COGS 100 (Week 1) - What is Cognitive Science? + The CRUM
Example of Concepts - (Concepts)
- Bird -> wings, flies, beak, ...
Example of Images - (Images)
- What does an upside-down "W" look like?
What does the device CRUM hold perform?
Performs computations on representations.
Example of logic
Syllogisms
A simple and influential type of program
The Turing machine
Serial position effect - (Conclusion)
These two effects are subserved by different parts of the human memory system.
Example of syllogisms - (Logic)
- Children like bananas - Naomi is a child - Naomi likes bananas
What topics challenges 'classical' cognitive science?
- Cognitive science and the brain - Embodied/situated cognition - Social cognition - Emotion
Cognitive science in depth of what it includes
- Consciousness - Language - Learning - Information processing - Decision making
Example of outcome of combing should + not (do any)
- For the upcoming test, Maria should(n't) study the textbook. - From what I know, Maria should(n't) be at home by now.
Examples of ideas that made made cognitive science more known and who
- Formed structured representations that serve as 'chunks' for short-term memory (Miller) - Language being more than a habit but a system in the mind/brain that generates an infinite number of grammatical utterances (Chomsky).
What does the algorithmic level do?
- Functional decomposition apart from any physical infrastructure - finds out how we get from input to output - Find out what the marts of machine do rather than what they are made of
The cycle of how to study the mind.
- Hypothesis - Experiment - Computational/mathematical modeling - Theory
What happens in the short-term store - (The algorithmic level, memory)
- Information decays very quickly - Information must be processed further (rehearsed) in order not to be lost
What topics relate to 'classical' cognitive science?
- Judgment and decision making - Perception - Concepts and language - Attention and memory
Example of Analogies - (Analogies)
- Last week I gave Naomi a banana and she ate it... - This week I'm babysitting Clementine and she's hungry...
Types of representations and computations
- Logic - Rules - Concepts - Analogies - Images - Connections (artificial neural networks)
What can the program in the turing machine do?
- Move left or right one cell - Read the current contents of the cell - Write a symbol into the current cell
The physical architecture of the machine - (the implementational level)
- Neuronal structure in the brain (neurons, synapses). - Parts of a computer connected together (transistors, wires etc.)
What does cognitive science result in the efforts of researchers working on what?
- Philosophy - Psychology - Linguistics - Artificial intelligence - Robotics - Neuroscience
What did J.B Watson & B.F Skinner believe in?
- Psychologists should examine stimulus-response relationships - Talk of the mind was deemed irrelevant
Who does cognitive science?
- Psychology - Philosophy - Linguistics - Artificial Intelligence - Anthropology - Neuroscience
Difference of our mind and the turing machine
- The mind receives sensory input and produces motor output, whereas the turing computation is only symbolic - The mind has limits on memory capacity, whereas a turing machine's memory is infinite - Brain is capable of parallel operations, whereas a turing computation is serial - The mind may allow for stochastic (probabilistic ) computation, whereas turing machines are deterministic
Cognitive Approach - cognitive model (can scientifically study internal behavior)
1. Input - in the environment 2. Mediational process - mental event 3. Output - behavior
Name 1 person involved in the artificial intelligence scene? -(Cognitive revolution)
1. J. McCarthy 2. M. Minsky 3. A. Newell 4. H. Simon
Name 1 behaviorists
1. J.B Watson 2. B.F Skinner
Cognitive Approach - behaviorist model (only study observable/ external behavior)
1. Stimulus - in the environment 2. Black Box - can't be studied 3. Response - behavior
Name the three levels of explanation - (tri-level hypothesis)
1. The computational level 2. The algorithmic level 3. The implentational level
What time frame did cognitive science start?
1950s
Syllogism
A logical structure that uses the major premise and minor premise to reach a necessary conclusion.
A turing machine
A mathematical model of a hypothetical computing machine that can use a predefined set of rules to determine a result from a set of input variables.
Memory in the algorithmic level
A short-term store of memory and a long-term store. (Peterson & Peterson, 1959)
The implementational level
A specification of the algorithms in the form of a computer program or: a neurological model of how the actual brain processes.
Who created the turing machine and when?
A. Turing, 1936
The computational level
An abstract level of analysis that asks what type of problem a computation solves and how it may have arisen.
The tri-level hypothesis
Any information processing task (machine) needs three level of explanation.
What is information we know about the world applied in?
Applied in interpreting information from the eye.
What can Cognitive science roughly be summed up as?
As the scientific interdisciplinary study of the mind.
How to study the mind?
Can't be studied through mere introspection.
What is the ticker tape memory divided into
Cells
How can the limit of 7 items being stored be overcomed?
Chunking
What are chunks and what do they require?
Chunks are mental representations that require procedures.
What is chunking in memory?
Clustering individual elements into groups.
CAPTCHA (what does it stand for)
Completely Automated Public Turing Test To Tell Computers and Humans Apart.
What is CRUM an analogy with?
Computer programs
Theory on mental operations what does it depend on
Depends on our theory of mental representations.
What occurred in 1956 that contributed to the cognitive revolution?
G.A Miller's magic number 7 (plus or minus 2)
What does the CRUM hold
Holds that the mind is an information processing device
Simplified def of what the algorithmic level
How -> functional description
Simplified def of what the implementation level
How -> physical implementation
Example of Rules - (Rules)
IF you give Naomi a banana, THEN she will eat it.
Connections (artificial neural networks) - (Connections)
Input -> Hidden -> Output
What is cognitive science by nature
Interdisciplinary by nature
What can cognitive model only scientifically study?
Internal behavior
Mental representations
Internal symbolic structures with meaning.
What must our visual system (the visual processing 'machine) do?
It must force the space of possibilities.
Who proposed the three levels of analysis
Marr
Who invented the tri-level hypothesis and when?
Marr, 1982
Example of the algorithmic level
Memory
What are the operations that transform representations
Mental computations
What can be represented even though if it never existed or couldn't exist
Mental representations
Underdetermination
No amount of data can uniquely determine a correct theory.
"It appears that we recognize a new item as a sentence not because it matches some familiar item in any simple way, but because it is generated by the grammar that each individual has somehow and in some form internalized. And we understand a new sentence, in part, because we are somehow capable of determining the process by which this sentence is derived in this grammar." Who said this quote?
Noam Chomsky
Name 1 person involved in the linguistics scene?
Noam Chomsky
What can behaviorist model only study?
Observable/external behavior
Presentation rate increased/low frequency words used
Primacy effect attenuated
Program vs Mind
Program: - Data structures - Algorithms - Running programs Mind: - Mental representations - Computational procedures - Thinking
What did behaviorism dominate up to the 1950s?
Psychology
Recall task delayed
Recency effect attenuated
What does mental representations do?
Retain an image of objects, scenes, etc.
Outcome of combining should + not
Should(n't)
Cognitive science
Study of the mind and its process
Serial position effect
Tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list.
Primacy effect
Tendency to remember words at the beginning of a list especially well
Recency effect
Tendency to remember words at the end of a list especially well
What is G.A Miller's magic number 7 (plus or minus 2)
That people can store about 7 items in short-term memory.
What does cognitive science theorize?
That there are mental representations and processes that condition behavior (not just stimulus-response).
What is the central hypothesis of cognitive science according to Thagart, Mind?
That thinking can be best understood in terms of representational structures in the mind and the computational procedures that operate on those structures.
What does CRUM stand for?
The Computational Representational Understanding of Mind
Mental grammar
The mental representation of grammar. The knowledge that a speaker has about the linguistic units and rules of his native language.
According to Marr, what is Vision described as in the computational level
The pattern of light hitting the retina cannot uniquely determine the arrangement of objects (underdetermination).
The algorithmic level
The process we go through to perform a task.
Linguistics
The scientific study of the structure, sounds, and meaning of language.
What is Turing (1950) - (Weak equivalence and the Turing test)
Turing (1950) was about whether machines can think.
1 example of a simple information processor
Turing machine
Weak equivalence - (Limitations of the computational level)
Two machine are weakly equivalent when they produce the same input /output behavior
Example of the computational level
Vision
We can introspect about our thinking, but what don't we have access to?
We don't have conscious access to everything about the way the mind works.
Simplified def of what the computational level
What?
Example of weak equivalence
When a parent teaches a child to play chess. The child learns the legal moves for each piece, but no overall strategy. The parent and child both 'play chess', but are they doing the same thing at the computational level?
Strong equivalence
When the same procedures are involved.
Another way of interpreting cognitive science
Who does it and how they do it