COMD 2050 exam 2
agent; instrument
"Bob used the key to open the door." The semantic role of "Bob" is: _______________ ; the semantic role of "the key" is _________________ .
commanding
"Give me the football!"
informing
"I have a meeting."
promising
"I'll be there at six"
requesting
"Please bring the jacket."
two They are "s" in "crocodiles" and "-ied" in "tried". They do not create new words and do not change the grammatical category of the words "crocodile" and "try". The plural noun "crocodiles" also refers to the noun "crocodile" and the past tense verb "tried" also refers to the verb "try".
"The crocodiles tried to eat the salamander." How many inflectional morphemes are in this sentence?
"The key opened the door." The semantic role of "The key" is
"The key opened the door." The semantic role of "The key" is...
questioning
"Did you eat the pizza?"
conjunction
Con
verb
V
grammar
about the whole system and structure of a language, including the phonology, morphology, syntax, and semantics aspects.
lexical morpheme
verb (e.g., break, sit)
including active voice ("Cathy loves her dog") and passive voice ("Cathy is loved by her dog").
voice
person, gender
we go school together, but he goes to school alone
physical and linguistic context
what are the the two kinds of context of speech
adjective
A
adverb
Adv
descriptive approach
Analysts collected the samples of language and described the structure of it. It focuses on the actual use of language rather than the prescriptive rules.
article
Art
determiner
Det
Free morpheme: morphemes that can stand by themselves as single words Bound morpheme: morphemes that cannot normally stand alone and are typically attached to another form.
Free morphemes are those morphemes that ; by contrast, bound morphemes are those morphemes that .
person, tense
Harry is looking for his pen now
There are 5 deictics: those (children), here, yesterday, we, them
How many deictic expressions are there in the following sentence: "Those children came here yesterday, but we didn't get to talk to them."? Please also write them out.
Derivational morphemes are the morphemes that can be used to make new words or 2 change the grammatical category of words. For example, "-ment" change the verb "encourage" into noun "encouragement".
In chapter 5, we have talked about one way to make new word: derivation, which means add affixes to existing words to create new words. Therefore, derivational morphemes are the morphemes that_______________________
noun phrase (NP) and verb phrase (VP)
In creating a three diagram, a sentence can be firstly be divided into two parts __________________ and ____________________
reduplication
In the Indonesian language, words or parts of the words are repeated to mark plural forms. For example, in Indonesian, the word "rumah" means "house", and the word "rumahrumah" means "houses". This morphological process is called...
Morphs
In the figure below, the "s" and "es", pronounced as /s/, /z/ and /əz/, are used to mean "more than one". Therefore, they all belong to the "plural" morpheme category. They are called of the "plural" morpheme. They are the allomorph of each other.
morphemes
In the word "teachers", the elements of "teach", "er" and "s" are called .
Lexical morphemes are the morphemes that carry the "content" of the message we convey, including nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs. Functional morpheme are the free morphemes that do not belong to the lexical morphemes, such as articles, conjunctions, prepositions and pronouns. They simply modify the meaning of a word, rather than supplying the root meaning
Lexical morphemes are the morphemes that __________________________. Functional morphemes are the morphemes that_________________________ . Both of them are individual words and can stand by themselves as single words. Therefore, both the lexical morphemes and functional morphemes are morphemes.
Lexical morphemes: "open" class of words Functional morphemes: "closed" class of words
Lexical morphemes are the words carry the "content" of the messages we convey. We can keep creating new lexical words and add these lexical morphemes into the existing language system. Accordingly, the lexical morphemes are also called__________________________ . By contrast, we almost never add new functional morphemes into the language, so the functional morphemes are also called ________________________ .
noun
N
preposition
Prep
free and bound morphemes.
Summary: morphemes can be divided into ___________________________ Further, free morphemes fall into two categories: lexical and functional morphemes. While bound morphemes fall into derivational and inflectional morphemes. *look at visual on study guide
speech acts
The action performed by a speaker with an utterance.
bound morphemes
Through the derivational morpheme "-ment" and the inflectional morpheme "-s", "-er" and " -'s", we notice that both the derivational and inflectional morphemes can NOT be used independently. They MUST be used with a word!. Therefore, both the derivational and inflectional morphemes are ______________________.
False. The actual meaning of the sentence is not to ask whether the person has the ability to give a glass of water. It actually requests someone to give the speaker a glass of water in an indirect way
True or False: "Can you give me a glass of water?" is an example of direct speech act
True. The interrogative sentence is to ask information about whether a person has acquired the ability to ride a bike. This is a direct question.
True or False: "Can you ride a bicycle?" is an example of direct speech act
True
True or False: All affixes are bound morphemes
true
True or False: Words and morphemes can have multiple morphs. .
True. There are two ways for us to understand the sentence: 1). The boy saw the man and the man was with a telescope. 2). The boy saw the man through a telescope.
True or False: the sentence "The boy saw the man with the telescope" can be understood in two ways. The sentence is an example of structural ambiguity.
tense
We went to church yesterday
Determiners are used before a noun to introduce it or to provide more information on the noun. (1) articles: a, the (2) demonstratives: these, that (3) possessive determiners: my, your (4) quantifiers: few, many, much (5) numbers: one, thirty (6) ordinals: first, third, last
What is "Determiner"? P
a finite number of rules, and that helps to generate an infinite number of well-formed structures
What is "Generative Grammar"?
Surface structure: the syntactic form of each individual sentence Deep Structure: an abstract level of structural organization in which all the elements determining the interpretation of sentences are represented. Relation: Every deep structure has multiple surface structure forms
What is "surface structure" and "deep structure"? What is the relation between them?
The study of the underlying rule system that used to produce or "generate" sentence.
What is Syntax?
the structure of words and the meaning of the components or elements in the structure.
Which of the following is mostly relevant to the definition of the study of Morphology:
in the word "teachers", there are three components that carry meanings: "teach", "er", and "s". Specifically, the "teach" means "show or explain to (someone) how to do something"; "er" means "A person or thing that does an action", and "s" indicates plural form, meaning "more than one". Therefore, the word "teachers" means "the group of people who show or explain to (someone) how to do something".
Which of the following options is about the study of morphology:
"dress"
Which of these options is a free morpheme?
receive re-
Which of these words does not have a bound morpheme? a. return b. receive c. replay d. remarry For the rest three words, the bound morpheme is...
Noam Chomsky
Who is the "Father of Language"?
collocation
Words frequently occurring together, such as "salt" and "pepper", "table" and "chair".
prescriptive approach
a framework for the structure of language, an system of ancient grammar rules originating from Latin
lexical morpheme
adjective (e.g., long, sad)
lexical morpheme
adverb (e.g., quickly, never)
Semantic features (componential analysis):
analyze the basic components of word meanings. This approach involves a view of words in a language as some sort of "containers" that carry meaning components.
functional morpheme
article (e.g., an, the)
speech
can be segment into different parts/grammatical categories: noun, article, adjective, verb, adverb, preposition, pronoun, conjunction. Please refers to the "The parts of Speech" part in your textbook.
person, gender; it should be "Cathy is crying now, and she is very sad"
cathy are crying now, and she is very sad
person, voice, gender
cathy is loved by her dog
Lexical relations:
characterize the meaning of words by analyzing the "relationships" with other words
functional morpheme
conjunction (e.g., and, because)
break up nouns into different types, such as "masculine", "feminine" or "neuter".
gender
"invisible meaning"
how we recognize what is meant even when it is not actually said or written.
person, voice
jeremiah is followed by 1,000,000 subscribers on Youtube
Semantic roles
look at the "roles" words fulfill within the situation described by a sentence.
lexical morpheme
noun (e.g., girl, house)
. whether the noun is singular ("apple") and plural ("apples")
number
including first person (the speaker), second person (the hearer), and third person (any others)
person
functional morpheme
preposition (e.g., on, under)
functional morpheme
pronoun (e.g., it, my)
the place of a noun phrase
pronouns can occur at...
agreement
refers to the relationship between the phrases within a sentence based on the grammatical category of "number", "person", "tense", "voice" and "gender".
anaphora
second and subsequent mentions
test frame
sentences with empty slots in them - used when analyzing the structure of the sentence
whether a verb is in the present tense ("love") or the past tense ("loved")
tense
Referential or linguistic meaning
the basic, essential, standard meaning that are conveyed by the literal use of a word.
number
the dogs are playing together, but the cat is playing by itself
deictic
the expressions used to point to people (us, them, those idiots), places (here, over there), and times (now, last week)
Associative/emotive or speaker meaning
the feelings or reactions to words by some speakers but not other speakers. This kind of meaning is underlying and subjective meaning.
antecedent
the first mention of people or other things.
subject
the first noun phrase before the verb.
physical context
the location where we encounter the speech, such as restaurant, bank or park.
inflectional morphemes
the morphemes that NOT used to create new words, but used to indicate the grammatical functions of the word. - used to indicate if a word is singular or plural ("cat" vs "cats"), past tense or not ("enjoy" vs "enjoyed"), and if a comparative ("clear" vs "clearer") or possessive "Jim" vs "Jim's"). - do NOT change the grammatical category of the words.
object
the noun phrase after the verb.
language typology
the study of similarities in the grammatical structures of language that allow them to be classifies as members of the same type or group.
semantics
the study of the meaning of words, phrases and sentences.
pragmatics
the study of what speakers mean in a specific context
linguistic context
the surrounding words, also known as co-text, that helps us understand what is meant.
structural analysis
which investigates the distribution of forms in a language.