Com A Midterm

Discuss the four major aspects of nonverbal communication

1. personal appearance 2. movement 3. gestures 4. eye contact

Explain the 3 methods one can use when having trouble choosing a topic

1. personal inventory- make a quick inventory of your experiences, interests, hobbies, skills, beliefs, and so forth 2. clustering- take a sheet of paper and divide it into nine columns: people, places, things, events, processes, concepts, natural phenomena, problems, plans and policies 3. internet search

Identify and differentiate between the four methods of delivering a speech

1. reading from a manuscript - a speech that is written out word for word and read to the audience 2. Reciting from memory 3. speaking impromtu - a speech delivered with little or no immediate preparation 4. speaking extemporaneously - a carefully prepared and rehearsed speech that is presented from a brief set of notes

Explain how to maximize the efficiency and reliability of internet searches

1. search engines 2. specialized research resources (gov, wikipedia)

Identify the two components of a speech conclusion and explain ways of fulfilling them

1. signal the end of the speech - "in conclusion" "let me end by saying" - show through mannerisms - crescendo ending: a conclusion in which the speech builds to a zenith of power and intensity -dissolve ending: a conclusion that generates emotional appeal by fading step by step to a dramatic final statement 2. reinforce central idea - summarize your speech - end with a quotation - make a dramatic statement - refer to introduction

List and describe the basic elements of the speech communication process

1. speaker- person who is presenting an oral message to a listener 2. message- whatever a speaker communicates to someone else 3. channel- the means by which a message is communicated 4. listener- the person who recieves the speakers message 5. feedback- the messages, usually nonverbal, sent from a listener to a speaker 6. inference- anything that impedes the communication of a message. inference can be external or internal to listeners 7. situation- the time and place in which speech communication occurs

Discuss tips for doing effective research

1. start early 2. make a preliminary bibliography 3. take notes efficiently 4. think about your materials as you research

What five elements of speech delivery are discussed in this chapter with regard to presenting your first speech?

1. starting your speech- when it is your turn to speak, move to the front of the room and face the audience. Assume a relaxed but upright posture 2. Gesture- once you are into the speech, feel free to use your hands to gesture 3. Eye contact- look at your classmates as often as you can 4. Voice- try to use your voice as expressively as you would in normal conversation, concentrate on projecting to the back of the room 5. Dealing with nerves- take slow deep breaths and tighten and relax your leg muscles before you give your speech. squeeze your hands together and release them

Name-calling

the use of language to defame, demean, or degrade individuals or groups

Why is it important for informative speakers to be creative in thinking about ways to communicate their ideas?

- a good informative speech has a healthy dose of creativity - more likely to be successful if you are creative

Explain why it is important to outline the speech

- an outline that helps you prepare the speech - puts your speech together and decides what you will say in the intro, how you will organize main points, and what you say in conclusion

Why is determining the specific purpose such an important early step in speech preparation? Why is it important to include the audience in the specific purpose statement?

- audience is likely to fall flat unless ou speak about matters of interest to your listeners - important to narrow topic down

Discuss strategies for rehearsing the speech

- concentrate on gaining control of the ideas rather than on trying to learn the speech word for word - rehearse the speech aloud - ask a friend or family member to listen and give constructive feedback - practice over and over

Explain the guidelines for an effective speaking outline

- follow the visual framework used in the prep outline - make sure the outline is legible - keep the outine as brief as possible - give yourself cues for delivering the speech

Explain why good delivery is important for public speaking

- good delivery does not call attention to itself - convey's the speaker's ideas clearly, interestingly, and without distracting the audience - an art, not a science - good delivery makes your speeches stronger

Explain why good listening is important to effective public speaking

- if you do not listen well, you will not understand what you hear and may pass along your misunderestanding to others - a good way to improve speeches is to listen attentively to the speeches of other people - enhances skills as critical thinkers

Explain why it is important to establish credibility and goodwill in a speech

- important so that the audience can trust you and the information you are providing them with

Why must informative speakers be careful not to overestimate what the audience knows about the topic? What can you do to make sure your ideas don't pass over the heads of your listeners?

- it is easy to overestimate the audiences stock of info - in most speeches, your audience will be only vaguely knowledgeable about the details of your topic - you cannot assume they will know what you mean - you must be sure to explain everything thoroughly

Explain why it is important that a speech be organized clearly

- listeners demand coherence - the speech must be organized strategically - when you work to organize your speeches, you gain practice in the general skill of establishing clear relationships among your ideas - can boost your confidence as a speaker and improve ability to deliver a message fluently

Why is it normal to be nervous at the start of a speech?

- lots of people are nervous before starting speeches - most people tend to be anxious before doing something important in public - healthy sign you're getting hyped for your speech

Discuss the advantages of using visual aids in a speech

- people find a speaker's message more interesting, grasp it more easily, and retain it longer when it is presented visually as well as verbally - speakers who use visual aids come across as better prepared, more credible, and more professional - can help combat stage fright

Explain why nonverbal communication is important for effective public speaking

- posture, facial expression, gestures, eye contact, all affect the way listeners respond to a speaker. - these signals have a significant impact on the meaning communicated by speakers

Explain the guidelines for an effective preparation outline

- state the specific purpose of your speech - identify central ideal - label intro, body, conclusion - use a consistent pattern of symbolization and indentation - state main points and subpoints in full sentences - attach bibliography - label transitions, internal summaries, and internal previews - give your speech a title

What should you do as an informative speaker to relate your topic directly to the audience?

- take special steps to relate the topic to the audience - tie it in with their interests and concerns - put your listeners in the body of the speech - use you and your

Explain why a strong sense of ethical responsibility is important for public speakers

- the goal of public speaking is to gain a desired response from listeners- but not at any cost - speechmaking is a form of power and therefore carries heavy ethical responsibilities

Why is it important to start your speech research early?

- the longer you wait, the more problems you encounter - it takes longer than you expect - gives you plenty of time to think about what you find

What are the major functions of a speech conclusion?

- to let the audience know you are ending the speech - to reinforce the audience's understanding of, or commitment to, the central idea

Explain the eight components of vocal delivery

- volume - pitch: the highness or lowness of the speaker's voice - rate: the speed at which a person speaks - Pauses: a momentary break in the vocal delivery of a speech - vocal variety: changes in a speaker's rate, pitch, and volume that give the voice variety and expressiveness - pronunciation: the accepted standard of sound and rhythm for words in a given language - articulation: the physical production of particular speech sounds dialect: - a variety of a language distinguished by variations of accent, grammar, or vocabulary

Why is it important to draw on your own knowledge and experience in gathering materials for your speeches?

- we often speak best about subjects with which we are familiar - personal touch on a speech brings it to life. - drawing on personal experience makes points more meaningful

What two things should you watch out for in making sure your speech is not overly technical?

- what can be explained to an ordinary audience and what can not - avoid technical words when informing a general audience such as your speech class

Discuss the kinds of visual aids you could use in a speech

1. objects and models 2. photographs and drawings 3. graphs 4. charts 5. video 6. the speaker

How can you steer clear of incremental plagarism it when dealing with quotations and paraphrases?

- whenever you quote someone directly, you must attribute the words to that person - when you paraphrase an author, you restate or summarize her or his ideas in your own words

Why is a preliminary bibliography helpful to you in researching a speech?

- you don't know what you will use in your speech but it is helpful in organizing your sources

What are four tips for your conclusion?

1) Keep an eye out for possible concluding materials as you research and develop the speech. 2) Conclude with a bang, not a whimper. 3) Don't be long winded. 4) Don't leave anything in your conclusion to chance

Explain the two major steps for developing your introductory speech

1. Focusing your topic- focus your presentation sharply so it conforms to the assigned time limit 2. Developing your topic- think of ways to structure the speech so it will be interesting and meaningful to your audience

Discuss seven ways to become a better listener

1. Take listening seriously: It comes with work. Make a serious effort to overcome shortcomings as a listener. 2. Be an active listener: You should give your undivided attention to the speaker in a genuine effort to understand the point of view. 3. Resist distractions: Make a conscious effort to keep your mind on what the speaker is saying. Try to review what the speaker is saying. 4. Don't be diverted by appearance or delivery: You have to set aside preconceived notions based on a person's looks or manner of speech. Don't let negative feelings keep you from listening. Try not to be misled if they are attractive. 5. Suspend judgement: You don't have to agree with everything, but try to wait until the end of the speech to reach a final judgment. 6. Focus your listening: Listen for main points and evidence. Listen for their strengths and weaknesses to learn about successful speaking. 7. Develop note-taking skills: Write down key words in order to retain information. Separate main points from sub points to show relationship of outline.

Describe methods of controlling nervousness and making it work for the speaker, rather than against

1. acquire speaking experience 2. prepare 3. think positively 4. use the power of visualizaiton 5. know that most nervousness isn't visable 6. don't expect perfection

Define the three main criteria for evaluating the credibility of online sources

1. authorship- is the author of the web document you are assessing clearly identified? qualifications, expect, can opinions be accepted as objective and unbiased 2. sponsorship: an organization that, in the absense of a clearly identified author, is responsible for the content of a document on the internet. is a sponsoring organization impartial enough to cite in your speech? 3. recency- look for copyright date, publication date, or date of last revision

List and discuss the three guidelines for ethical listening

1. be courteous and attentive- come to class prepared to listen and to learn from classmates speeches, be concious of your feedback 2. avoid prejudging the speaker- you can't judge a speech by the name, race, lifestyle, appearance, or reputation of the speaker 3. maintain the free and open expression of ideas- listeners have an obligation to maintain the right of speakers to be heard

Be able to identify the five methods of organization used for informative speeches

1. chronological order- method of speech organization in which the main points follow a time pattern 2. spatial order- a method of speech organization in which the main points follow a directional pattern 3. Casual order- a method of speech organization in which the main points show a cause-effect relationship 4. problem-solution order- a method of organizing persuasive speeches in which the first main point deals with existence of problem and second main point presents solution 5. topical order- the main points divide the topic into logical and consistent subtopics

Explain the ways to avoid abstractions

1. description: a statement that depicts a person, event, idea, or the like with clarity and vividness 2. comparison: a statement of the similarities among two or more people, events, ideas, etc. 3. contrast: a statement of the differences among two or more people, events, ideas, etc

Discuss five questions to ask for formulating an appropriate specific purpose statement

1. does my purpose meet the assignment 2. can i accomplish my purpose in the time alloted 3. is the purpose relevant to my audience 4. is the purpose too trivial for my audience 5. is the purpose too technical for my audience?

Explain the guidelines for effective informative speaking

1. don't overestimate what the audience knows 2. relate the subject directly to the audience 3. don't be too technical 4. avoid abstractions 5. personalize your ideas 6. be creative

Discuss the best ways to prepare for a question-and-answer session

1. formulate answers to possible questions 2. practice the delivery of your answers 3. approach questions with a positive attitude 4. listen carefully 5. direct answers to the entire audience 6. be honest and straightforward 7. stay on track

Identify the four components of a speech introduction and explain ways of fulfilling them

1. get attention and interest: - relate topic to audience - state the importance of the topic - startle the audience - arouse the curiosity of the audience - question the audience - begin with a quotation - tell a story - use visual aids 2. reveal the topic - clearly state the topic of your speech 3. establish credibility and goodwill credibility: the audience's perception of whether a speaker is qualified to speak on a given topic goodwill: the audiences perception of whether the speaker has the best interest of the audience in mind - it can be from readings, class, friends, first hand - clear about intentions and reasonable in expectations 4. preview the body of the speech - a statement in the intro of a speech that identifies the main points to be discussed in the body

Explain the five-step process for practicing speech delivery

1. go through your prep outline aloud to check how what you have written translates into spoken discourse 2. prepare your speaking outline 3. practice the speech out loud several times using only the speaking outline 4. begin to polish and refine your delivery. practice the speech in front of a mirror to check for eye contact and distracting mannerisms 5. finally, give your speech a dress rehearsal under conditions as close as possible to those you will face in class

Identify the three sections for organizing an introductory speech

1. introduction- the opening section of your speech, get attention and interest of audience 2. Body- main section of speech 3. conclusion- the final section of your speech: let audience know you are about to finish and reinforce central idea

What are the six tips for your introduction?

1. keep intro relatively brief 2. be on the lookout for possible intro materials as you do your research 3. be creative in devising your introduction 4. don't worry about the exact wording of your intro until you have finished preparing the body of the speech 5. work out your introduction in detain 6. when you present the speech, don't start talking too soon

Discuss the guidelines for preparing the main points of a speech

1. keep main points seperate 2. try to use the same pattern of wording for main points 3. balance the amount of time devoted to main points

Identify five types of library resources you could use to research for your speech and discuss which are the best resources for finding particular types of information

1. librarians 2. the catalogue- listing of all the books owned by a library 3. reference works (encyclopedia and yearbooks, quotation books, biographical aids)- synthesizes a large amount of related info for easy access 4. newspaper and periodical databases- catalogues articles from a large number of magazines, journals, and newspapers 5. academic databases- scholarly research

List and discuss the five guidelines for ethical speaking

1. make sure your goals are ethically sound- first responsibility as a speaker is to ask whether your goals are ethically sound. 2. Be fully prepared for each speech- prepare because you have an obligation to your listeners not to waste their time. Don't want to give misleading or false information 3. Be honest in what you say- do not present other people's words as your own and tell the truth 4. avoid name calling and abusive language- name calling can leave people with psychological scars and reinforces attutudes that encourage hate and prejudice 5. put ethical principles into practice- make ethical decisions and behave ethically al the time

Identify the four main causes of poor listening

1. not concentrating 2. listening too hard 3. jumping to conclusions 4. focusing on delivery and personal appearance

What four things should you do to take research notes efficiently?

1. take plenty of notes 2. record notes in consitent format 3. make a seperate entry for each note 4. distinguish among direct quotations, paraphrases. and your own ideas

Define and explain the four types of connectives

1. transition- a word or phrase that indicates when a speaker has finished one thought and is moving on to another 2. internal previews- a statement in the body of the speech that lets the audience know what the speaker is going to discuss next 3. internal summary- a statement in the body of the speech that summarizes the speakers preceding points 4. signpost- a very brief statement that indicates where a speaker is in the speech or that focuses attention on key ideas

Vocalized pause

A pause that occurs when a speaker fills the silence between words with vocalizations such as "uh," "er," and "um."

Process

A series of actions or steps taken to achieve an end

Discuss the best ways to prepare for and conduct an interview

Before the interview: 1. define purpose of interview 2. decide whom to interview 3. arrange the interview 4. decide whether to record the interview 5. prepare your questions During the interview: 1. dress appropriately and be on time 2. repeat purpose of interview 3. set up recorder if you are using one 4. keep the interview on track 5. listen carefully 6. dont overstay your welcome after: 1. review your notes as soon as possible 2. transcribe your notes

Critical thinking

Focused, organized thinking about such things as the logical relationships among ideas, the soundness of evidence, and the differences between fact and opinion

Identify the major similarities and differences between public speaking and everyday conversation

Similarities: 1. organizing your thoughts logically 2. tailoring your message to your audience 3. telling a story for maxiumum impact 4. adapting to listener feedback Differences: 1. public speaking is more highly structured 2. public speaking requires more formal language 3. public speaking requires a different method of delivery

Concept

a belief, theory, idea, notion, principle, or the like

Explain what is meant by extemporaneous delivery

a carefully prepared and rehearsed speech that is presented from a brief set of notes

Font

a complete set of type of the same design

Monotone

a constant pitch or tone of voice

Academic database

a database that catalogues articles from scholarly journals

Pie graph

a graph that highlights segments of a circle to show simple distribution patterns

Line graph

a graph that uses one or more lines to show changes in statistics over time or space

Bar graph

a graph that uses vertical or horizontal bars to show comparisons among two or more items

Adrenaline

a hormone released into the bloodstream in response to physical or mental stress

Preliminary bibliography

a list compiled early in the research process of works that look as if they might contain helpful information about a speech topic

Bibliography

a list of all the sources used in preparing a speech

Brainstorming

a method of generating ideas by free association of words and thoughts

Chronological order

a method of speech organization in which the main points follow a time pattern

Pause

a momentary break in the vocal delivery of a speech

Call number

a number used in libraries to classify books and periodicals and to indicate where they can be found on the shelves

Rhetorical question

a question that the audience answers mentally rather than aloud

Informative speech

a speech designed to convey knowledge and understanding

Ice breaker speech

a speech early in the semester designed to get students speaking in front of the class as soon as possible

Description

a statement that depicts a person, event, idea, or the like with clarity and vividness

Abstract

a summary of a magazine or journal article, written by someone other than the original author

Dialect

a variety of a language distinguished by variations of accent, grammar, or vocabulary

Chart

a visual aid that summarizes a large block of information, usually in list form

Graph

a visual aid used to show statistical trends and patterns

Connective

a word or phrase that connects the ideas of a speech and indicates the relationships among them

How do the 7 elements of speech communication interact to determine the success or failure of a speech?

all 7 elements interact and determine the success of your speech

Research interview

an interview conducted to gather information for a speech

Key-word outline

an outline that briefly notes a speaker's main points and supporting evidence in rough outline form

Stage fright

anxiety over the prospect of giving a speech in front of an audience

Event

anything that happens or is regarded as happening

Object

anything that is visible, tangible, and stable in form

Active listening

giving undivided attention to a speaker in genuine effort to understand the speaker's point of view

Vocal variety

changes in a speaker's rate, pitch, and volume that give the voice variety and expressiveness

Inflections

changes in the pitch or tone of a speaker's voice

Nonverbal communication

communication based on a person's use of voice and body, rather than on the use of words

Positive nervousness

controlled nervousness that helps energize a speaker for her or his presentaiton

How is listening connected with critical thinking?

critical thinking involves a number of skills. some of those skills--summarizing information, recalling facts, distinguishing main points from minor points- are central to comprehensive listening. other skills of critical thinking such as seperating fact from opinion, spotting weakness in reasoning, judging the soundness of evidence, are important for critical listening

Eye contact

direct visual contact with the eyes of another person

Delivery cues

directions in a speaking outline to help a speaker remember how she wants to deliver key parts of the speech

What method of delivery does this chapter recommend for your introductory speech?

extemporaneous delivery

Explain the distinction between the general purpose, specific purpose, and central idea of a speech

general purpose- the broad goal of a speech specific purpose- a single infinitive phrase that states precisely what a speaker hopes to accomplish in his or her speech central idea- a one sentence statement that sums up or encapsulates the major ideas of a speech

Strategic organization

putting a speech together in a particular way to achieve a particular result with a particular audience

Explain the differences between global, patchwork, and incremental plagiarism

global- stealing a speech entirely from a single source aned passing it off as one's own patchwork- stealing ideas or language from two or three sources and passing them off as one's own incremental- failing to give credit for particular parts of a speech that are borrowed from other people

Explain the differences between hearing and listening

hearing- the vibration of sound waves on the eardrums and the firing of electrochemical impulses in the brain listening- paying close attention to, and making sense of, what we hear

organizing speeches- Which are appropriate for informative speeches? Which is most appropriate for persuasive speeches? Which is used most often?

informative: - chronological - spatial - causal - topical persuasive: - causal - problem solution - topical ** topical used most frequently

Appreciative listening

listening for pleasure or enjoyment, as when we listen to music, to a comedy routine, or to an entertaining speech

Critical listening

listening to evaluate a message for purposes of accepting or rejecting it, as when we listen to the sales pitch of a car salesperson or the campaign speech of a political candidate

Empathic listening

listening to provide emotional support for the speaker, as whne a psuchiatrist listens to a patient or when we lend a sympathetic ear to a friend in destress

Comprehensive listening

listening to understand the message of a speaker, as when we attend a classroom lecture or listen to directions for finding a friends house

Visualization

mental imagining in which speakers vividly picture themselves giving a successful presentation

Explain why it is important to preview the body of a speech

most people are poor listeners so previewing tells them why they should listen for the rest of the speech - smooth lead in to the body of the speech

Gestures

motions of a speaker's hands or arms during a speech

Discuss the most appropriate methods of organization for particular topics

objects: - choose a specific purpose that focuses on one aspect of the subject - can use chronological, topical, or spacial processes: - speeches about processes explain how something is made. how something is done, or how something works - one kind explains a process so that listeners will understand it better - one kind explains a process so listeners will better be able to perform the processs themselves - usually arranged in chronological order but can do topical events: - can do topical or chronological concepts: - more abstract than others - usually topical order

What is the most important thing to remember when organizing supporting materials in the body of your speech?

organize your supporting points under appropriate main points

What factors should you consider when planning to use presentation technology in a speech?

pluses and minuses of presentation technology: - can be a great addition to communication - can dominate talks, wowing the audience while losing the message planning to use technology: - clear idea of why, how, and when to use it - after you finish developing the speech, think about where well-chosen slides will clarify or strengthen ideas

Differentiate between a preparation outline and a speaking outline

preparation outline: a detailed outline developed during the process of speech preparation that includes the title, specific purpose, central idea, intro, main points, subpoints, connectives, conclusion, and bibliography speaking outline: a brief outline used to jog a speaker's memory during the presentation of a speech

Explain the guidelines for preparing and presenting visual aids in a speech

preparing: - prepare visual aids well in advance - keep visual aids simple - make sure visual aids are large enough - use a limited amount of text - use fonts effectively - use color effectively - use images strategically presenting: - display visual aids where listeners can see them - avoid passing visual aids among the audience - display visual aids only while discussing them - explain visual aids clearly and concisely - talk to your audience, not the visual aid - practice with your visual aids - check the room and equipment

Conversational quality

presenting a speech so it sounds spontaneous no matter how many times it has been rehearsed

Plagiarism

presenting another persons language or ideas as one's own

Ethical decisions

sound ethical decisions involve weighing a potential course of action against a set of ethical standards or guidelines

Identify the proper format and guidelines for specific purpose statements and central ideas

specific purpose statement: - write the purpose statement as a full infinitive phrase - express your purpose as a statement, not a question - avoid figurative language - limit to one distinct idea - not to vague or general central idea: - expressed in full sentence - not be in the form of a question - avoid figurative language should not be vague - sum up main points of the speech in a single sentence.

Identify the four types of informative speeches

speeches about objects speeches about processes speeches about events speeches about concepts

Pronunciation

the accepted standard of sound and rhythm for words in a given language

Define ethnocentrism and explain why speakers should avoid it

the belief that one's own group or culture is superior to all other groups or cultures - it can lead to prejudice and hostility toward different racial, ethnic, religious, or cultural groups

Ethics

the branch of philosophy that deals with issues of right and wrong in human affairs

Spare "brain time"

the difference between the rate at which most people talk and the rate at which the brain can process language

Bill of Rights

the first 10 amendments to the US consitution

Pitch

the highness or lowness of a speakers voice

Volume

the loudness or softness of the speakers voice

Main points

the major points developed in the body of the speech

Supporting materials

the materials used to support a speaker's ideas. the three major kinds of supporting materials are examples, statistics, and testimony

Visual framework

the pattern of symbolization and indentation in a speech outline that shows the relationships among the speaker's ideas

Articulation

the physical production of particular speech sounds

Rate

the speed at which a person speaks

Kinesics

the study of body motions as a systematic mode of communication

Topic

the subject of a speech

What are the two general purposes of most classroom speeches? How do they differ?

to inform or to pursuade inform: goal is to communicate information clearly, accurately, and interestingly pursuade: win listeners over to your point of view

Personalize

to present one's ideas in human terms that relate in some fashion to the experience of the audience

Paraphrase

to restate or summarize an author's ideas in one's own words

Residual message

what a speaker wants the audience to remember after it has forgotten everything else in a speech

How many main points will your speeches usually contain? Why is it important to limit the number of main points in your speeches?

you will not have time in your classroom speeches to develop more than four or five main points, and most speeches will contain either 2 or 3

In what ways is public speaking likely to make a difference in your life?

your speech in class will give you training in research topics. organizing your ideas, and presenting yourself skillfully - can help develop critical thinking skills