COMD 2050 exam 2

agent; instrument

"Bob used the key to open the door." The semantic role of "Bob" is: _______________ ; the semantic role of "the key" is _________________ .

commanding

"Give me the football!"

informing

"I have a meeting."

promising

"I'll be there at six"

requesting

"Please bring the jacket."

two They are "s" in "crocodiles" and "-ied" in "tried". They do not create new words and do not change the grammatical category of the words "crocodile" and "try". The plural noun "crocodiles" also refers to the noun "crocodile" and the past tense verb "tried" also refers to the verb "try".

"The crocodiles tried to eat the salamander." How many inflectional morphemes are in this sentence?

"The key opened the door." The semantic role of "The key" is

"The key opened the door." The semantic role of "The key" is...

questioning

"Did you eat the pizza?"

conjunction

Con

verb

V

grammar

about the whole system and structure of a language, including the phonology, morphology, syntax, and semantics aspects.

lexical morpheme

verb (e.g., break, sit)

including active voice ("Cathy loves her dog") and passive voice ("Cathy is loved by her dog").

voice

person, gender

we go school together, but he goes to school alone

physical and linguistic context

what are the the two kinds of context of speech

adjective

A

adverb

Adv

descriptive approach

Analysts collected the samples of language and described the structure of it. It focuses on the actual use of language rather than the prescriptive rules.

article

Art

determiner

Det

Free morpheme: morphemes that can stand by themselves as single words Bound morpheme: morphemes that cannot normally stand alone and are typically attached to another form.

Free morphemes are those morphemes that ; by contrast, bound morphemes are those morphemes that .

person, tense

Harry is looking for his pen now

There are 5 deictics: those (children), here, yesterday, we, them

How many deictic expressions are there in the following sentence: "Those children came here yesterday, but we didn't get to talk to them."? Please also write them out.

Derivational morphemes are the morphemes that can be used to make new words or 2 change the grammatical category of words. For example, "-ment" change the verb "encourage" into noun "encouragement".

In chapter 5, we have talked about one way to make new word: derivation, which means add affixes to existing words to create new words. Therefore, derivational morphemes are the morphemes that_______________________

noun phrase (NP) and verb phrase (VP)

In creating a three diagram, a sentence can be firstly be divided into two parts __________________ and ____________________

reduplication

In the Indonesian language, words or parts of the words are repeated to mark plural forms. For example, in Indonesian, the word "rumah" means "house", and the word "rumahrumah" means "houses". This morphological process is called...

Morphs

In the figure below, the "s" and "es", pronounced as /s/, /z/ and /əz/, are used to mean "more than one". Therefore, they all belong to the "plural" morpheme category. They are called of the "plural" morpheme. They are the allomorph of each other.

morphemes

In the word "teachers", the elements of "teach", "er" and "s" are called .

Lexical morphemes are the morphemes that carry the "content" of the message we convey, including nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs. Functional morpheme are the free morphemes that do not belong to the lexical morphemes, such as articles, conjunctions, prepositions and pronouns. They simply modify the meaning of a word, rather than supplying the root meaning

Lexical morphemes are the morphemes that __________________________. Functional morphemes are the morphemes that_________________________ . Both of them are individual words and can stand by themselves as single words. Therefore, both the lexical morphemes and functional morphemes are morphemes.

Lexical morphemes: "open" class of words Functional morphemes: "closed" class of words

Lexical morphemes are the words carry the "content" of the messages we convey. We can keep creating new lexical words and add these lexical morphemes into the existing language system. Accordingly, the lexical morphemes are also called__________________________ . By contrast, we almost never add new functional morphemes into the language, so the functional morphemes are also called ________________________ .

noun

N

preposition

Prep

free and bound morphemes.

Summary: morphemes can be divided into ___________________________ Further, free morphemes fall into two categories: lexical and functional morphemes. While bound morphemes fall into derivational and inflectional morphemes. *look at visual on study guide

speech acts

The action performed by a speaker with an utterance.

bound morphemes

Through the derivational morpheme "-ment" and the inflectional morpheme "-s", "-er" and " -'s", we notice that both the derivational and inflectional morphemes can NOT be used independently. They MUST be used with a word!. Therefore, both the derivational and inflectional morphemes are ______________________.

False. The actual meaning of the sentence is not to ask whether the person has the ability to give a glass of water. It actually requests someone to give the speaker a glass of water in an indirect way

True or False: "Can you give me a glass of water?" is an example of direct speech act

True. The interrogative sentence is to ask information about whether a person has acquired the ability to ride a bike. This is a direct question.

True or False: "Can you ride a bicycle?" is an example of direct speech act

True

True or False: All affixes are bound morphemes

true

True or False: Words and morphemes can have multiple morphs. .

True. There are two ways for us to understand the sentence: 1). The boy saw the man and the man was with a telescope. 2). The boy saw the man through a telescope.

True or False: the sentence "The boy saw the man with the telescope" can be understood in two ways. The sentence is an example of structural ambiguity.

tense

We went to church yesterday

Determiners are used before a noun to introduce it or to provide more information on the noun. (1) articles: a, the (2) demonstratives: these, that (3) possessive determiners: my, your (4) quantifiers: few, many, much (5) numbers: one, thirty (6) ordinals: first, third, last

What is "Determiner"? P

a finite number of rules, and that helps to generate an infinite number of well-formed structures

What is "Generative Grammar"?

Surface structure: the syntactic form of each individual sentence Deep Structure: an abstract level of structural organization in which all the elements determining the interpretation of sentences are represented. Relation: Every deep structure has multiple surface structure forms

What is "surface structure" and "deep structure"? What is the relation between them?

The study of the underlying rule system that used to produce or "generate" sentence.

What is Syntax?

the structure of words and the meaning of the components or elements in the structure.

Which of the following is mostly relevant to the definition of the study of Morphology:

in the word "teachers", there are three components that carry meanings: "teach", "er", and "s". Specifically, the "teach" means "show or explain to (someone) how to do something"; "er" means "A person or thing that does an action", and "s" indicates plural form, meaning "more than one". Therefore, the word "teachers" means "the group of people who show or explain to (someone) how to do something".

Which of the following options is about the study of morphology:

"dress"

Which of these options is a free morpheme?

receive re-

Which of these words does not have a bound morpheme? a. return b. receive c. replay d. remarry For the rest three words, the bound morpheme is...

Noam Chomsky

Who is the "Father of Language"?

collocation

Words frequently occurring together, such as "salt" and "pepper", "table" and "chair".

prescriptive approach

a framework for the structure of language, an system of ancient grammar rules originating from Latin

lexical morpheme

adjective (e.g., long, sad)

lexical morpheme

adverb (e.g., quickly, never)

Semantic features (componential analysis):

analyze the basic components of word meanings. This approach involves a view of words in a language as some sort of "containers" that carry meaning components.

functional morpheme

article (e.g., an, the)

speech

can be segment into different parts/grammatical categories: noun, article, adjective, verb, adverb, preposition, pronoun, conjunction. Please refers to the "The parts of Speech" part in your textbook.

person, gender; it should be "Cathy is crying now, and she is very sad"

cathy are crying now, and she is very sad

person, voice, gender

cathy is loved by her dog

Lexical relations:

characterize the meaning of words by analyzing the "relationships" with other words

functional morpheme

conjunction (e.g., and, because)

break up nouns into different types, such as "masculine", "feminine" or "neuter".

gender

"invisible meaning"

how we recognize what is meant even when it is not actually said or written.

person, voice

jeremiah is followed by 1,000,000 subscribers on Youtube

Semantic roles

look at the "roles" words fulfill within the situation described by a sentence.

lexical morpheme

noun (e.g., girl, house)

. whether the noun is singular ("apple") and plural ("apples")

number

including first person (the speaker), second person (the hearer), and third person (any others)

person

functional morpheme

preposition (e.g., on, under)

functional morpheme

pronoun (e.g., it, my)

the place of a noun phrase

pronouns can occur at...

agreement

refers to the relationship between the phrases within a sentence based on the grammatical category of "number", "person", "tense", "voice" and "gender".

anaphora

second and subsequent mentions

test frame

sentences with empty slots in them - used when analyzing the structure of the sentence

whether a verb is in the present tense ("love") or the past tense ("loved")

tense

Referential or linguistic meaning

the basic, essential, standard meaning that are conveyed by the literal use of a word.

number

the dogs are playing together, but the cat is playing by itself

deictic

the expressions used to point to people (us, them, those idiots), places (here, over there), and times (now, last week)

Associative/emotive or speaker meaning

the feelings or reactions to words by some speakers but not other speakers. This kind of meaning is underlying and subjective meaning.

antecedent

the first mention of people or other things.

subject

the first noun phrase before the verb.

physical context

the location where we encounter the speech, such as restaurant, bank or park.

inflectional morphemes

the morphemes that NOT used to create new words, but used to indicate the grammatical functions of the word. - used to indicate if a word is singular or plural ("cat" vs "cats"), past tense or not ("enjoy" vs "enjoyed"), and if a comparative ("clear" vs "clearer") or possessive "Jim" vs "Jim's"). - do NOT change the grammatical category of the words.

object

the noun phrase after the verb.

language typology

the study of similarities in the grammatical structures of language that allow them to be classifies as members of the same type or group.

semantics

the study of the meaning of words, phrases and sentences.

pragmatics

the study of what speakers mean in a specific context

linguistic context

the surrounding words, also known as co-text, that helps us understand what is meant.

structural analysis

which investigates the distribution of forms in a language.