cognitive psychology - exam 3 ch. 7-9
If you say that "a Labrador retriever is my idea of a typical dog," you would be using the _____ approach to categorization. -prototype -definitional -exemplar -family resemblance
exemplar
Students, beware! Research shows that _____ does not improve reading comprehension because it does not encourage elaborative processing of the material. -making up questions about the material -organization -highlighting -feedback
highlighting
Jacoby's experiment, in which participants made judgments about whether they had previously seen the names of famous and non-famous people, found that inaccurate memories based on source misattributions occurred after a delay of -24 hours -one hour -one week -one month
24 hours
Which statement below is NOT true, based on the results of memory research? -Although eyewitness testimony is often faulty, people who have just viewed a videotape of a crime are quite accurate at picking the "perpetrator" from a lineup. -Suggestion can create false memories for events that occurred when a person was a young child. -Suggestion can create false memories for an event that a person has experienced just recently. -Many miscarriages of justice have occurred based on faulty eyewitness testimony.
Although eyewitness testimony is often faulty, people who have just viewed a videotape of a crime are quite accurate at picking the "perpetrator" from a lineup.
How would you describe the relationship between elaborative rehearsal and maintenance rehearsal in terms of establishing long-term memories? -Elaborative is more effective than maintenance. -Each one is sometimes more effective, depending on the learning circumstances. -Maintenance is more effective than elaborative. -Both are equally effective in all learning circumstances.
Elaborative is more effective than maintenance.
In a lexical decision task, participants have to decide whether -a stimulus is presented -a statement is true -two stimuli are associated -a presented stimulus is a word
a presented stimulus is a word
According to Collins and Quillian's semantic network model, it should take longest to verify which statement below? -A turtle is related to a fish -Turtles are turtles -A turtle is an animal -A turtle is an amphibian
a turtle is an animal
The memory mechanism Hebb proposed is associated with -changes at the synapse. -both changes at the synapse and long-term potentiation. -long-term potentiation. -changes in specialized areas of the brain
both changes at the synapse and long-term potentiation
The definitional approach to categorization -sets definite criteria called family resemblances that all category members must have. -is not well suited for geometrical objects but works for familiar everyday objects. -was proposed to replace the prototype approach. -doesn't work well for most natural objects like birds, trees, and plants.
doesn't work well for most natural objects like birds, trees, and plants
Graded amnesia occurs because -remote memories are more connected to the hippocampus than recent memories. -emotional memories are more connected to the amygdala than nonemotional memories. -recent memories are more connected to the hippocampus than remote memories. -nonemotional memories are more connected to the amygdala than emotional memories.
emotional memories are more connected to the amygdala than nonemotional memories.
____ occurs when reading a sentence leads a person to expect something that is not explicitly stated or necessarily implied by the sentence. -Prospective memory -Observer perspective -Pragmatic inference -Automatic narrative
pragmatic inference
Rosch found that participants respond more rapidly in a same-different task when presented with "good" examples of colors such as "red" and "green" than when they are presented with "poor" examples such as "pink" or "light green." The result of this experiment was interpreted as supporting the _____ approach to categorization. -parallel processing -prototype -exemplar -network
prototype
Experimental evidence suggesting that the standard model of consolidation needs to be revised are data that show that the hippocampus was activated during retrieval of ____ memories. -recent and remote semantic -remote semantic -recent episodic -recent and remote episodic
recent and remote episodic
Retrograde amnesia is usually less severe for ______ memories. -recent -anterograde -remote -emotional
remote
According to the multiple trace hypothesis, the hippocampus is involved in retrieval of -state-dependent memories -remote, episodic memories -remote, semantic memories -remote procedural memories
remote, episodic memories
Some suggest that students should study in a variety of places. This suggestion is based on research showing that people remember material better if they learned it in a number of different locations, compared to studying the same amount of time in one location. The suggestion solves a problem raised by -levels of processing -the encoding specificity principle -the spacing effect -the distributed practice effect
the encoding specificity principle
The principle that we encode information together with its context is known as -memory consolidation -repetition priming -a self-reference effect -encoding specificity
encoding specificity
Define source-monitoring errors. Then, describe some research that illustrates these errors. Finally, explain why these errors reinforce the characterization of memory as being "constructive."
A source-monitoring error happens when we misidentify the source of a memory. One experiment that demonstrated this was the "becoming famous overnight" experiment, in which people misattributed the source of their familiarity with a name to a "famous names" list, rather than a "nonfamous names" list. This experiment demonstrates how people can "construct" memory based upon their own perceptions/expectations, as the individuals who made these source errors "constructed" a memory of hearing the names from a list in which they did not belong.
Your text describes an experiment by Talarico and Rubin (2003) that measured people's memories of the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001. Which of the following was the primary result of that research? -After 32 weeks, participants had a high level of confidence in their memories of the terrorist events, but lower belief in their memories of "everyday" events. -Participants had high confidence in the accuracy of their memories of the terrorist events 32 weeks later, but when actually tested made significant errors when asked what they were doing on the day of the attacks. -Participants had very little confidence in the accuracy of their memories of the events 32 weeks after they occurred. -Participants had a very high level of confidence of the terrorist events and also had high confidence in their present "everyday" memories 32 weeks later.
After 32 weeks, participants had a high level of confidence in their memories of the terrorist events, but lower belief in their memories of "everyday" events.
Explain the nature of flashbulb memories and what is known about them.
Flashbulb memories are "memories for circumstances surrounding shocking, highly charged important events." These memories include where you were and what you were doing when you heard about the event, and can be very emotional seem vivid, and be very detailed. However, these memories are subject to errors, possibly due to narrative rehearsal, or the telling/retelling of the events over time. Despite these potential errors, people's confidence in the accuracy of these memories remains high.
Describe the prototype approach to categorization. Define prototype and give examples for the category of "clothing." Mention items that are high and low on prototypicality in the clothing category. Finally, identify the name of the individual who performed a substantial amount of work in this area of research.
In this approach, an object/item is compared to a category prototype to determine if the new item belongs in a category. A prototype is a "typical" member of a category, and is an average of many different real things; the prototype itself is NOT a real member. For an article of clothing, a prototype may be an object, made of fabric, that goes over or on one's body for the purposes of covering the skin. An object with high prototypicality would be a shirt, whereas a an object with low prototypicality would be a thong. Rosch is the researcher who did a lot of work in this area of research.
Lourdes and Kim have been studying for two hours for their chemistry exam. Both girls are tired of studying. Lourdes decides to watch a two-hour movie on DVD, while Kim decides to go to bed. What would you predict about their performance on the chemistry exam? -Lourdes performs better because of reactivation. -Lourdes performs better because of encoding specificity. -Kim performs better because of encoding specificity. -Kim performs better because of reactivation.
Kim performs better because of reactivation
____ occurs when more recent learning impairs memory for something that happened further back in the past. -Retroactive interference -Pragmatic inference -Reminiscent memory -Feature integration
Retroactive interference
Name the 3 levels of categories, and explain which one is the "best" in terms of the amount of information it contains. Lastly, name the researcher responsible for exploring this concept.
The 3 levels are superordinate/global, basic, and specific/subordinate. The privileged level is the basic level, because we gain a lot of information over global when going to basic, and only gain a small amount when we go from basic to specific/subordinate. Rosch is the researcher responsible for the research into this phenomenon.
For most adults over age 40, the reminiscence bump describes enhanced memory for -adolescence and young adulthood -childhood and middle age -childhood and adolescence -young adulthood and middle age
adolescence and young adulthood
According to levels of processing theory, deep processing results in better memory. However, studies have shown that shallow processing can result in better memory when the individual encodes _____ and is tested _____. -semantically; visually -semantically; auditorially -auditorially; auditorially -auditorially; semantically
auditorially; auditorially
In Lindsay's "misinformation effect" experiment, participants saw a sequence of slides showing a maintenance man stealing money and a computer. This slide presentation included narration by a female speaker who described what was happening in the slides as they were shown. Results showed that the misinformation effect was greatest when MPI presentation was -auditory from a female speaker -auditory from a male speaker -visual -auditory, regardless of the gender of the speaker
auditory from a female speaker
In the "word list" false memory experiment where several students incorrectly remembered hearing the word sleep, false memory occurs because of -verbatim recall -cryptomnesia -constructive memory processes -the effect of scripts
constructive memory processes
In the "War of the Ghosts" experiment, participants' reproductions contained inaccuracies based on -shallow processing -source misattributions -cultural expectations -narrative rehearsal
cultural expectations
According to the levels of processing theory, memory durability depends on the depth at which information is -consolidated -retrieved -encoded -stored
encoded
The "wedding reception" false memory experiment shows that false memories can be explained as a product of familiarity and -source misattribution -consequentiality -confabulation -retroactive interference
source misattribution
Collins and Quillian's semantic network model predicts that the reaction time to verify "a canary is a bird" is _____ the reaction time to verify "an ostrich is a bird." -faster than -interfered with by -the same as -slower than
the same as
The repeated reproduction technique used in memory studies involves -the same participants recalling some information many times but, each time, receiving different retrieval cues to assist their recall. -the same participants remembering some information for as many trials as it takes to recall all of the information correctly. -different groups of participants remembering some information across different periods of time after learning the information. -the same participants remembering some information at longer and longer intervals after learning the information
the same participants remembering some information at longer and longer intervals after learning the information
Autobiographical memory research shows that a person's brain is more extensively activated when viewing photos -the person has never seen before -the person has seen before -of familiar places -they took themselves
they took themselves
