Cognitive Psychology Quizzes 3-6

Imagine I bring in participants and have them listen to a series of sentences. Two such sentences are as follows: "Walter White, who was a chemistry high school teacher, started selling drugs to support his family." And "Walter White laundered his drug money at a carwash that he owned with his wife." Which of the following are statements that the participants would think they had heard (based on the theory of propositional arguments)?

- Walter White, a chemistry high school teacher, sold drugs to support his family and laundered drug money at a carwash with his wife. - In order to support his family, Walter White, a chemistry teacher, sold drugs and laundered his drug money at his family's carwash to support the family. - Walter White, a high school teacher, laundered his drug money at the carwash that he and his wife owned.

Which of the following is a common problem with flashbulb memories?

Although flashbulb memories are vivid, they are often inaccurate.

Let's assume that a student in a psychology class has a schema for what exams are like. If their new professor, Dr. Chapman, announces that they will have their first exam in a week, what can they expect?

Based on their schema of psychology exams, the students will probably assume that the exam will contain questions that they will have to answer, and that they will likely have to answer more than a single question. They will also assume that the content of the exam will come from lectures, the textbook, or both.

If a participant is shown pairs of items and asked to judge whether they are words or nonwords as quickly as possible, the participant should respond more quickly to "GLOVE-TEACHER" than "CEREAL-MILK".

False

It is safer to talk on a hands-free cell phone while driving than talking on a hand-held cell phone while driving.

False

Memory for the top-bottom orientation of an image decays rapidly.

False

Schemas do not allow for variation in the objects or items that fit a particular category.

False

The Power Law of Learning shows that the time needed to recognize a fact you are learning will remain the same every time you are tested.

False

The four R's in the PQ4R method are: Read, Recite, Regurgitate, Review.

False

The theory of spreading activation refers to short-term memory.

False

The word-length effect provides strong evidence that Baddeley was incorrect about the articulatory loop in his model of working memory.

False

Which of the following is an example of elaborative processing?

If you are asked to memorize "The wrecking ball flew through the air", you will finish the sentence with "and smashed the building" in order to help you remember the first statement you were asked to memorize.

If we have looked at a particular region in space, we prefer to look at another location than return our attention to the previous region. We are also slower to return our attention to a region that we have recently attended to. What phenomenon do these two statements describe?

Inhibition of Return

Wanner's (1983) experiment with participants listening to instructions revealed what about memory?

Memory is better for changes in wording that impact meaning (rather than style alone). Memory for meaning change is equally good whether people are warned that a change will occur or not, whereas memory for a stylistic change is much better when people are warned than not.

Which of the following statements IS NOT true of incidental and intentional learning?

Memory is better for intentional learning than incidental learning regardless of the circumstances.

Which of the following is not an example of a flashbulb memory?

Miley remembers what she ate for breakfast and lunch this morning.

Mandler & Ritchey (1977) studied recognition memory for information in visual scenes. Which of the following statements is true of their findings regarding the effect of token distracters and type distracters on recognition?

Participants correctly rejected the type distracters 94% of the time but only rejected the token distracters 60% of the time.

In Treisman and Gelade's (1980) study on visual search, they investigated whether participants' visual search would be faster when they could search using a single feature rather than a conjunction of two features. What were the findings of their study?

Participants looking for a target letter 'T' in an array of 'Y's and 'I's find the 'T' 400 ms faster than participants searching for a 'T' in an array of 'Z's and 'I's

The Theory of Propositional Representation would predict which of the following:

People remember the meaning of primitive assertions that are made in a sentence but do not remember the precise wording used in the sentence.

What is the crucial difference between short-term memory and Baddely's phonological loop?

Short-term memory is critical for getting information into long-term memory whereas the phonological loop only functions to keep information available in an auxiliary system.

In long-term memory, currently attended items (e.g words) can help make associated memories more available. Words and items can prime our memory for other items. What is this referred to?

Spreading Activation

In an experiment, participants are asked to watch a screen as words appear on it. The words are printed in different colors of ink. The participant's task is to say aloud the name of the ink color of each word as fast as they can. Participants will have trouble naming the color of the ink instead of naming the word itself. What is the name for this automatic processing effect?

Stroop effect

The dichotic listening research reviewed in the textbook provides the strongest support for which theory of information processing and attention?

The Attenuation Theory

In a dichotic listening task, participants are unable to recall much information about the message directed in which ear?

The non-attended ear

A serial bottleneck in information processing can be defined as which of the following?

The point at which it is no longer possible to process all incoming information in parallel.

The two systems that Baddely proposed in his theory of working memory are:

The visuospatial sketchpad and the phonological sketchpad

Baddeley's theory proposed that working memory functioned with a central executive that controlled two slave systems including a visuospatial sketchpad and a phonological loop.

True

Children believe that all things in an artifact category have the same functions and all things in a biological category have the same parts.

True

Infants under 1 year and monkeys with frontal lobe damage are not able to successfully perform delayed match to sample tasks.

True

It is hard for humans to think about two things at one time, which is likely a result from a central bottleneck.

True

Memory for the left-right orientation of an image decays rapidly.

True

Some scientists who support the embodied cognition perspective believe that our understanding of language relies on our covert simulation of the actions that the language is describing.

True

Spreading activation explains how a context can help make some memories more available.

True

The depth of processing theory argues that rehearsal will improve a memory only when the items are processed in a deep and meaningful way.

True

The term "isa link" refers to the connection between nodes in a semantic network.

True

The two critical factors in the activation equation for the ACT theory are the base-level activation and the activation received through associations.

True

Schemas represent categorical knowledge according to a slot structure.

Ture

The short-term memory span of most adults is what?

Typical memory span is 7 items.

Which of the following best describes the Power Law of Learning?

When people try to learn a set of facts (and they practice those facts daily), the time it takes to recognize a fact will decrease. However, the rate of improvement will decrease overtime. Each day, the improvement is a bit smaller.

The delayed match to sample task allows researchers to assess what type of memory?

working memory