College Bio Chapter 5
Types of endocytosis
phagocytosis, pinocytosis
Passive transport
transport that doesn't require energy from us; gets energy from the kinetic energy of the molecules
True or false -- Less energy is needed to bring about a reaction when an enzyme is present
true
Diffusion
going from a high to low concentration through a semi-permeable membrane
Facilitated diffusion
going from a high to low concentration; has a carrier protein; molecule has to fit perfectly
Exocytosis
out of the cell
Differences between kinetic and potential energy
potential: potential/ability to do work, still or stored; kinetic: doing the work, moving
Filtration
pressure gradience; higher pressure on one side than the other ex: kidneys
Example of extracellular matrix
proteins, enzymes
Secretion
getting rid of the good stuff ex: tears, mucus, sweat
Excretion
getting rid of waste ex: CO2
Second law of thermodynamics
energy cannot be changed from one form to another without a loss of usable energy
Enzymes
alter the rate of reaction (speed up or slow down); bind and break down substrates
Pinocytosis
cell drinking ex: sollute of sugar
Phagocytosis
cell eating ex: white blood cells, bacteria
Osmosis
diffusion of water; goes through small aqua pores; special name because water is of such importnce to the cell
Passive transport types
diffusion, filtration
A patient who is admitted to the hospital shares that she has been taking a series of "water pills" to help her lose weight. Her skin and mucous membranes are dry, and she is complaining of a headache. The physician on call asks for an IV treatment to be promptly administered. Based on the info given, what would likely be the type of IV solution given to this patient? A) hypotonic B) hypertonic C) osmotic D) isotonic E) saturated
A
Because it is a passive process, which membrane transport process can continue whether the cell is alive or dead? A) diffusion B) sodium/potassium pump C) phagocytosis D) pinocytosis E) exocytosis
A
Identify which of the following statements is not true. A) ATP is compromised of a sugar, base, and two phosphate groups B) when atp becomes ADP + P, the amount of energy released is enough for a biological purpose C) ADP is low in potential energy D) ATP is formed when energy is released during cell respiration E) atp contains the energy form used for cellular work
A
The changing of an enzyme's shape as the substrate binds to the active site is called the A) energy of activation B) metabolic pathway C) substrate binding theory D) induced fit model E) enzyme binding theory
D
types of active transport
endocytosis, exocytosis
Endocytosis
into the cell
Metabolic pathways
multiple steps so that if something goes wrong, it doesn't continue ex: blood clotting
Enzyme Inhibition
takes substrate's spot so that the enzyme can't make the reaction occur
Intestinal cells absorb glucose via facilitated diffusion. What would happen if all the mitochondria within these intestinal cells were destroyed? A) glucose absorption would decrease B) glucose absorption would not be affected C) glucose absorption would increase D) glucose absorption would stop E) glucose absorption would be slow at first and then increase
A
Molecules move from greater to lesser concentration through a transport protein in A) facilitated diffusion B) simple diffusion C) phagocytosis D) active transport E) pinocytosis
A
Which of the types of cellular activities listed below would not use ATP? A) protein synthesis B) flagella movement C) passive transport D) active transport E) muscular concentration
C
The figure below reflects how these two cells would respond in a(n) environment A) ionic B) hypotonic C) diffuse D) hypertonic E) isotonic
D
Which of the following is not a type of potential energy? A) the energy in a glucose molecule B) the energy contained in a hamburger C) the energy of a diver standing on a diving board D) the energy of a ball rolling down a hill E) the energy contained in a rock sitting at the top of a cliff
D
A white blood cell surrounds and engulfs a worn-out red blood cell, forming a vesicle around the red blood cell. This process is called A) pinocytosis B) exocytosis C) facilitated diffusion D) active transport E) phagocytosis
E
Considering the ATP cycle, which of the following would have the most potential energy to perform work for cell activities? A) adenosine B) ATP C) H+ ions D) AMP E) ATP
E
Once the substrate moves into the active site of the enzyme, A) the substrate alters shape to more closely fit the active site B) the substrate and enzyme both alter shape to fit togher C) the two molecules fuse together to form the product D) the enzyme breaks the substrate into three products E) the enzyme alters in shape to more closely fit the substrate
E
Simple diffusion across a plasma membrane is called passive transport because it A) does not require control by the nucleus B) moves molecules from low to high concentration C) requires energy from the cell D) requires transport proteins E) does not require energy from the cell
E
First law of thermodynamics
conversion of energy; energy cannot be created nor destroyed, but can be changed
The second law of thermodynamics states that all energy transformations result in more disordered energy. How can photosynthesis take more disordered carbon dioxide and water and convert them into glucose, which is more ordered? A) photosynthesis is an exception to the second law of thermodynamics B) living things do not obey the laws of thermodynamics C) plants are able to harness entropy and use it to carry out photosynthesis D) this is an illusion; it only appears that glucose is more ordered E) solar energy is being added to the reaction to create glucose
e
In what function do the embedded membrane proteins at "C" serve? A) facilitated and active transport B) phagocytosis C) simple diffusion D) support for the membrane E) osmosis
A
The second law of thermodynamics states that all energy transformations result in more disordered energy. How does this relate to energy transformation in a living organism? A) the energy taken in as food is eventually converted into heat energy B) the energy take in as food is eventually converted into kinetic energy C) the energy take in as heat energy is eventually converted into kinetic energy D) no energy in a living organism can undergo more than one transformation E) the energy take in as kinetic energy is eventually converted into heat energy
A
What is the biological risk of using salt on icy roads in parts of the country that have a cold winter season? A) the salt has the risk of leeching into the ground and creating a hypertonic environment for plant cells B) plant root cells will grow in excess to try to reach fresh water C) salt is in limited supply in the ecosystem and this type of overuse will make it even more so D) the deer in these areas have the danger of consuming too much of it as they forage for food E) plant cells will take on excess water from the melted ice and become liquid
A
Which of the following terms best describes entropy? A) kinetic energy B) energy conversions C) order D) potential energy E) disorder
E
Which energy association is correct? A) energy in the chemical bonds of a molecule is kinetic energy B) potential energy must be used immediately or it is lost C) light energy is a form of chemical energy D) kinetic energy is energy of motion E) water stored behind a dam is an example of kinetic energy
D
Which form of passive transport allows small molecules, such as oxygen, to cross the cell membrane? A) phagocytosis B) osmosis C) plasmolysis D) diffusion E) pinocytosis
D
Which of the following statements describes the correct flow of energy conversions through living systems? A) chloroplasts convert solar energy to the chemical energy of nutrient molecules B) mitochondria capture solar energy and convert it to oxygen C) mitochondria convert ATP molecules into glucose D) chloroplasts burn glucose into ATP molecules during cell respiration E) chloroplasts produce CO2 and H2O during photosynthesis
A
If blood cells are placed in a hypertonic solution, the cells will A) shrink due to the loss of solutes from the blood cell B) shrink due to water loss by the cell C) be unaffected since they have a cell membrane to separate them from the solution D) burst due to active transport E) swell due to diffusion
B
IN the following figure, which cell exhibits the condition of plant cells that have been placed in a hypertonic environment? A) a B) b C) c D) both a and b E) both b and c
C
ATP is a good source of energy for a cell because A) its breakdown is coupled with energy-requiring reactions B) it takes no energy to make it C) it is able to be used in only one type of reaction D) it is not reusable E) it provides excess energy for cellular reactions
A
Which is an example of potential energy rather than kinetic energy? A) a pile of leaves that have been burnt B) a candle giving off light C) an apple made up of energy-rich macromolecules D) a firefly using light flashes to attract a mate E) a skier at the bottom of the hill instead of the top of the hill
C
Which of the areas shown in the figure below indicates the presence of an enzyme in the movement of reactant over to product? A) a B) b C) c D) d E) both a & d
C
Where within the cell is ATP produced? A) cytoplasm B) golgi body C) endoplasmic reticulum D) mitochondria E) nucleus
D
Active Transport
transport that requires energy from the cell
Which of the following is a byproduct of photosynthesis that is used during cellular respiration? A) ATP B) NADH C) carbon dioxide D) oxygen E) FADH2
D
Enzymes are named based on the substrate that they bind. This is possible because A) enzymes are used up in the reaction B) an enzyme binds one specific substrate C) an enzyme is only associated with one metabolic pathway D) enzymes all have the same shape E) enzymes speed up the rate of rection
B
In feedback inhibition of a metabolic pathway, where does the inhibitor bind? A) to the enzyme of the last reaction B) to the enzyme of the first reaction C) to the substrate of the first reaction D) to a substrate or the product of the last reaction E) to the product of the first reaction
B
Energy of activation A) allows for feedback inhibition B) acts on the products of metabolic reactions C) is a measure of the amount of solar radiation striking a leaf surface D) is the energy required for molecules to react with each other E) requires the use of enzymes
D
Simple diffusion of molecules occurs A) until those molecules are more highly concentrated on one side of the plasma membrane B) from an area of lesser concentration to an area of greater concentration C_ across plasma membranes only through transport proteins D) only in molecules that are in gaseous state E) in nonliving systems as ell as living systems
E
Probable factors that affect the passage of materials across cell membranes include all of the following except? A) color B) concentration C) time D) charge E) size
a
Exocytosis types
excretion, secretion
The concentration of calcium in a cell is 3%. The concentration of calcium in the surrounding fluid is 1%. How could the cell obtain more calcium? A) active transport B) pinocytosis C) diffusion D) passive transport E) osmosis
A
When a cell is in a solution where the concentration of the solute is the same in the cell as in the solution, the solution is called A) isotonic B) hypertonic C) saturated D) hyptonic E) osmotonic
A
Which of the following enables a cell to pick up and concentrate a specific type of molecule? A) receptor-medicated endocytosis B) passive transport C) osmosis D) exocytosis E) facilitated diffusion
A
Enzymes are able to speed up the rate of a reaction by A) producing more enzymes B) lowering energy needed for the reaction to proceed C) transferring electrons from one substance to another D) producing more substrates E) binding substrates to a membrane
B
Pickles are often preserved in a 20-30% salt solution called brine. How does this method prevent contamination by microorganisms? A) bacteria can't survive in hypotonic solutions because of the added pressure of the water they take in B) bacteria can't survive in a hypertonic soltution because they lose water C) the high-salt concentration creates an isotonic environment that the bacteria cannot live in D) bacteria cells are unable to digest the salt, thus killing the cells by starvation E) the high-salt concentration increases the pH of the environment, making unfavorable for bacteria to live there
B
The part of the enzyme into which the substrate fits is called the A) substrate location B) active site C) inhibitor D) feedback site E) solute
B
The second law of thermodynamics states that all energy transformations result in more disordered energy. How do living organisms, which depend on the conversion of potential energy to kinetic energy to fuel their activities, continue to live? A) they must constantly take in chemical potential energy for fuel B) they must constantly take in chemical potential energy for fuel and excrete waste C) they excrete the disordered molecules and lose the disordered energy as heat D) they take the disordered molecules and heat energy and use them to create new fuel E) living things do not obey the laws of thermodynamics
B
What process typically regulates the enzymes involved in metabolic reactions? A) ATP blockage B) feedback inhibition C) temperature levels D) entropy capture E) substrate inhibition
B
Which of the following is best associated with a coupled reaction? A) ATP gains a phosphate group B) the metabolic reaction requires energy from ATP C) ADP is used up in the metabolic reaction D) ATP consumes energy from another metabolic reaction E) ADP often transfers a phosphate to the reactant
B
Which of the following is not an example of osmosis? A) eating salty popcorn makes people's lips dry B) sugar in coffee dissolves C) salting meat serves as a preservative D) strawberries placed in sugar become syrupy E) vegetables placed in fresh water firm up
B
Which of the following molecules is able to move across the cell membrane by simple diffusion? A) starch B) carbon dioxide C) glucose D) DNA E) hemoglobin
B
ATP releases energy when A) deoxyribose is added B) adenine is removed C) a phosphate is removed D) sunlight strikes it E) a ribose is added
C
Both starch and cellulose are made by stringing together many glucose molecules, but starch is easily digested by humans while cellulose is indigestible. The starch polysaccharide has every bond occurring below the sugar rings while the bonds in cellulose alternate between one bond above the ring and the next bond below the ring. How can you explain humans' inability to digest cellulose? A) cellular respiration is only capable of breaking down specific bonds B) the acidic molecules found in stomach acid cannot act on the bonds that are above the sugar rings in cellulose C) the enzyme that breaks down starch can only fit the specific bond configuration of bonds below the ring D) humans do not eat cellulose E) the alternation bonds make the cellulose molecule too large and bulky to enter cells for digestion
C
The figure below represents a metabolic pathway. What happens if enzyme2 is defective and nonfunctional? A) substrate X would increase its amount B) product Z would increase in amount C) substrate Y would not be metabolized D) substrate X is destroyed E) substrate X would not be metabolized
C
The opposite of a turgid plant cell is a A) osmotic plant cell B) hypertonic plant cell C) plasmolyzed plant cell D) ruptured plant cell E) isotonic plant cell
C
When a car burns gasoline, much of the energy is released in the form of heat. Which of the following best describes this process in relation to the first law of thermodynamics? A) energy is conserved B) energy is always used up in reactions C) energy can be changed from one form to another D) all energy comes from the sun E) energy is often destroyed
C
Which of the following shows the flow of energy at the cellular level through the biosphere? A) solar energy - mitochondria - chloroplast B) chloroplast - mitochondria - solar energy C) solar energy - chloroplast - mitochondria D) mitochondria - solar energy - chloroplast E) chloroplast - solar energy - mitochondria
C
Which of the following statements most accurately describes the first law of thermodynamics? A) one usable form of energy cannot be completely converted into another usable form B) energy cannot be transformed C) energy can neither be created nor destroyed, but it can be changed from one form to another D) energy cannot be created or destroyed E) one usable form of energy can be completely converted into another usable form
C
Which statement most accurately describes the second law of thermodynamics? A) energy cannot be created or destroyed, but it can be changed from one form to another B) energy cannot be transformed C) energy cannot be changed from one form to another without a loss of usable energy D) energy cannot be created or destroyed E) one usable form of energy can be completely converted into another usable form
C
Why do metabolic pathways require tens to hundreds of different enzymes? A) multiple enzymes are not required for the pathway, but having them speed up the production of the final product B) the enzymes are used up after one reaction and the molecules have to undergo multiple rearrangements C) each enzyme has a specific substrate and produces a specific product D) the enzyme is deformed by the interaction with the substrate and needs a period of time to return to its original reactive form, so many enzymes are needed to keep the pathway going E) the enzymes are attached to a membrane and cannot move to the location of the new intermediate, so having a long line of enzymes to carry out the reaction allows the reaction to occur faster
C
The figure below demonstrates which key concept regarding cell activities? A) active transport B) the first law of thermodynamics C) enzyme inhibition D) coupled reactions E) receptor-mediated endocytosis
D
What prevents a plant cell from bursting in a hypotonic solution? A) plasma membrane B) the presence of chloroplasts C) water moving out of the cell D) the presence of a cell wall E) transport proteins, which help pump the excess water out of the cell
D
When a potted houseplant is wilting, the addition of water quickly changes the look of the plant. This can be accounted for by which of the following statements? A) the water creates a hypertonic environment causing the cells to gain water B) the water creates an isotonic environment that allows for the cells to neither gain nor lose water C) the water creates a hypotonic environment causing cells to lose water D) the water creates a hypotonic environment causing the cells to gain water E) the water creates a hypertonic environment causing the cells to lose water
D
When neurons release their neurotransmitters, they release them by secretory vesicles fusing with the plasma membrane thereby emptying their contents into an area that can stimulate some response. What type of cellular transport is occurring as the vesicle forms and then surfaces on the cell's plasma membrane? A) osmosis B) pinocytosis C) diffusion D) exocytosis E) active transport
D
Which of the following is an example of osmosis? A) glucose is transported from our blood stream across cell membranes and into cytoplasm B) sodium is pumped across a cell to increase its concentration on one side of the cell membrane C) a bacterium in the blood stream is engulfed by a white blood cell D) cells in our kidneys reabsorb water to reduce the amount of water lost in our urine E) the fragrance from a broken bottle of perfume travels throughout the department store
D
Which of the following is not a mechanism used to move materials in and out of the cell? A) osmosis B) facilitated diffusion C) phagocytosis D) feedback inhibition E) active transport
D
Which of these words does not belong with the rest as it relates to concentration gradient? A) passive transport B) diffusion C) facilitated diffusion D) osmosis E) active transport
E
