effect. a. priming b. typicality c. reaction time d. resemblance

b. typicality

How do experts versus nonexperts differ in terms of how they create categories, if at all? a. Both experts and nonexperts tend to create categories in the same way. b. Experts tend to use more specific categories. whereas nonexperts use more basic categories. c. Nonexperts tend to use more specific categories, whereas experts use more basic categories. d. To the degree that there may be differences between experts and nonexperts in terms of category creations, they tend to focus around gender differences.

b. Experts tend to use more specific categories. whereas nonexperts use more basic categories.

Which of the following concepts offers the medical community insights into rehabilitative services for people with brain damage? a. cognitive economy b. graceful degradation c. backwards propagation d. semantic sematotopy

b. graceful degradation

Marjorie has been diagnosed with semantic dementia. Which of the following can she recognize? a. a car but not a cat b. neither a car nor a cat c. a cat but not a car d. a car and a cat

b. neither a car nor a cat

Which of the following orders lists the different levels of categories from most to least specific? a. subordinate; superordinate; basic b. subordinate; basic; superordinate c. superordinate; subordinate; basic d. superordinate; basic; global

b. subordinate; basic; superordinate

What is considered the central component of the hub and spoke model? a. the occipital lobe b. the anterior temporal lobe c. the cingulate gyrus d. the frontal cortex

b. the anterior temporal lobe

What is the dependent variable in the scientific verification technique used by Edward Smith? a. neural activity b. time c. accuracy d. quantity

b. time

For which of the following categories would a definition probably be the MOST appropriate? a. birds b. triangles c. trees d. chairs

b. triangles

The children's program Sesame Street has run a longtime segment showing children a set of objects and singing, "One of these things is not like the others." Children must decide which object does not fit in the group. Which concept is reflected in this children's educational game? a. priming b. typicality c. back propagation d. hierarchy

b. typicality

Which approach to categorization involves forming a standard representation based on an average of category members that a person has encountered in the past? a. Network b. Typicality c. Prototype d. Exemplar

c. Prototype

Which of the following is NOT one of the types of units found within a parallel distributed processing model? a. Output units b. Input units c. Working units d. Hidden units

c. Working units

According to Rosch, the ___________ level of categories reflects people's everyday experience. a. prototypical b. subordinate c. basic d. exemplary

c. basic

Which of the choices best represents cognitive economy in the following sentence? The property _______is stored at the _______node. a. bird; penguin b. has feathers; ostrich c. can fly; bird d. can fly; canary

c. can fly; bird

Two different definitions of ___________ offered by your book include (a) "the mental representation of a class or individual," and (b) "categories of objects, events, and abstract ideas." a. exemplars b. units c. concepts d. prototypes

c. concepts

One of the key properties of the ___________ approach is that a specific concept is represented by activity that is distributed over many units in the network. a. hierarchical b. semantic network c. connectionist d. spreading activation

c. connectionist

Priming occurs when presentation of one stimulus a. acts as a cue that tells the participant when his or her response was correct. b. disrupts the processing of another stimulus. c. facilitates the response to another stimulus that usually follows closely in time. d. relates to a prototype in a way that is unrelated to associated exemplars.

c. facilitates the response to another stimulus that usually follows closely in time.

Collins and Quillian explained the results of priming experiments by introducing the concept of ___________ into their network model. a. cognitive economy b. typicality c. spreading activation d. back propagation

c. spreading activation

Your text describes cross-cultural studies of categorization with U.S. and Itzaj participants. Given the results of these studies, we know that if asked to name basic level objects for a category, U.S. participants would answer ___________ and Itzaj participants would answer ___________. a. oak; oak b. tree; tree c. tree; oak d. oak; tree

c. tree; oak

What is the effect of spreading activation? a. Mirror neurons are triggered. b. Artifacts are differentiated. c. Concepts are primed. d. Exemplars are defined.

c. Concepts are primed.

When you use a hammer, sensory areas are activated in response to the various contours of the hammer. This example specifically illustrates ___. a. the category-specific memory impairment b. the sensory-functional hypothesis c. the embodied approach d. the semantic category approach

c. the embodied approach

The process of back propagation is most closely associated with a. spreading activation. b. reasoning about categories. c. semantic networks. d. connectionist networks

d. connectionist networks

In the multiple-factor approach, the fact that people exhibit physical attributes, actions, and emotions is known as ________. a. loading b. stacking c. weighting d. crowding

d. crowding

According to the typicality effect a. objects in a category have a family resemblance to one another. b. we remember typical objects better than nontypical objects. c. objects that are not typical stand out and so are more easily remembered. d. items that are high in prototypicality are judged more rapidly as being in a group.

d. items that are high in prototypicality are judged more rapidly as being in a group.

A person who has been diagnosed with ________ dementia has difficulty recognizing both living things and artifacts. a. superordinate b. parallel c. symbiotic d. semantic

d. semantic

For the category "fruit," people give a higher typicality rating to "banana" than to "kiwi." Knowing that, we can also reason that a. neither kiwi nor banana is likely to be the fruit "closest" to the prototype of the fruit category. b. when people are asked to list all the fruits they can think of, kiwi will usually appear on their list before banana. c. people will have a similar number of exemplars for kiwi and banana. d. the word "fruit" will lead to a larger priming effect for banana than for kiwi.

d. the word "fruit" will lead to a larger priming effect for banana than for kiwi.

Many people think that Michelangelo's sculpture of David serves as an icon of male physical beauty. Which of the following best describes the sculpture in the context of cognitive psychology? a. It is at a lower level than an exemplar. b. It can be considered a prototype. c. It can be considered an exemplar. d. It is at a higher level than a prototype.

d. It is at a higher level than a prototype.

Which of the following lies at the foundation of a connectionist network? a. Learning b. Prototyping c. Mirroring d. Crowding

a. Learning

In the semantic network model, a specific category or concept is represented at a a. node. b. output unit. c. input unit. d. link.

a. node.

___________is a "typical" member of a category. a. An exemplar b. A prototype c. A unit d. A component

b. A prototype

Which of the following would be in a basic level category? a. Transportation b. Truck c. Vehicle d. Pickup truck

b. Truck

Without actively thinking about it, Janelle just knows that every type of cat has whiskers—instead of thinking that lions and leopards and tabby cats each have whiskers. Janelle's experience can best be described as ________. a. spreading activation b. cognitive economy c. back propagation d. semantic somatotopy

b. cognitive economy

___________ are actual members of a category that a person has encountered in the past. a. Icons b. Prototypes c. Exemplars d. Units

c. Exemplars

According to the hub and spoke model, which area of the brain serves as the hub? a. Occipital lobe b. Medial thalamus c. Parietal lobe d. Anterior temporal lobe

d. Anterior temporal lobe

Which of the following terms is most closely associated with semantic networks? a. Serial processing b. Prototype formation c. Distributed processing d. Cognitive economy

d. Cognitive economy

What is the relationship between the embodied approach and mirror neurons? a. crowding b. thinking c. acting d. priming

b. thinking

In a lexical decision task, participants have to decide whether a. a presented stimulus is a word. b. a stimulus is presented. c. a statement is true. d. two stimuli are associated

a. a presented stimulus is a word.

In the context of cognitive psychology and conceptual models, a tool would be classified as a(n) ________. a. spoke b. artifact c. example d. node

b. artifact

According to Collins and Quillian's semantic network model, it should take longest to verify which statement below? a. A turtle is an animal. b. A turtle is related to a fish. c. A turtle is an amphibian. d. Turtles are turtles.

a. A turtle is an animal.

In a connectionist network model, units are to ________ as connections are to ________. a. axons; synapses b. neurons; axons c. dendrites; neurons d. synapses; dendrites

b. neurons; axons

Which of the following reaction time data sets illustrates the typicality effect for the bird category, given the following three trials? (NOTE: Read data sets as RTs for Trial 1: Trial 2: Trial 3) Trial 1: An owl is a bird. Trial 2: A penguin is a bird. Trial 3: A sparrow is a bird. a. 583: 653: 518 ms b. 518: 583: 653 ms c. 583: 518: 653 ms d. 653: 583: 518 ms

a. 583: 653: 518 ms

Rather than requiring strict adherence to categorical definitions, Wittgenstein favored the concept of ________. a. propagation b. resemblance c. exemplars d. typicality

b. resemblance

Learning in the connectionist network is represented by adjustments to network a. nodes. b. hidden units. c. connection weights. d. output units.

c. connection weights.

Which of the following would most people use to distinguish a hammer and a saw? a. use b. shape c. color d. cost

a. use

Items high on prototypicality have ___________ family resemblances. a. moderate b. no c. strong d. weak

c. strong

According to the ___________ approach, there are certain types of concepts that have specific neural circuits in the brain. a. multiple-factor b. neuronal limitation c. sensory-functional d. semantic category

d. semantic category

According to the sensory-functional hypothesis, our ability to differentiate living things and artifacts depends on a semantic memory system that distinguishes _____ and one that distinguishes _____. a. serial nodes; familiar concepts b. sensations; facts c. sequential networks; familial resemblance d. sensory attributes; function

d. sensory attributes; function

Which of the following pairs would have similar activation patterns when presented in an experiment that simulates error signals and changing connection weights? a. "plum" and "ball" b. "plane" and "bird" c. "car" and "cat" d. "tuna" and "shark"

d. "tuna" and "shark"

Which of the following theories on conceptual representation combines both sensory and motor experiences? a. The embodied approach b. The sensory-functional hypothesis c. The multiple-factor approach d. The hub and spoke model

a. The embodied approach

Not all of the members of everyday categories have the same features. Most fish have gills, fins, and scales. Sharks lack the feature of scales, yet they are still categorized as fish. This poses a problem for the ___________ approach to categorization. a. definitional b. exemplar c. prototype d. family resemblance

a. definitional

Which of the following is NOT a property of the connectionist approach? a. The operation of connectionist networks is not totally disrupted by damage. b. Before any learning has occurred in the network, the weights in the network all equal zero. c. Connectionist networks can explain generalization of learning. d. The connectionist model is rather complex, and involves components like units, links, and connection weights.

b. Before any learning has occurred in the network, the weights in the network all equal zero.

The four proposals addressing the representation of concepts in the brain all agree that the information is ________. a. graded b. distributed c. fragile d. subordinate

b. distributed

Which of the following is NOT associated with the semantic network model? a. Hierarchical organization b. Spreading activation c. Family resemblance d. Cognitive economy

c. Family resemblance

In evaluating retrieval rates for category information for a concept, Collins and Quillian's semantic network approach would predict the slowest reaction times for which of the following statements using a sentence verification technique? a. A field sparrow is a bird. b. A field sparrow is a sparrow. c. A field sparrow is a field sparrow. d. A field sparrow is an animal.

d. A field sparrow is an animal.

Which approach to categorization can more easily take into account atypical cases such as flightless birds? a. Prototype b. Network c. Definitional d. Exemplar

d. Exemplar

Which of the following represents a basic level item? a. Paul McCartney's bass guitar b. Musical instrument c. Rock guitar d. Guitar

d. Guitar

According to the connectionist model, which of the following is impacted by connection weight? a. Sensory reactivation b. Category priming c. Storage capacity d. Synapse activity

d. Synapse activity

One criticism of the embodied approach is that it doesn't explain how humans can recognize ________. a. actions b. colors c. artifacts d. abstractions

d. abstractions

Learning takes place in a connectionist network through a process of ___________ in which an error signal is transmitted starting from the property units. a. graceful degradation b. spreading activation c. error verification d. back propagation

d. back propagation

It may be difficult for young Matthew, who is only 4 years of age, to understand the difference between the iPad that his mother uses, the Kindle that his brother uses, and the Galaxy tablet that his sister uses. After all, all of them are tablets, have touch screens, are electronic technology, and run "apps" that include games and educational programs. These similarities remind us of the concept of ___________, which refers to the fact that animals tend to share many different properties. a. crowding b. overlapping c. obstruction d. convergence

a. crowding

n a semantic network, ___ should appear higher than ___. a. fish; salmon b. fish; animal c. salmon; living thing d. animal; living thing

a. fish; salmon

The definitional approach to categorization a. sets definite criteria called family resemblances that all category members must have. b. doesn't work well for most natural objects like birds, trees, and plants. c. was proposed to replace the prototype approach. d. is not well suited for geometrical objects but works for familiar everyday objects.

b. doesn't work well for most natural objects like birds, trees, and plants.

Latrell is participating in a replication of Hoffman and Ralph's research on the multiple-factor approach. Which of the following stimulus words would Latrell likely rate highest for color? a. couch b. coat c. apple d. sports car

c. apple

Suppose a young child sees a canary and says, "That's a robin," to which the child's mother responds, "No, that's a canary...Robins have red breasts." In this example, the mother's information specifically functions like ___. a. a connection weight b. an error signal c. back propagation d. a hidden unit

c. back propagation

Wallington and Shallice would say that our neural approach for representing concepts is based on ________. a. priming and propagating b. learning and reactivating c. sensing and performing d. prototyping and organizing

c. sensing and performing

In Rosch's approach, subordinate is to _____ as superordinate is to ________. a. node; connection b. basic; special c. specific; global d. person; artifact

c. specific; global

Which of the following statements accurately describes an actual consequence of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to an individual? a. TMS would likely cause permanent memory damage. b. TMS would likely vastly improve reaction time for organizing categories. c. TMS would involve inserting magnetic coils into one's brain. d. TMS would temporarily disrupt the functioning of a particular area of the brain

d. TMS would temporarily disrupt the functioning of a particular area of the brain

Which of the following would likely represent a basic category? a. furniture b. a double bed c. a kitchen chair d. a table

d. a table

Sandeep is conducting research on the embodied approach to conceptual representation. His primary focus is on how subjects ________ a stimulus. a. parallel process b. crowd c. prime d. interact with

d. interact with

Tanak and Taylor built upon Rosch's research to demonstrate how ________ can affect our levels for categorizing concepts. a. culture b. interaction c. brain damage d. knowledge

d. knowledge

Rosch and coworkers conducted an experiment in which participants were shown a category label, like a car or vehicle, and then, after a brief delay, saw a picture. The participants' task was to indicate as rapidly as possible whether the picture was a member of the category. Their results showed a. the priming effect was the same for superordinate and basic level categories. b. no measurable priming effect. c. the priming effect was most robust for superordinate level categories. d. the priming effect was most robust for basic level categories.

d. the priming effect was most robust for basic level categories.