COGS 100 (Week 1) - What is Cognitive Science? + The CRUM

Example of Concepts - (Concepts)

- Bird -> wings, flies, beak, ...

Example of Images - (Images)

- What does an upside-down "W" look like?

What does the device CRUM hold perform?

Performs computations on representations.

Example of logic

Syllogisms

A simple and influential type of program

The Turing machine

Serial position effect - (Conclusion)

These two effects are subserved by different parts of the human memory system.

Example of syllogisms - (Logic)

- Children like bananas - Naomi is a child - Naomi likes bananas

What topics challenges 'classical' cognitive science?

- Cognitive science and the brain - Embodied/situated cognition - Social cognition - Emotion

Cognitive science in depth of what it includes

- Consciousness - Language - Learning - Information processing - Decision making

Example of outcome of combing should + not (do any)

- For the upcoming test, Maria should(n't) study the textbook. - From what I know, Maria should(n't) be at home by now.

Examples of ideas that made made cognitive science more known and who

- Formed structured representations that serve as 'chunks' for short-term memory (Miller) - Language being more than a habit but a system in the mind/brain that generates an infinite number of grammatical utterances (Chomsky).

What does the algorithmic level do?

- Functional decomposition apart from any physical infrastructure - finds out how we get from input to output - Find out what the marts of machine do rather than what they are made of

The cycle of how to study the mind.

- Hypothesis - Experiment - Computational/mathematical modeling - Theory

What happens in the short-term store - (The algorithmic level, memory)

- Information decays very quickly - Information must be processed further (rehearsed) in order not to be lost

What topics relate to 'classical' cognitive science?

- Judgment and decision making - Perception - Concepts and language - Attention and memory

Example of Analogies - (Analogies)

- Last week I gave Naomi a banana and she ate it... - This week I'm babysitting Clementine and she's hungry...

Types of representations and computations

- Logic - Rules - Concepts - Analogies - Images - Connections (artificial neural networks)

What can the program in the turing machine do?

- Move left or right one cell - Read the current contents of the cell - Write a symbol into the current cell

The physical architecture of the machine - (the implementational level)

- Neuronal structure in the brain (neurons, synapses). - Parts of a computer connected together (transistors, wires etc.)

What does cognitive science result in the efforts of researchers working on what?

- Philosophy - Psychology - Linguistics - Artificial intelligence - Robotics - Neuroscience

What did J.B Watson & B.F Skinner believe in?

- Psychologists should examine stimulus-response relationships - Talk of the mind was deemed irrelevant

Who does cognitive science?

- Psychology - Philosophy - Linguistics - Artificial Intelligence - Anthropology - Neuroscience

Difference of our mind and the turing machine

- The mind receives sensory input and produces motor output, whereas the turing computation is only symbolic - The mind has limits on memory capacity, whereas a turing machine's memory is infinite - Brain is capable of parallel operations, whereas a turing computation is serial - The mind may allow for stochastic (probabilistic ) computation, whereas turing machines are deterministic

Cognitive Approach - cognitive model (can scientifically study internal behavior)

1. Input - in the environment 2. Mediational process - mental event 3. Output - behavior

Name 1 person involved in the artificial intelligence scene? -(Cognitive revolution)

1. J. McCarthy 2. M. Minsky 3. A. Newell 4. H. Simon

Name 1 behaviorists

1. J.B Watson 2. B.F Skinner

Cognitive Approach - behaviorist model (only study observable/ external behavior)

1. Stimulus - in the environment 2. Black Box - can't be studied 3. Response - behavior

Name the three levels of explanation - (tri-level hypothesis)

1. The computational level 2. The algorithmic level 3. The implentational level

What time frame did cognitive science start?

1950s

Syllogism

A logical structure that uses the major premise and minor premise to reach a necessary conclusion.

A turing machine

A mathematical model of a hypothetical computing machine that can use a predefined set of rules to determine a result from a set of input variables.

Memory in the algorithmic level

A short-term store of memory and a long-term store. (Peterson & Peterson, 1959)

The implementational level

A specification of the algorithms in the form of a computer program or: a neurological model of how the actual brain processes.

Who created the turing machine and when?

A. Turing, 1936

The computational level

An abstract level of analysis that asks what type of problem a computation solves and how it may have arisen.

The tri-level hypothesis

Any information processing task (machine) needs three level of explanation.

What is information we know about the world applied in?

Applied in interpreting information from the eye.

What can Cognitive science roughly be summed up as?

As the scientific interdisciplinary study of the mind.

How to study the mind?

Can't be studied through mere introspection.

What is the ticker tape memory divided into

Cells

How can the limit of 7 items being stored be overcomed?

Chunking

What are chunks and what do they require?

Chunks are mental representations that require procedures.

What is chunking in memory?

Clustering individual elements into groups.

CAPTCHA (what does it stand for)

Completely Automated Public Turing Test To Tell Computers and Humans Apart.

What is CRUM an analogy with?

Computer programs

Theory on mental operations what does it depend on

Depends on our theory of mental representations.

What occurred in 1956 that contributed to the cognitive revolution?

G.A Miller's magic number 7 (plus or minus 2)

What does the CRUM hold

Holds that the mind is an information processing device

Simplified def of what the algorithmic level

How -> functional description

Simplified def of what the implementation level

How -> physical implementation

Example of Rules - (Rules)

IF you give Naomi a banana, THEN she will eat it.

Connections (artificial neural networks) - (Connections)

Input -> Hidden -> Output

What is cognitive science by nature

Interdisciplinary by nature

What can cognitive model only scientifically study?

Internal behavior

Mental representations

Internal symbolic structures with meaning.

What must our visual system (the visual processing 'machine) do?

It must force the space of possibilities.

Who proposed the three levels of analysis

Marr

Who invented the tri-level hypothesis and when?

Marr, 1982

Example of the algorithmic level

Memory

What are the operations that transform representations

Mental computations

What can be represented even though if it never existed or couldn't exist

Mental representations

Underdetermination

No amount of data can uniquely determine a correct theory.

"It appears that we recognize a new item as a sentence not because it matches some familiar item in any simple way, but because it is generated by the grammar that each individual has somehow and in some form internalized. And we understand a new sentence, in part, because we are somehow capable of determining the process by which this sentence is derived in this grammar." Who said this quote?

Noam Chomsky

Name 1 person involved in the linguistics scene?

Noam Chomsky

What can behaviorist model only study?

Observable/external behavior

Presentation rate increased/low frequency words used

Primacy effect attenuated

Program vs Mind

Program: - Data structures - Algorithms - Running programs Mind: - Mental representations - Computational procedures - Thinking

What did behaviorism dominate up to the 1950s?

Psychology

Recall task delayed

Recency effect attenuated

What does mental representations do?

Retain an image of objects, scenes, etc.

Outcome of combining should + not

Should(n't)

Cognitive science

Study of the mind and its process

Serial position effect

Tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list.

Primacy effect

Tendency to remember words at the beginning of a list especially well

Recency effect

Tendency to remember words at the end of a list especially well

What is G.A Miller's magic number 7 (plus or minus 2)

That people can store about 7 items in short-term memory.

What does cognitive science theorize?

That there are mental representations and processes that condition behavior (not just stimulus-response).

What is the central hypothesis of cognitive science according to Thagart, Mind?

That thinking can be best understood in terms of representational structures in the mind and the computational procedures that operate on those structures.

What does CRUM stand for?

The Computational Representational Understanding of Mind

Mental grammar

The mental representation of grammar. The knowledge that a speaker has about the linguistic units and rules of his native language.

According to Marr, what is Vision described as in the computational level

The pattern of light hitting the retina cannot uniquely determine the arrangement of objects (underdetermination).

The algorithmic level

The process we go through to perform a task.

Linguistics

The scientific study of the structure, sounds, and meaning of language.

What is Turing (1950) - (Weak equivalence and the Turing test)

Turing (1950) was about whether machines can think.

1 example of a simple information processor

Turing machine

Weak equivalence - (Limitations of the computational level)

Two machine are weakly equivalent when they produce the same input /output behavior

Example of the computational level

Vision

We can introspect about our thinking, but what don't we have access to?

We don't have conscious access to everything about the way the mind works.

Simplified def of what the computational level

What?

Example of weak equivalence

When a parent teaches a child to play chess. The child learns the legal moves for each piece, but no overall strategy. The parent and child both 'play chess', but are they doing the same thing at the computational level?

Strong equivalence

When the same procedures are involved.

Another way of interpreting cognitive science

Who does it and how they do it