Cognitive Psych Test 2
The three structural components of the modal model of memory are:
sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory
Memory enhancement due to repetition priming is a result of the test stimulus being...
the same as or resembling the priming stimulus
The principle that we encode information together with its context is known as encoding...
Specificity
Free recall of the stimulus list "apple, desk, shoe, sofa, plum, chair, cherry, coat, lamp, pants" will most likely yield which of these response patterns?
"Apple, cherry, plum, shoe, coat, pants, lamp, chair"
In the experiment conducted by Viskontas and coworkers using picture pairs, a participant's later experience of familiarity with a particular pair was coded as ________________
"know"
Which of the following represents the most effective chunking of the digit sequence 14929111776
1492 911 1776
What is the typical duration of short-term memory?
15 to 20 seconds
According to your text, which of the following movies is LEAST accurate in its portrayal of a memory problem?
50 first dates
Which of the following stimuli will last longer in the receiver's sensory memory?
A lion's roar at the zoo
Compared to the whole-report technique, the partial-report procedure involves...
A smaller response set
On what factor do working memory and short-term memory most differ?
Activity
Which example below demonstrates state-dependent learning?
Although Emily doesn't very often think about her first love, Steve, she can't help getting caught up in happy memories when "their song" plays on the radio
Jason quickly scanned the map on his phone to get to his job interview, then took a left and ran down the block so he wouldn't be late. According to Stokes, Jason's ability to recall the directions as he's running is the result of _____________________
An activity state followed by a synaptic state
A task with the instructions "Read the following words while repeating 'the, the, the' out loud, look away, and then write down the words you remember" would most likely be studying....
Articulatory suppression
Neuropsychological evidence indicates that short- and long-term memories probably....
Are caused by different mechanisms that act independently
Have you ever tried to think of the words and hum the melody of one song while the radio is playing a different song? People have often noted that this is very difficult to do. This difficulty can be understood as...
Articulatory suppression
From a cognitive perspective, memories from specific experiences in our life are defined as being ______________
Autobiographical
Which of the following statements is the most accurate with regard to autobiographical memories?
Autobiographical memories can involve both episodic and semantic content
Explicit memory is to ______________ as implicit memory is to __________________
Aware; unaware
Why is classical conditioning considered a form of implicit memory?
Because it involves learning an association without being aware of the reasons behind it
Murdoch's "remembering a list" experiment described the serial position curve and found that memory is best for the ____ of a list.
Both the first and last words
It is easier to perform two tasks at the same time if...
One is handled by the visuospatial sketch pad and one is handled by the phonological loop
The research by Ericsson and colleagues (1980) examined the ability of a college student to achieve amazing feats of memory by having him remember strings of random digits that were recited to him. They found that this student used his experience with running times to help him retain these strings of numbers. The significance of this finding was that:
Chunking requires knowledge of familiar patterns or concepts
___________________ transforms new memories from a fragile state, in which they can be disrupted, to a more permanent state, in which they are resistant to disruption
Consolidation
Imagine you are driving by a friend's new house. In your mind, you say the address repeatedly until you arrive. To remember the address, you used a(n) _________________ process in short-term memory.
Control
Reading free recall of a list of items, which of the following will most likely cause the recency effect to disappear by preventing rehearsal?
Counting backwards for 30 seconds before recall
When investigating the serial position curve, delaying the memory test for 30 seconds
Decreases the recency effect
Which statement below is most closely associated with levels of processing theory?
Deep processing involves paying closer attention to a stimulus than shallow processing and results in better processing
Which of the following is a key factor in the memory-enhancing capacity of sleep?
Distraction
Brief sensory memory for sound is known as...
Echoic memory
How would you describe the relationship between elaborative rehearsal and maintenance rehearsal in terms of establishing long-term memories?
Elaborative is more effective than maintenance
Research into reconsolidation of memories in people who have PTSD has focused on _____________ aspects of memory
Emotional
According to the levels of processing theory, memory durability depends on how information is...
Encoded
Acquiring information and transforming it into memory is...
Encoding
People often report an annoying memory failure when they walk from one end of the house to the other for something and then forgetting what they went to retrieve when they reach their destination. As soon as they return to the first room, they are reminded of what they wanted in the first place. This common experience best illustrates the principle of...
Encoding specificity
Which of the following is not a stage in the information processing model of memory?
Episodic memory
_________________ memories are to experiences as _________________ memories are to facts
Episodic; semantic
The coding of a stimulus into memory refers to which of the following?
Form
The concept of reconsolidation is based on the _______________ of retrieved memories
Fragility
The recency effect occurs when participants are asked to recall a list of words. One way to get rid of the recency effect is to...
Have participants count backwards for 30 seconds after hearing the last word of the list
Research shows that ______________ does not improve reading comprehension because it does not encourage elaborative processing of the material
Highlighting
Which of the following is an example of a semantic memory?
I remember the big island of Hawaii has many active volcanoes
A man suffering from Korsakoff's syndrome would be able to perform which of the following activities without difficulty?
Identifying a photograph of his childhood home
Hebb's idea of long-term potentiation, which provides a physiological mechanism for the long-term storage of memories, includes the idea of
Increased firing in the neurons
Your text describes an "Italian woman" who, after an attack of encephalitis, had difficulty re-membering people or facts she knew before. She could, however, remember her life events and daily tasks. Her memory behavior reflects...
Intact episodic memory but defective semantic memory
According to Tulving, the defining properties of the experience of episodic memory is that
It involves mental time travel
Semantic memory is to _______________ as episodic memory is to __________________
Knowing; remembering
The concept of encoding specificity is grounded in which of the following?
Location
Which of the following is NOT a conclusion from the case of H.M., who had an operation to help alleviate his epileptic seizures?
Long-term memories are unaffected by damage to the hippocampus
Given what we know about the operation of the phonological loop, which of the following word lists would be most difficult for people to retain for 15 seconds?
MAC, CAN, CAP, MAN, MAP
According to the levels of processing theory, which of the following tasks will produce the best long-term memory for a set of words?
Making a connection between each word and something you've previously learned
One of the defining characteristics of implicit memory is that
People are not conscious when they are using it
When light from a flashlight is moved quickly back and forth on a wall in a darkened room, it can appear to observers that there is a trail of light moving across the wall, even though physically the light is only in one place at any given time. This experience is an effect of memory that occurs because of...
Persistence of vision
Funahashi's work on monkeys doing a delayed response task examined the role of neurons in the:
Prefrontal cortex
Physiological studies indicate that damage to the brain's _________________ can disrupt behaviors that depend on working memory
Prefrontal cortex
Chantel has frontal lobe damage. She is doing a problem-solving task in which she has to choose the red object out of many choices. She can easily complete this repeatedly, but when the experimenter asks her to choose the blue object on a new trial of the task, she continues to choose the red one, even when the experimenter gives her feedback that she is incorrect. Chanel is displaying...
Preservation
Lucille is teaching Kendra how to play racquetball. She teaches her how to hold the racquet, where to stand, and how to make effective shots. These learned skills that Lucille has acquired are an example of ________ memory.
Procedural
The maintenance rehearsal task of learning a word by repeating it over and over again is most likely to:
Produce some short-term remembering, but fail to produce longer-term memories
Believing that a particular statement is true simply because you have seen the statement in previous instances is known as the ______________ effect.
Propoganda
Which of the following involves procedural memory?
Reading a sentence in a book
This multiple choice question is an example of a ____ test.
Recognition
Retrograde amnesia is usually less severe for ________________ memories
Remote
Elaborative rehearsal of a word will LEAST likely be accomplished by
Repeating it over and over
Models designed to explain mental functioning are constantly refined and modified to explain new results. Which of the following exemplifies this concept based on the results presented in your text?
Replacing the short-term memory component of the modal model with working memory
_________________ cues help us remember information that has been stored in memory
Retrieval
Examples from your book describing real experiences of how memories, even ones from a long time ago, can be stimulated by locations, songs, and smells highlight the importance of ____ in LTM.
Retrieval cues
What is the key difference between synaptic consolidation and systems consolidation?
Scale
Remembering that a tomato is actually a fruit rather than vegetable is an example of ________ memory.
Semantic
Which of the following is NOT an example of an implicit memory
Semantic memory
Which of the following terms does NOT reflect the concept of control processes?
Sensory
Which of the following scenarios best illustrates how effective of ineffective maintenance rehearsal is in transferring information into long-term memory?
Serena's keys were stolen from her purse. She cannot give a detailed description of her keychain to the police, even though she used it every day for three years
According to memory research, studying is most effective if study sessions are
Short and over several days
A person with a reduced digit span would most likely have a problem with ___________________ memory
Short-term
Digit span is one measure of capacity of...
Short-term memory
Suppose you're on the phone with a customer support representative who gives you a ticket number for your records. You're later transferred to a different representative who asks for your ticket number, but you've forgotten it. This probably occurred because the number was only temporarily stored in your....
Short-term memory
Your book discusses the memory functioning of patient H.M. who underwent brain surgery to relieve severe epileptic seizures. H.M.'s case has been extremely informative to psychologists by demonstrating that...
Short-term memory can operate normally while long-term memory is impaired
Which of the following statements about short-term memory is FALSE?
Short-term memory stores an exact replica of sensory memory
Rehearsal is important for transferring information from...
Short-term memory to long-term memory
The propaganda effect demonstrates that we evaluate familiar statements as being true....
Simply because we have been exposed to them before
The standard model of consolidation proposes that the hippocampus is...
Strongly active when memories are first formed and being consolidated but become less active when retrieving older memories that are already consolidated
________________ consolidation involves the gradual reorganization of circuits within brain regions and takes place on a fairly long time scale
Systems
The type of coding that occurs in a particular situation primarily depends on the ____________
Task
Jenkins and Russell (1952) presented a list of words like "chair, apple, dish, shoe, cherry, sofa" to participants. In a test, participants recalled the words in a different order than the order in which they were originally presented. This result occurred because of the
Tendency of objects in the same category to become organized
Dr. Leung is leading a research team to explore the retrieval practice effect. Which of the following will likely be a key component of her team's research protocol?
Testing
The episodic buffer directly connects to which two components in Baddeley's model of memory?
The central executive and long-term memory
The dramatic case of patient H.M. clearly illustrates that ____ is crucial for the formation of long-term memories
The hippocampus
Your text discusses how episodic and semantic memories are interconnected. This discussion revealed that when we experience events,
The knowledge that makes up semantic memories is initially attained through a personal experience based in episodic memory
Which of the following is most likely associated with implicit memory?
The propaganda effect
Jeannie loves to dance, having taken ballet for many years. She is now learning salsa dancing. Although the movements are very different from the dances she is familiar with, she has found a successful memory strategy of linking the new dance information to her previous experiences as a dancer and to her own affection for dance. This strategy suggests reliance on
The self-reference effect
Wickens et al.'s "fruit, meat, and professions" experiment failed to show a release from proactive interference in the "fruit" group because...
The stimulus category remained the same
transfer-appropriate processing is likely to occur if...
The type of encoding task matches the type of retrieval task
Imagine yourself walking from your car, bus stop, or dorm to your first class. Your ability to form such a picture in your mind depends on...
The visuospatial sketch pad
In which of the following examples of two different brain-injured patients (Tom and Tim) is a double dissociation demonstrated?
Tom has a good semantic memory and poor episodic memory, while Tim has good episodic memory but poor semantic memory
According to the model of working memory, which of the following mental tasks should LEAST adversely affect people's driving performance while operating a car along an unfamiliar, winding road?
Trying to remember the definition of a word they just learned
Researchers understood that KF had experienced a decline in short-term memory capacity because he had a digit span of __________
Two
Which of the following correctly lists the types of memory from least to most complex?
Visual, semantic, episodic
Recent research on memory, based largely on fear conditioning in rats, indicates that:
When a memory is reactivated, it becomes capable of being changed or altered, just as it was immediately after it was formed
If working memory were an actual workplace, which of the following best describes the members of Baddeley's model?
Workers and managers
Working memory differs from short-term memory in that...
Working memory is engaged in processing information