Comm tests
but the couple that can keep their cool when metacommunicating stands a good chance of coming to an aggrement on how the relationship will prosper through better interaction
"I don't like the way you pick on me in front of others", "You know you could share your frustrations with me instead of bottling them up inside" would be examples of assertive metacommunicating
vocalizes pauses
"ah" and "um"
Lloyd Bitzer's definition of an "exigence" is
"an imperfection marked by the need for something to be said"
Communication Apprehension
"an individual's level of fear or anxiety associated with either real or anticipated communication
the avoidance stage is not necessarily a bad idea
"give me some space". rather than risk further bas words or deeds, take a break, get involved in other activities, and meet new ppl.
Ethos
-Speaker credibility -Ethics
casual organization pattern
-cause and effect
Individualistic Cultures
-cultures that value individual freedom, choice, uniqueness, and independence and place "I" before "we".-Value directness and clarity. -EX.USA, Australia, Great Britain
inductive organization pattern
-first present specific evidence -then build to your position/general conclusion
deductive organization pattern
-first present the position/general conclusion -then provide supporting evidence
Logos
-formal logic: supportable premises logical conclusions
Social Penetration Theory
-illustrates how self disclosure over time is like peeling away layers of an onion (in breadth & depth
CHAPTER 7 VOCABULARY
...
CHAPTER 8
...
CHAPTER 9 VOCABULARY
...
This is a break between tips and definitions!! CHAPTER 6
...
Coordinated Management of Meanings
..., Concerned with how individuals organize, manage, and coordinate their meanings and actions with one another
Self diclosure is importance for...
1) Allows us to develop a greater understanding for ourselves. 2) Allows you to develop a more positive attitude about yourself and others. 3) Allows you develop more meaningful relationships with others.
in 1958, French and Raven's original research found that there are 3 levels of compliance:
1. COMPLIANCE (simply following a command or request 2. IDENTIFICATION (following an order or request to please the person of higher status) 3. INCORPORATION (following a request because you believe in acting consistently with the goals of the person or group, because you have adopted and internalized their values)
Three Types of Persuasive Effects
1. Create a new attitude 2. Reinforce an existing attitude 3. Change an attitude or behavior
Monroe's Motivated Sequence- organization pattern
1. attention 2. need (problem addressed) 3. satisfaction (solution/solve need) 4. visualization 5. action
The 4 C's of Comm
1. confident 2. conversational 3. compelling 4. comfortable
effects of control on communication in an interpersonal relationship-- in general, we we see 3 types of control in interactions:
1. control over decision making 2. control of conversation 3. control over your dyad's view of social reality
Name the four steps to extemporaneous delivery
1. create an outline (mind map) 2. write the speech 3. create key word speaking notes 4. practice and adapt
Family in the social system- culture & education
1. culture- different beliefs 2. education- people who go to ucf will have difference experiences that people who go to NYU
What are Aristotle's defined appeals
1. ethos 2.pathos 3.logos
What is our social system composed of?
1. family 2. govt 3. religion 4. education 5. media
education in the social system
1. k-12 2. higher education
COMMUNICATION CLIMATE includes
1. participative decision making (aka PDM) and how decisions are made and who makes them 2. mutual and reciprocal communication (the amount of responsiveness to you) 3. feedback activities (how aware your partners and leaders are to your feedback)
Altman and Taylor believe that relationships often
1. progress systemically and predictably 2. include DEPENETRATION & DISSOLUTION (breaking up, declining relationship) 3. self disclosure is the "CORE" OF relational development
types of intros
1. startling statement/statistic 2. rhetorical question 3. personal reference 4. vivid illustration 5. suspense
What are the prereqs when it comes to the cultivation theory
1. television is centralized system of storytelling 2. tv replaced other primary sources in influencing predisposition and preferences
Main prepositions of the Cultivation theory: Media Exposure leads to...
1. the cultivation of shared conceptions of reality among otherwise diverse publics through exposure to a similar system of programming 2. perceptions of reality that more like tv reality
According to your text, studies indicate that most audience members will retain about ______________ of the specific information from presentation
10-25%
What is the rate of speaking?
125 words a minute.
Intimate Distance
18 inches
Personal Distance
18 inches to 4 feet
Personal Zone
18 inches to 4 feet
THEORIES OF SELF
1950s, IRVING GOFFMAN wrote several books, one entitled "THE PRESENTATION OF SELF IN EVERYDAY LIFE". in it, he discussed how we present oursleves, how we chose the symbols that represent us, and how those symbols construct meaning or clash with how others react to our symbols
Identify and explain recent research findings regarding listening.
24% of the day is used listening, 20% writing emails, 13% on the internet, 9% writing, 8% reading, 8% watching television, 7% on the telephone, and 5% writing emails.
Social Distance
4-12 feet
Referent
A form of power that derives from attraction to the leader
Which of the following cannot be effectively utilized when gathering evidence for your speeches?
A friend's speech
Stereotype
A generalization about some group of people that oversimplifies their culture.
What is stereotyping?
A generalization about some group of people that oversimplifies their culture.
Race
A group of human beings distinguished by physical traits, blood types, genetic code patterns or genetically inherited characteristics.
Co-Culture
A group that exists within a larger, dominant culture but differs from the dominant culture in some significant characteristics
Reference Librarian (ch11)
A librarian specifically trained to help you find sources of information.
Identify and explain the "listening tree."
A method of listening developed by Wolvyn and Coakley which illustrates the interdependence of different ways to listen. Discriminative listening is the root of the tree; Comprehensive listening is the trunk of the tree; and appreciative, critical, and therapeutic listening are the branches of the tree.
Monroe's Motivated Sequence
A method of organizing persuasive speeches that seek immediate action. The five steps of the motivated sequence are attention, need, satisfaction, visualization, and action.
Asian American Women Struggling to Move Past Cultural Expectations
About Asian families moving to America and the parents keeping the beliefs, customs, and traditions of Asia. (more collectivistic- get married, take care of the family ), but the kids assimilating i to American culture and adopting those beliefs, customs and traditions (more individualistic -get a job/career, make money). This creates a disconnection between kids and their parents. Relation to class: Individualistic vs. Collectivistic cultures, Assimilation Marginalization
All of following are needs fulfilled by primary groups EXCEPT
Achievement
The best time to distribute handouts is
After the speech
Identify and explain how ethics impacts workplace communication.
Aggressive communication, honesty, and sexual harassment.
One of the reasons you need to be careful with media presentations is that they can be replayed time and again, therefore, in class, we discussed the importance of creating right impression and adapting your message to the media, by
All the above
The following filters can affect the listener's perception of the speakers;
All the above
When rehearsing your speech, you should:
All the above
all of the following are part of the Shannon and Weaver Model of Communication except:
All the above
Nonverbal Communication
All the ways we communicate without using words.
Nonverbal Communication
All the ways we communicate without using words. Nonverbal communication can include clothing, physical appearance, gestures, facial and eye expressions.
Building blank slides into powerpoint presentations...
Allows you to reconnect with your audience
When you practice your speech, it is best to:
Always practice out loud
Which statement below is NOT an example of ethnocentrism?
American Workers get higher pay for less work than most people in the world.... (the belief that your own group or culture is superior to other groups or cultures)
Critical Thinking (ch5)
Analyzing the speaker, the situation, and the speakers ideas to make critical judgements about the message being presented.
Informal Communication
Any interaction that does not generally follow the formal structure of the organization but emerges out of natural social interaction among organization members
Symbols
Anything that carries a particular meaning recognized by people who share a culture.
Reward
Anything that increases a specific behavior.
Ethos
Appeal to beliefs or character
Pathos
Appeal to emotion
Logos
Appeal to logic
Chronological Pattern
Arranging main points on basis of time
In reference to chromatics, relaxed people might______. whereas task-oriented people __________.
Arrive and leave late, arrive and leave on time or early
When preparing for and taking part in an interview, you should...
Ask and answer questions effectively and ethically.
Cultural Relativism
Behavior in one culture should not be judged by standards of another culture.
Internal References (ch11)
Brief notations indicating a bibliographic reference that contains the details you are using in your speech.
Weber also noted that bureaucracies have a
CLEAR AND GRADED HIERARCHY OF POWER AND AUTHORITY. each member has a rank within that hierarchy. that rank PRESCRIBES (ALLOWS) & PROSCRIBES (PROHIBITS) tasks and communication activities. lower level subordinates do not burst in on executive meetings just as top level mangers do not enter the assembly line except in times of crisis
a bureaucracy alos has a
COMMUNICATION CLIMATE- the emotional tone of those who do not conform to the being used in conversations from the corporate level to the staff line. the types of climates can be from open and friendly to hostile and close-minded
metaphor
Comparing unknown to known. Making a comparison between two things (without using like or as).
Simile
Comparison using like or as
Competition vs Communication
Competition: Men view communication as a competition where someone wins, dislike the "one down" situation where they are below someone Communication: women view communication as an opportunity to further the relationship, communicate support,and be a part of a group
Persuasive Message
Contain Pathos, Logos, and Ethos
just as the bonding stage is characterized by a symbolic commitment of wanting to be together, terminating a relationship involves expressions of
DISENGAGEMENT- some official act of dissolution. it could be as subtle as not returning phone calls or a as big as an all out public divorce spectabcle
interpersonal communication is the exchange of messages in a
DYAD
Uncertainty Avoidance
Deals with the way that a culture handles change and accepts uncertainty within social or cultural contexts
What online tool did Dr. Hanlon recommend for scheduling groups? Explain how this tool is useful.
Doodle.com
Informal Communication consists of all of the following EXCEPT:
Downward Communication
Identify and explain the three ways that information typically flows in formal networks.
Downward, upward, and horizontal communication.
Deductive Reasoning
Drawing a conclusion from initial definitions and assumptions by means of logical reasoning.
Appopriateness of Touch
Duration, body position, hands, intensity of touch, power force or concentration
A non- profit hospital is what type of organization?
Economic Production
Aristotle's Defined Appeals
Ethos, Pathos, Logos
In our lecture on analyzing an audience, I discussed Lloyd Bitzer's notion of a "rhetorical situation." The three components of a rhetorical situation, according to Bitzer, are:
Exigence audience, and a set of constraints
Don Draper holds ________ over Conrad Hilton
Expert Power
Statements by someone with special knowledge on a given subject is known as
Expert Testimony
All of the following are true of positive imagery, except:
Feelings, such as pride or confidence, will not occur until the situation actually exists
180 degree
Few people will change their opinions completely around 180 degrees as a result of a conversation or speech.
100% Rule
Few speakers achieve 100% agreement with their audience.
Vocalized Pauses (ch13)
Filler words such as um or ah.
Primary Credibility
First hand; autobiography
When Lisa is out at a restaurant or Cafe with her friends she is very informal. At work, Lisa is a completely different person. She dresses and acts professionally. What type of behavior is this?
Flexibility
Taboos
Forbidden actions bringing sanctions
What are the 5 communication networks?
Formal Communication, Downward Communication, Upward Communication, Horizontal Communication, and Informal Communication.
Rituals
Formalized patterns of actions or words followed regularly
Schultz created the
Fundamental Interpersonal Relational Orientation profile (FIRO), a measure of the usual and typical way we communicate with our relational partners
Group Decision support System (ch9)
GDSS, an interactive network of computers with specialized software allowing users to generate solutions for unstructured problems.
Trustworthiness
Gained over time and easy to lose
Which of the following countries would most likely use M time?
Germany
Monroe's Motivation Sequence
Get attention, address need/problem, after satisfaction/solution/ visualization, action your going to take
Secondary Credibility
Get info from somewhere else; someone's biography
Identify and explain the issues related to effective and ethical group communication.
Group members must be honest and truthful; group members must be thorough and unbiased when they evaluate information; group members must behave with integrity; and group conflict.
Emergent group
Group resulting from environmental conditions leading to the formation of a cohesive group of individuals
Disjunctive Tasks (ch9)
Group tasks that require little coordination and that can be completed by the most skilled working member alone.
Emergent Groups (ch9)
Groups resulting from environmental conditions leading to the formation of a cohesive group of individuals.
What are emergent groups?
Groups resulting from environmental conditions leading to the formation of a cohesive group of individuals.
Assigned groups
Groups tat evolve out of a hierarchy whereby individuals are assigned membership to the group
Assigned Groups (ch9)
Groups that evolve out of a hierarchy whereby individuals are assigned membership to the group.
What are assigned groups?
Groups that evolve out of a hierarchy whereby individuals are assigned membership to the group.
interpersonal communication is marked by
HIGHLY STYLIZED COMMUNICATION as opposed to standard and commonly used speech. calling your spouse a pet name, or the way you greet each other ("wassup dog?") would be more stylized than the standard greeting for an impersonal relationship ("hello there")
Hearing, Understanding, Remembering, Interpreting, Evaluating, Responding
HURIER
Customs
Habitual, expected behaviors (a common practice that has not been around awhile)
Therapeutic Listening
Help to a person who needs to talk through a concern
Organizational Pattern
Helps you define the important points of your presentation and keep the audience on track.
How did Dr. Hanlon explain artifacts? Be specific.
Her ankh necklace.
Voluntary audiences, according to your text, tend to be:
Homogenous
Messages between organizational members of the same power level are described as:
Horizontal
Information flows in an organization through patterns of relationships known as...
Horizontal Communication
interpersonal relationships are
IRREPLACEABLE. could you really replace a parent?
THE SELF CONCEPT
IS A RELATIVELY STABLE SET OF PERCEPTIONS YOU HOLD ABOUT YOURSELF, YOUR PLACE IN THE WORLD, AND YOUR RELATIONSHIPS WITH OTHERS.
Labels (ch13)
Identify specific elements of a graphic slide.
Indexing
Identifying the uniqueness of objects events, and people.
Indexing
Identifying the uniqueness of objects, events, and people
Communication Theory of Identity (CIT)
Identity is based on social categorization or group members.
By smiling, gesturing, and using facial expressions in the workplace to create perceptions of psychological closeness with others, you are enacting...
Immediacy
Identify and explain the four specific behaviors that are important for the workplace.
Immediacy, supportiveness, strategic ambiguity, and interaction management.
Connotative Meaning
Implied meaning within given context
What are the 4 delivery styles?
Impromptu, Manuscript, Memorized, and Extemporaneous Delivery
relational deterioration
In Knapp's model the process by which relationships disintegrate.
Ad Hominem
In an argument, this is an attack on the person rather than on the opponent's ideas. It comes from the Latin meaning "against the man."
Contradictions
In dialectic theory the idea that each person in a relationship might have two opposing desires for maintaining the relationship.
Transitions
Include points just discussed, relates point to the objective, introduces next main point
Grapevine Communication
Informal networks that form as a result of informal communication
Norms
Informal rules for group interaction created and sustained through communication
Norms (ch9)
Informal rules for group interaction created and sustained through communication.
What are norms?
Informal rules for interaction created and sustained through communication.
Slang
Informal, casual street language used among equals with words unsuitable for more formal contexts.
Supporting Materials (ch11)
Information you can use to substantiate your arguments and to clarify your position.
Violation
Infraction
Small-group communication
Interaction among three to nine people working together to achieve an interdependent goal
Small Group Communication (ch9)
Interactions among three to nine people working together to achieve an interdependent goal.
Narrative Coherence
Internal consistency with characters acting in a reliable fashion; THE STORY HANGS TOGETHER
The advantage of having a communication orientation toward a presentation instead of a performance orientation is...
It helps you focus on your goals as a communicator.
Why is it important to study listening in a public speaking course?
It is important to the communication process.
What is appreciative listening?
It serves "to obtain sensory stimulation or enjoyment through the works and experiences of others"
Emotional Labor
Jobs in which employees are expected to display certain feelings in order ti satisfy organizational role expectations
Opinions
Judgements or appraisals formed in the mind about particular matter
Identify and explain the types of bodily movement in nonverbal communication.
Kinesics, which includes posture, gestures, and facial expressions. Emblems, illustrators, affect displays, regulators, adaptors.
How do you use PowerPoint effectively?
Know who is the presenter and who's the audience, maintain eye contact, draw attention to the content, and make visuals easy to receive.
Ageist Language
Language that denigrates people for being young or old.
One might think of eye contact between audience and speaker as...
Looking each other in the mind
once you have bonded, the relationship goes thru the
MAINTENANCE PHASE. relationship don't just exist on their own. they have to be worked at, fine tuned, extended, and occasionally modified. in the MAINTENANCE STAGE, many research studies show that a bond is characterized by high degrees of trust
STAGES OF RELATIONSHIPS
MARK KNAPP, a researcher in our field has often described the engagement, maintenance, and disengagement phases of relationships
Semantics
MEANINGS OF WORDS OR PHRASES
Formal Communication
Messages that follow prescribed channels of communication throughout the organization
Identify and explain how Hall furthered our understanding of cultural diversity.
Monochronic and polychronic time.
Customer service representatives may use which of the following compliance-gaining strategies, in which the representatives implies that it is immoral not to comply?
Moral Appeals
Evidence
More benefit when speaker credibility is low; most benefit on long term persuasion; must be new to audience
Low-context cultures
More important to have a well-structured argument or a well-structure delivered presentation than it is to be a member of a high-status family or to be blood-related to the person by blood
Problem/Solution
Most common/basic used in persuasive talk
Gestures
Movements of hands, arms and fingers that illustrate and emphasize what is being said.
Read/Write learning style
Must read or write information to learn.
How does personality impact listening?
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) measures it across 4 bipolar dimensions: introversion vs. Extraversion; Intuiting vs. Sensing; Thinking vs Feeling; and Judging vs. Perceiving.
A State in which an unsatisfied condition exists is:
Needs
First Person Observation (ch5)
Observation based on something that you personally have sensed.
Which of the following is not a basic stage of listening?
Observing
What are some bad qualities of negative relationships?
Obsession that includes fatal attraction and jealousy. Abuse is also a quality.
Defensiveness
Occurs when a person feels attacked
Identify and explain the key guidelines for answering questions effectively and ethically.
Offer relevant answers, substantiate your claims with evidence, provide accurate answers, and be positive.
What are the problems people have in interpreting nonverbal codes?
One code communicates a variety of meanings and a variety of codes communicate the same meaning.
Message Sidedness
One-sided message Two-sided non refutational messages Two sided-refutational messages
Long term vs short term
Orientation towards time, either daily or throughout life. Example: High power-distance= call boss by title. Low power-distance= call boss by first name
During the lecture on "Building Speaker Confidence" I stated that the most difficult audience to speak in front of, the one that makes us most anxious, is typically an audience comprised of
Our Peers
lastly, a bureaucracy has some sort of
PHYSICAL PRESENCE THAT REGULATES COMMUNICATION B/W ITS MEMBERS= communication infrastructure (telephone and computer lines, pagers) these serve as the internal and external communication needs. there is a body of research in nonverbal artifactual communication that shows what furniture arrangements promote or inhibit discussion in work groups - physical arrangements communicate to the members where they stand in the hierarchy
Kelly is listening to her friend, Sheri, talk about her boyfriend who is leaving for 1 year to serve in the army. Kelly says "mmm-hmm" during the conversation to show Sheri that she is listening. She is communicating using:
Paralinguistics ...
The army is which type of organization
Political
An organization with this orientation generates and distributes power and control within society.
Political Orientation
Stereotypes
Popular beliefs about groups of people
"Smoking among teenagers is increasing. Teenagers are also more involved in crimes than they used to be. We need to ban the sale of cigarettes to kids under 18 before our our cities turn into violent war zones." This is an example of what type of fallacy?
Post Hoc
Cultural Rituals
Practices, behaviors, celebrations and traditions common to people, organizations and institutions
Jane Swift
Pregnant women running for Lt. Governor of Massachusetts but getting a lot of negative criticism for it. Relation to class: demonstrates double standards, gender stereotyping, cooperative overlap.
Richard Nixon's "Checkers" speech is famous for employing what logical fallacy?
Red Herring
Types of Conclusions
Reference to intro, General summary, Emotional appeal, Personal intentions, Quotations (Don't read)
The UCLA basketball coach John Wooden was able to motivate his players because of his charisma and the high level of respect his players held him in. What type of power does this illustrate?
Referent Power (charisma)
Androgynous
Refers to persons who possess stereotypical female and male characteristics
Proxemics
Refers to the study of how people use space and distance to communicate.
Vocalics
Refers to the study of the use of voice to express self.
Environment
Refers to the surroundings that shape the communication context. Ppl are influenced by environment factors such as architecture, design, doors, windows, color, lighting, smell, seating arrangements, temperature, and cleanliness.
A woman shaded her eyes with her open hand on her brow and said "wow it is ever bright out here" The nonverbal cue here is a(n)
Regulator....
Tell-Tell-Tell
Repetition=retention
Identify and explain the two types of listening models.
SIER Hierarchy of Active Listening Model and the CARESS Model.
Semantics can be defined as the
Science of meaning in language
SMCRE
Source, Message, Channels, receivers, environment
Extemporaneous Delivery
Speaker has practiced thoroughly but not memorized, using speakers notes, not a manuscript
Manuscript
Speaker writes the entire presentation word for word
Resistance
Speakers need to measure the resistance of an audience (how open they are to new ideas) and adjust the speech to their interests, needs, and desires.
Examples (ch11)
Specific instances used to illustrate your point.
Dating
Specifying when you made an observation, since everything changes over time
Dating
Specifying when you made an observation, since everything changes over time.
Identify and explain the issues regarding sexual harassment.
Teens are big targets because laws aren't aimed at protecting them from harassment and they feel that it might be the norm because they're not used to the workplace.
Selective Exposure
Tendency to place ourselves in environments with others who think as we do.
Emoticons
Textual expression of emotions that show our feelings in the digital world
Persuasion
The altering or modifying of a person's attitudes, beliefs, values or outlook about a topic
Which of the following items uses onomatopoeia?
The antacids hit the water: plop,plop,fizz,fizz
Intercultural Communication
The exchange of information between individuals who are unalike culturally.
Dynamism (ch11)
The extent to which the speaker is perceived as bold active, energetic, strong, empathetic, and assertive. An aspect of credibility.
Dynamism
The extent to which the speaker is perceived as bold, active, energetic, strong, empathic, and assertive.
Source Credibility (ch5)
The extent to which the speaker is perceived as competent to make the claim he or she is making.
Competition
The fact that men dont like the "one up, one down" situation is an example of this defining principal of gender communication
Impression Management
The format of an impression, a perception, or a view of the other.
Impression Management
The formation of an impression, a perception, or a view of the other
Symbolic Interactionism
The framework that positions communication as the primary means by which people internalize and use social values to guide how they see themselves, how they see others and how they interact
Automatic Attention (ch5)
The instinctive focus we give to stimuli signaling a change in our surroundings, stimuli that we deem important, or stimuli that we perceive to signal danger.
Co-cultural communication
The interactions among underrepresented and dominant group members
Which of the following is NOT an example of a group norm ?
The leader has a very large vocalualary so se practically needs an interpreter for others to understand
Cultural Competence
The level of knowledge a person has about others who differ in some way in comparison to self
Proximity
The location, distance, or range between persons and things
Assimilation goal
The marginalized group attempts to fit in with the dominant group
Power Distance
The perceived equality or inequality felt between people in certain cultural or social contexts
P-Time
The polychronic time schedule, which views time as "contextually based and relationally oriented".
Perception Checking
The practice of asking others to get a more informed sense of understanding
Descriptiveness
The practice of describing observed behavior or phenomena instead of offering personal reactions or judgments.
Within-group diversity
The presence of observable and/or implicit differences among group members
What is within-group diversity?
The presence of observable and/or implicit differences among group members.
Within Group Diversity (ch9)
The presence of observable and/or implicit differences among group members.
Sleeper Effect
The principal of persuasion that says sometimes it takes repeated and frequent exposure for a message to sink in.
According to the SMCRE model of communication, which of the following best describes the environment of a speaking occasion? pg 8
The situation or contest in which a speech takes place
Group culture
The socially negotiated system of rules that guide group behavior
Group Culture (ch9)
The socially negotiated system of rules that guide group behavior.
What is group culture?
The socially negotiated system of rules that guide group behavior.
Culture
The socially transmitted behavior patterns, beliefs, attitudes and values of a particular period, class, community, or population. Also a combination of rituals, religious beliefs, ways of thinking, and ways of behaving that unify a group of people.
The sleeper effect means that the
The speech hd a delayed message impact because of separation of speaker from message over time
Criteria
The standards by which a group must judge potential solutions
Inclusion
The state of being involved with others; a human need
Dogmatic
These people are more resistant to persuasion because they rigid in their beliefs and see things in black and white.
Metamessages
These refer to the emotional overtones that are frequently used by women in communication.
How are objects used in nonverbal communication?
They can communicate your age, gender, status, role, what your religion is, what the climate is, what time of day, etc. Communicates authority and people's roles.
Identify and explain the benefits of wikis.
They're cheap, don't require a specialized software, worldwide access, compatible with any computer.
Small Group Communication
Three or more individuals are interdependent, share goals, identify with one another, and interact.
Which of the following is NOT a function of a speech introduction ?
To forecast the development and organization of the speech
How are wikis used by corporations?
To see how their brand is being mentioned in social media and other websites. They use wikis to see how they can enhance their company brand and image.
The innate, internal fears speakers bring to the situation that is a relatively rare form of anxiety, is called______anxiety
Trait
Encode
Translating thoughts into words
A recent poll shows fear of public speaking to be the number to fear of Americans
True
Audience size is crucial in determining what type of visual aids you will use.
True
Beliefs are the reasons people hold the attitudes they do
True
Feeling apprehensive about public speaking is normal.
True
If possible, a speaker should never give a speech without presenting a visual aid.
True
In Shannon and Weaver's Models of Communication, the final "destination" can be a person or a machine
True
The audience's first impression comes more from what they see than from what the hear.
True
of course, this brings on conflict through defensiveness if the
VALENCE of the interpersonal communication is negative
Deep-seated principles that serve as personal guidelines for behavior are:
Values
Non-Fluencies
Verbal Mistakes
Signposts
Verbal cues indicating organizational relationships of main points
Non Fluencies (ch13)
Verbal mistakes such as false starts, mispronunciations, or excessive ah's or um's.
Lecture Cues (ch5)
Verbal or nonverbal Signals that stress points or indicate transitions between ideas during a lecture.
Facts
Verifiable forms of information
Competition
View conflict as battle and advance own interests over those of others
From class notes, visual aids should be?
Visible Non-distracting Simple and clear Functional In your possession "Profitable"
Visual Aids (ch13)
Visual Elements that help your audience receive your message.
Signposts
Ways in which a presenter signals to an audience where the presentation is going
Explain the culture of the continental United States in regards to the concepts of cultural diversity.
We are a short-term, flat hierarchy, accepting, more masculine, and individualistic nation.
Receiving
We take in lots of information but only attend to some of it
Immediacy
When people engage in communication behaviors intended to create perceptions psychological closeness with others
What is discriminative listening?
When we "distinguish the auditory and visual stimuli"
What factors influence the meaning and use of touch?
Where you are and who it is. It can be welcomed, as seen as caring and gentle, but can also be seen as unwanted and harassing.
Which of the following is most likely an example of a primary group?
Women Playing Cards
Which of the following statements regarding gender and group interaction is true?
Women Prefer more formal speeches
Which of the following statements regarding gender and group interaction is true?
Women formal speeches
Identify and explain the decision-making for small groups.
Wording the discussion question, discussing criteria, identifying alternatives, and evaluating alternatives.
Regionalisms
Words and phrases specific to a particular region or part of the country.
Concrete Language
Words and statements that are specific rather than abstract or vague.
Concrete Language
Words or Statements that are specific rather than abstract or vague
Which part of the listening process is responsible for interpreting and assigning meaning to stimuli?
Working memory
Testimonial Evidence (ch11)
Written or oral statements of others experience used by a speaker to substantiate or clarify a point.
Common Ground
You and Your audience share an understanding of the world
Frozen Evaluation
You do not allow your assessment to change over time
Selective Attention
You focus on certain cues and ignore others.
sailence
You pay attention to messages that are important to you.
Accommodation
You set aside your views and accept the those of others
Communication Orientation
Your focus as a speaker is to achieve your communicative goals
Communication Orientation (ch13)
Your focus as a speaker is to achieve your communicative goals.
Which of the following best typifies the meaning of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis ?
Your language shapes your perception...
What factors determine the amount of personal space you use?
Your size, your gender, and how much space you claim as your own.
Pathos
______ means emotional appeal and appealing to motivation.
Persuasion
__________Involves voluntary compliance and is the act of influencing someone's attitude, behavior, or emotions with hopes of changing them.
social influence theory states that we all form norms and standards of behavior in dyads and in larger groups
a 1999 survey showed that a third of all subordinates at work felt like punching out their bosses for real or imagined insults. the difference is that most of us have self restraint controls and we do not feed or urge on those feelings.
transition (ch 12)
a bridge between sections of a presentation that helps the presenter move smoothly from one idea to another
sleeper effect (ch 11)
a change of audience opinion caused by the separation of the message content from its source over a period of time
explanation (ch 11)
a clarification of what something is or how it works
a bureaucracy also has REGULAR AND ONGOING EVALUATIONS of its members
a co had the right to evaluate a member's performance and to recommend changes in their behavior. most of the time the evaluations center on TASK PERFORMANCE, however, evaluations of a member's social and communication behavior are common
Language
a collection of symbols, letters, or words with arbitrary meanings that are governed by rules and used to communicate
language (ch 3)
a collection of symbols, letters, or words with arbitrary meanings that are governed by rules and used to communicate
analogy (ch 11)
a comparison of things in some respects, especially in position or function, that are otherwise dissimilar
attractiveness (ch 6)
a concept that includes physical attractiveness, how desirable a person is to work with, and how much "social value" the person has for others
Role
a consistent pattern of interaction or behavior exhibited over time
role (ch 9)
a consistent pattern of interaction or behavior exhibited over time
implicit rule culture (ch 7)
a culture in which information and cultural rules are implied and already known to the participants
explicit rule culture (ch 7)
a culture in which information, policies, procedures, and expectations are explicit
Operational definition
a definition that identifies something by revealing how it works, how it is made or what it consists of
operational definition (ch 3)
a definition that identifies something by revealing how it works, how it is made, or what is consists of
Operational Definition
a definition that identifies something by revealing how it works, how it is made, or what it consists of
job description
a document that defines a job in terms of its content and scope
job description (ch 8)
a document that defines the job in terms of its content and scope
functional resume
a document that organizes your credentials by type of function performed
functional resume (ch 8)
a document that organizes your credentials by type of function performed
chronological resume
a document that organizes your credentials over time
chronological resume (ch 8)
a document that organizes your credentials over time
brake light function (ch 12)
a forewarning to the audience that the end of the presentation is near
Stereotype
a generalization about some group of people that oversimplifies their culture
reference librarian (ch 11)
a librarian specifically trained to help you find sources of information
one significant factor in breakups is when one person experiences
a major change. your communication becomes so unlikable that you cannot tolerate it another minute. worst of all, as in social exchange theory. you realize that the costs far outweigh the rewards of the relationship and you realize that it may be over.
problem/solution pattern (ch 12)
a method of organization in which the presenter describes a problem and proposes a solution to that problem
cause/effect pattern (ch 12)
a method of organization in which the presenter first explains the causes of an event, a problem, or an issue and then discusses its consequences, results, or effects
novelty and predictability.
a relationship that has no suprises can feel boring, but a relationship that lacks predictability can feel unstable and unreliable.
second person observation (ch 5)
a report of what another observed
cover letter (ch 8)
a short letter introducing you and your resume to an interviewer
cover letter
a short letter introducing you and your resume to and interviewer
quid pro sexual harassment (ch 8)
a situation in which an employee is offered a regard or threatened with punishment based on his or her participation in a sexual activity
quid pro quo sexual harassment
a situation in which an employee is offered a reward or is threatened with punishment based on his or her participation in a sexual activity
two sided argument (ch 11)
a source advocating one position presents an argument from the opposite viewpoint and then goes on to refute that argument
slang (ch 3)
a specialized language of a group of people who share a common interest or belong to a similar co culture
extemporaneous delivery (ch 13)
a speech is practiced throughly but not memorized, using speakers notes, not a manuscript
memorized delivery (ch 13)
a speech is written as a manuscript and then delivered from memory
impromptu delivery (ch 13)
a speech that has little or no preparation time and is made up along the way
manuscript delivery (ch 13)
a speech that is written word for word using a tone and language that is appropriate for speaking rather than reading
culture (ch 2)
a system of shared beliefs, values, customs, and artifacts that members of a society use to cope with one another and with their world
short term memory (ch 5)
a temporary storage place for information
Diversity
a term used to describe the unique differences in people.
Emoticons
a textual expression of emotions, is how you show your feelings in the digital world.
Emoticons
a textual expression of emotions... How you show your feelings in the digital world.
Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis
a theory or perception of reality is determined by our thought processes, our thought processes are limited by our language, and therefore that language shapes our reality
Sapir Whorf hypothesis
a theory that our perception of reality is determined by our thought processes, our thought processes are limited by our language and therefore that language shapes our reality
Culture
a unique combination of rituals, religious beliefs, ways of thinking, and ways of behaving that unify a group of people
culture (ch 7)
a unique combination of rituals, religious beliefs, ways of thinking, and ways of behaving that unify a group of people
Relational Culture
a unique private world constructed and sustained by partners in a relationship
Code Sensitivity
ability to use verbal and nonverbal language appropriate to the cultural norms of individual with whom you are communicating
Matching hypothesis
according to it, we tend to form relationships with people who are comparable to us in terms of physical attractiveness
self actualization (ch 2)
according to maslow, the fulfillment of one's potential as a person
all of the following are fulfilled by primary groups except
achievement
Of those polled, 55% indicated that they certainly would buy a gun, another 20% said they would strongly consider it. Clearly gun ownership is a right that needs to be protected This is an example of what type of fallacy?
ad populum
post hoc (logical fallacies)
after the fact; not a direct cause and effect
frozen evaluation (ch 3)
an assessment of a concept that does not change over time
Sexual Orientation
an enduring sexual attraction toward members of either one's own sex or the other sex
you should think of your speech as
an expanded conversation of a convo you have everyday
Group Conflict
an expressed struggle between 2 or more members of a group
Group Conflict
an expressed struggle between two or more members of a group
group conflict (ch 10)
an expressed struggle between two or more members of a group
Cliche
an expression that has lost originality and force through overuse
cliche (ch 3)
an expression that has lost originality and force through overuse
Connotative Meaning
an individualized or personalized meaning of a word, which may be emotionally laden
Connotative Meaning
an individualized or personalized meaning of a word, which may be emotionally laden.
group decision support system GDSS (ch 9)
an interactive network of computers with specialized software allowing users to generate solutions for unstructured problems
Group Decision Support System (GDSS)
an interactive network of computers with specialized software, allowing users to generate solutions for unstructured problems
network (ch 8)
an intricate web of contacts and relationships designed to benefit the participants
Groupthink
an unintended outcome of cohesion in which the desire for cohesion and agreement takes precedence over critical analysis and discussion
groupthink (ch 9)
an unintended outcome of cohesion in which the desire for cohesion and agreement takes precedent over critical analysis and discussion
Which of the following BEST describes the appropriate steps for developing content of an effective speech
analyze the audience and occasion then plan and organize your message.
critical thinking (ch 5)
analyzing the speaker, the situation, and the speakers ideas to make critical judgements about the message being presented
Generalized Anxiety
anxiety about almost all forms of communication in all settings will all people
informal communication
any interaction that does not generally follow the formal structure of the organization but emerges out of natural social interaction among organization members
informal communication (ch 8)
any interaction that generally does not follow the formal structure of organization but emerges out of a natural social interaction among organization members
doublespeak (ch 3)
any language that is purposefully constructed to disguise its actual meaning
Speech Act
any verbal or nonverbal message as part of an interaction
ROLES
appropriate stances or positions
CONTROLS
are rewards for adherence and sanctions for violations
After arriving in the US to begin work on his masters degree in business, Shoko found that the best way for her to fit into her new surroundings was to begin dressing like her fellow classmates and developing interests that were similar to theirs. Which type of goal is Shoko attempting with this behavior as a member of a marginalized group?
assimilation
Interpersonal Relationship
association between at least two people who are interdependent and use consistent patterns of interaction
interpersonal relationships (ch 6)
associations between two people who are interdependent, who use some consistent patterns of interaction, and who have interacted for an extended period of time
The preferred way to avoid ethnocentric perspective is to
assume that other individuals would prefer to think and act as you do
Mass Communication Research
attempts to understand and explain the role(s) the media play (cognitive, affective, and behavioral effects)
introductions are composed of
attention, motivation, credibility, and purpose
self esteem exerts a large influence on your self concept in terms of
attitude toward your self and how certain you are of your self and your abilities
as you find out more about each other, you begin to notice similarities b/w you not just in surface-level facts and opinions but now in
attitudes, schemas, values, & central beliefs. should you both reveal that you are born-again Christians, or that you went to the sam high school and know the same friends, your relationship will INTENSITY
relational dialects
attributes the communication patterns between partners to the existence of dialectical tensions
Horn Effect
attributing a variety of negative qualities to those you dislike
Referent power
based on others' respect (charisma)
Positive qualities...
can become unhealthy as well.
_____replaces irrational negative thoughts with more positive ones
cognitive restructuring
Language
collection of symbols, letters, or words with arbitrary meaning that are governed by rules and used to communicate
Language
collection of symbols, letters, or words with arbitrary meanings that are governed by rules and used to communicate
Content curation
collection/storage of documents from web covering specific topic
genetic contributors
combinations of inherited tendencies that may exert influences on our behavioral preferences
Culture of Touch
contact cultures non-contact cultures
in PARALLEL RELATIONSHIPS,
control, responsibilities, and power are FLUID. although there may be clear divisions of work, there is nothing preventing one partner from assuming other roles and responsibilities
Collectivist Cultures
cultures that value the group over the individuals, commitment to family,tribe, and clan. Value cooperation over competition and place "we" before "I". EX. Venezuela, Pakistan, Taiwan, Thailand
Decode vs Encode
d= translate into thoughts, e= into words
SOCIAL INFLUENCE THEORY
deals with how people influence each other by defining yourself through the reactions of others. i.e. walk into a nightclub and no one acknowledges you
Which of the following statement about emotional labor is not true?
decrease turnover
Traditions
deeply held habitual behavior (customs done for a long time become traditions, experiences based on a belief used to pass on ideals/values).
Nonverbal immediacy
defined as the use of closeness inducing nonverbal behavioral cues. these include touching someone in a nonviolent manner, smiling, orientating your body toward another person. Appearance, voice, facial/eye expression, gestures, touch.
a bureaucracy is a
deliberately structured group of people with a PHYSICAL PLACE OF OPERATION, DEFINED PLAN of operations, goals, norms, controls, and formal routing of messages. generally a bureaucracy has some sort of written statement of their mission and the way they operate. again some of the GOALS are TASK (making a product, achieve profitability, running a sports team) but some bureaucracies are SOCIAL (service club, support group, singles club, and reading clubs)
What type of information includes general audiences characteristics such as age, gender, and education?
demographic
titles (ch 13)
describe the general focus of a graphic slide
Perceptual Checking
describing, interpreting, and verifying that helps you understand another person and his or her message more accurately.
negative self talk (ch 10)
destructive self criticism
negative self-talk
destructive self-criticism
Supporting Material
details you can use to substantiate your arguments
definitions (ch 11)
determinations of meaning through description, simplification, examples, analysis, comparison, explanation, or illustration
Dominant Culture
determined by who has the power and influence in a group
Denotative meaning
dictionary meaning of a word
in 1970s, the idea transferred to let i "all hang out" in the hope that the
discussion would clear the air. the answer is usually somewhere in b/w "space" & "air"
Corridor Culture
disney
When marginalized groups try to fit in with the dominant group, they are attempting to achieve
distinction
Discriminative Listening
distinguish the auditory and visual stimuli
ppl use verbal and nonverbal communication to manipulate us into giving up more than we want
do it very quietly (cold stares) and sometimes it happens by fore (physical assault, rape, or abuse)
Informal Communication
does not follow the formal structure of the organization but emerges out of social interactions
impromptu delivery style
done without being planned, organized, or rehearsed; very little preparation; exercise of improvisation
Central Route Processing
effortful scrutinizing of the message
70 year old women
elaboration likelihood model
specific contexts
environments that have a distinct and unique pattern of exchanging messages
Interaction Management
establish smooth pattern of interaction that allows a clear flow of topics and ideas. EX) using pauses, changing pitch
interaction management
establishing a smooth pattern of interaction that allows a clear flow between topics and ideas
interaction management (ch 8)
establishing a smooth pattern of interaction that allows a clear flow between topics and ideas
amoral
ethically neutral
When people bring prejudices of their culture to intercultural interactions, they are being
ethnocentric
Assif Mandvi's imitation of an American answering a call for "tech support" was an example of
ethnocentrism...
The same reptile known as a river turtle in Illinois is a cooter in Florida. This language phenomenon is classifies as
euphimism
communication apprehension
fear and avoidance of communication with other people
communication apprehension (ch 10)
fear and avoidance of communication with other people
Govt in the social system
federal & states
disconfirmation (ch 2)
feedback in which others fail to respond to your notion of self by responding neutrally
conformation (ch 2)
feedback in which others treat you in a manner consistent with who you believe you are
rejection (ch 2)
feedback in which others treat you in a manner that is inconsistent with your self definition
generalized anxiety
feelings of anxiety associated with communication in nearly all situations
generalized anxiety (ch 10)
feelings of anxiety associated with communication in nearly all situations
nobody likes this STAGNATION STAGE
few ppl can stand more than a few days of stagnation yet some ppl seem unable to muster the energy to change the relationship. when you do get some energy or the breaking point is looming closer, when that threshold is reached, both partner may decide to READJUST (actually changes have been agreed whether reached through compromise or outright warfare) & RECALIBRATE (actual changes have been implemented) the relationship
Incivility
frequent rude behavior that may or may not have the intent of being harmful
examples of dyads
friend to friend, parent to child, student-teacher, boss to employee, etc.
how does the speaker gain the audience's trust
gained over time & easy to lose; reveal to audience why you're trustworthy; eye contact; confidence; reliable sources
diversity across communication contexts
gender influences, ethnicity & race, language differences, religion & spirituality, people with disabilities and sexual orientation
Political Orientation
generate and distribute power and control within society
self fulfilling prophecy (ch 2)
idea that you behave and see yourself in ways that are consistent with how others see you
labels (ch 13)
identify specific elements of a graphic slide
fundamental attribution error (ch 2)
in judging other people, the tendency to attribute their successes to the situation and their failures to their personal characteristics
connotative meaning (ch 3)
individualized or personalized meaning of a word, which may be emotionally laden
Connotative meaning
individualized or personalized meaning of word, may be emotionally laden
active listening (ch 5)
involved listening with a purpose
DYAD
is a group of two people with some sort of relationship between them. generally their interaction is face-to-face and there is an expectation of future interaction. it doesn't matter whether the relationship is very goal oriented or simply social. the power structure and VALENCE (positiveness or negativity) of the interactions will become evident and the research tends to support a number of factors that lead to successful interpersonal relationships
DEFENSIVENESS
is behavior that indicates that a person's ego or image is threatened. instead of addressing the issue, the defensive person lashes back ("oh you're the one to talk!") , attacks the perceived critic ("you don't know what you're talking about"), discounts the accusations ("that's b.s.") or changes the critics shortcomings ("you think I'm sloppy. you should see your room after a weekend.")
Analog Code
is made of sound waves for audio and music and light waves for pictures and words. analog is converted to binary for the computer to understand.
Cultural Relativism
is the belief that another culture should be judged by its own context rather than measured against your culture
Which of the following is NOT a criteria for evaluating sources of information ?
is the supporting material personal
When evaluating sources, you should ensure that the supporting material...
is verifiable.
opinions
judgments or appraisals formed in the mind about a particular matter
Heterosexist Language
language that implies that everyone is heterosexual
Heterosexist language
language that implies that everyone is heterosexual
heterosexist language (ch 3)
language that implies that everyone is heterosexual
Racist language
language that insults a group because of its skin color or ethinicity
logos (ch 1)
logical appeals
When people stereotype, they
make a generalization about a group of people that oversimplifies their culture
Pathos
make people receiving your message feel something about your topic
Evaluation
making judgement on another person about his/her behavior
Economic Orientation
manufacture products and or sell services to customers
Assimilation Goal
marginalized group attempts to fit in with dominant group
Assimilation goal
marginalized group attempts to fit in with the dominant group
Separation goal
marginalized group exclusive with own group and little with dominant
Accommodation goal
marginalized group keeps its ID strives for positive relations with dominant culture
Accommodation Goal
marginalized group manages to keep its identity while striving for positive relationships with the dominant culture
Separation Goal
marginalized group relates as exclusively as possible with its own group and as little as possible with the dominant group
social attraction
measured by an individual's actions and personality
Social Attraction
measured by an individuals actions and personality
Process
mechanics of listening including converting sound into electrical impulses and then into meaning (decoding)
statistics (ch 11)
numbers that summarize numerical information or compare quantities
first person observation (ch 5)
observation based on something that you personally have sensed
Appreciative Listening
obtain sensory stimulation through the works and experiences of others
defensiveness (ch 6)
occurs when a person feels attacked
Upward Communication
occurs when messages flow from subordinates to superiors
Regulating
occurs when nonverbal codes are used to monitor and control interactions with others
common ground
occurs when you and your audience share an understanding of the world, either in broad terms or in a relationship to specific issues (past, present, or future)
Contradicting
occurs when your verbal and nonverbal messages conflict
Downword Communication
occurs whenever superiors initiate messages to subordinates
Those who schedule their days, are early for appointments, and plan for the future are probably members of an
on-time Culture
political orientation (ch 8)
organizations that generate and distribute power and control within society
integration orientation
organizations that help mediate and resolve discord among members of society
integration orientation (ch 8)
organizations that help to mediate and resolve discord among members of society
economic orientation (ch 8)
organizations that manufacture products and or offer services for consumers
economic orientation
organizations that manufacture products and/or offer services for consumers
pattern-maintenance orientation
organizations that promote cultural and educational regularity and development within society
Chronological Resume
organized credentials over time
Functional Resume
organizes your experiences by type of function performed
Neutrality
originator of message does not show concern for the second person
artifacts (ch 4)
ornaments or adornments that you display that hold communicative potential
Expert power
others value expertise
politeness (ch 2)
our efforts to save face for others
Product
outcome of the process
active perception (ch 2)
perception in which your mind selects, organizes, and interprets that which you sense
Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis
perception of reality is determined by our thought processes, our thought processes are limited by our language
interpretive perception (ch 2)
perception that involves a blend of internal states and external stimuli
turning points
perceptions of events that transform relationships
Model of Interaction Stages
person receiving the message responds by sending another message back, Iniating, Experimenting, Intensifying, Integrating, Bonding, Differentiating, Circumscribing, Stagnating, Avoiding, Terminating
Legitimate power
person with title
ad hominem (logical fallacies)
personal
Imagined Trajectories
personal understandings of various tracks in relationships
Compliance-gaining
persons attempt to influence a target
Learned Helplessness
persons communication behavior is rewarded one time and punished the next
another factor in successful long term relationships concern the fact that some ppl are more rhetorically sensitive than others.
ppl who keep their audience in mind, even if its an audience of one when they are communicating are likely to enjoy satisfying convos that are free of control, negative perceptions, and misunderstandings that could hurt the relationship
Content-oriented
prefer challenging and complex messages
Two-sided nonrefutational messages
provide counter arguments but do not refute those arguments
two sidedness non refutational (ch 14)
provide counter arguments but do not refute those arguments
One-Sided Message
provide only the arguments that support your message
one sidedness (ch 14)
provide only the arguments that support your message
Two-Sided Refutational Message
provides and refutes counter argument
Two-Sided nonrefutational message
provides counter arguments but do not refute those arguments
One-sided message
provides only the arguments that support your message
Forming relationships
proximity: the distance between to people. it could be physical as in distance living from eachother, or virtual, which can include relationship through online activities/communities
Strategic Ambiguity
purposeful use of symbols to allow multiple interpretations of messages
peripheral route processing (ch 1)
receivers give brief attention to the message without elaborated thought
complementary relationships (ch 6)
relationships in which each person supplies something the other person or persons lack
what is the #1 type of motivation
relevance
Paraphrasing
restating another person's message by rephrasing the content or intent of the message
paraphrasing (ch 3)
restating another persons message by rephrasing the content or intent of the message
in periods of crisis and conflict,
rhetorically sensitive ppl focus on preserving the relationship instead of being right or stubborn. they recognize that there is a time to push and a time to pull back and don't mind sharing control. they believe that giving in is good for the relationship but does not meaning giving up an ego, status, or face
The skit shown in class about two men applying for a job illustrated the concept of
role
Repeating
same message is sent verbally and nonverbally
Performance Orientation
seeing your presentation as a performance and your audience as critics
performance orientation
seeing your presentation as a performance and your audience as critics
performance orientation (ch 13)
seeing your presentation as a performance and your audience as critics
self talk (ch 10)
silent communications with oneself that influence our perceptions of reality
most important factor in health relationships is that the relationship is deemed more important than the tangible issues. conversely, ppl who concern themselves w/ dominance and power (being right at all cost) find themselves very weak partners of few friends
some relationships deserve to die because debilitating interactions are not good for the psyche
emergent leader (ch 9)
someone who becomes an informal leader by exerting influence toward achievement of a groups goals but who does not meet the formal position or role of a leader
Emergent leader
someone who becomes an informal leader by exerting influence toward the achievement of a group's goal but does not hold the formal position or role of leader
Designated Leader
someone who has been appointed or elected to a leadership position
Memorized Presentation
speech
NORMS
standards of behavior
celebrity testimony (ch 11)
statements made by a public figure who is known to an audience
lay testimony (ch 11)
statements made by an ordinary person that substantiate or support what you say
Lay Testimony
statements made by ordinary person to support what you say
expert testimony (ch 11)
statements made by someone who has special knowledge or expertise about an issue or idea
Kinesthetic learning style
student actually carrying out a physical activity, rather than listening to a lecture or merely watching a demonstration
Visual learning style
students who learn most effectively when it is portrayed in illustrations
surveys (ch 11)
studies in which a limited number of questions are answered by a sample of the population to discover opinions on issues
Pragmatics
study of language as it is used in a social context
Pragmatics
study of language used in social context and effect on communicators
Semantics
study of the way humans use language to evoke meaning in others
Proxemics
study of use of human space and distance
Aristotle's defined appeals- Logos
substance go a message; arguments provide proof; logical appeals; greets impact on long term persuasion
Testimonial Evidence
supporting material that consists of written or oral statements of others experience used to substantiate or clarify a point
RHETORICALLY SENSITIVE ppl use
supportive language & words free of negative connotations. they spend the time and energy to listen when you want them to listen, they sympathize with you when you are down, and they appreciate your emotional needs and triumphs. in convos, they generally don't hog the floor or put others down. plenty of equal turntaking, never top someone's stories or try to compete for attention or admiration. avoid interpositions and nullifications. sensitive communicators use feelings and emotional lang instead of cliches. avoid placing blame and using judgments and evaluations. ppl who use sensitivity and openness with a focus on the relationship while avoiding petty negative issues find tat their attitudes, philosophies, and relationships converge
on the other hand, just the fact that someone is listening to you, esp in a crisis situation, is a
symbolic indication of belonging in that dyad
Laissez-faire leaders
take no initiative for group discussion
Compliance-resisting
target refuses to comply requests
Verbal Citations
tell listeners who the source is, how recent the information is , and what the sources qualifications are
closure (ch 2)
tendency to fill in missing information in order to complete an otherwise incomplete figure or statement
An example of a non-dominant culture that does not try to fit into the dominant culture in the United States is
the Amish
cultural competence (ch 3)
the ability of individuals and systems to respond respectfully and effectively to people of all cultures, classes, races, ethnic backgrounds, and religions in a manner that recognizes, affirms, and values the worth of individuals, families, communities, and protects and preserves the dignity of each
behavioral flexibility (ch 6)
the ability to alter behavior to adapt to new situations and to relate in new ways when necessary
Culture Competence
the ability to communicate among/between cultures and to determine skill in interacting w/ and understanding people of other cultures
Control
the ability to influence our environment
control (ch 9)
the ability to influence our environment
denotative meaning (ch 3)
the agreed upon meaning or dictionary meaning of a word
Denotative Meaning
the agreed-upon meaning or dictionary meaning of a word
Denotative Meaning
the agreed-upon meaning or dictionary meaning of a word.
as your relationship gets more interpersonal and develops over time,
the amount, depth, and breadth (width) of info you tell about yourself or know about your partner increases
ethnocentrism (ch 7)
the belief that your own group or culture is superior to other groups or cultures
result of debilitating behavior is
the breaking of trust. once the trust is violated, the relationship will come that much closer to the breaking point. serious metacommunication must occur for repairs to be implemented if that trust is to be restored
Content Curation
the collection and storage of documents and other multimedia from the Web, covering a specified topic
Content Curation
the collection and storage of documents and other multimedia from the web covering a specific topic
when the REWARDS (stimulation, satisfaction, contentment, pleasures, or outright thrills) outweigh the COSTS (negative feelings, negative valence, poor quality of info),
the communication reflects a desire to keep the relationship going
Competence
the degree to which a speaker is perceived as skilled, qualified, experienced, authoritative, reliable, and informed
Physical Attraction
the degree to which one finds another person's physical self appealing
Prejudice
the dislike or hatred one has toward a particular group.
self esteem (ch 2)
the feeling you have about your self concept, how well you like and evaluate yourself
introduction (ch 12)
the first part of your presentation where you fulfill the 5 functions of an introduction
figure (ch 2)
the focal point of your attention
retirement has given them access to the aesthetic things in life-
the highest hierarchy on MASLOW'S HIERARCHY OF NEEDS
similarity (ch 6)
the idea that our friends and loved ones are usually people who like or dislike the same things we do
complementarity (ch 6)
the idea that we sometimes bond with people whose strengths are our weaknesses
responsiveness (ch 6)
the idea that we tend to select our friends and loved ones from people who demonstrate positive interest in us
Perceptual Constancy
the idea that your past experiences lead you to see the world in a way that is difficult to change.
perceptual constancy (ch 2)
the idea that your past experiences lead you to see the world in a way that is difficult to change; your initial perceptions persist
Source Credibility
the image held of a communicator by a receiver at a given time
source credibility (ch 14)
the image held of a communicator by a receiver at the given time
body (ch 12)
the largest part of the presentation, which contains arguments, evidence, and main content
cultural competence
the level of knowledge a person has about others who differ in some way in comparison to self
proximity (ch 6)
the location, distance, or range between persons and things
in long term relationship, the maintenance stage is rarely a smooth road.
the maintenance stage is more like a roller coaster ride with high and low points. mature communicators try to maximize the highs and minimize the lows but as we know, some of us have higher highs and lower lows than others
Assimilation Goal
the marginalized group attempts to fit in with the dominant group
assimilation goal (ch 7)
the marginalized group attempts to fit in with the dominant group
Assimilation Goal
the marginalized group attempts to fit in with the dominate group
accommodation goal (ch 7)
the marginalized group manages to keep co cultural indentity while striving for positive relationships with the dominant culture
Accommodation Goal
the marginalized group manages to keep its identity while striving for positive relationships with dominate culture
M time (ch 7)
the monochromic time schedule, which compartmentalizes time to meet personal needs, separates tasks and social dimensions and points to the future
compliance gaining strategies
the most common tactics are: positive and negative reinforcement, inclusion and exclusion from a dyad or group, SEQUENTIAL PERSUASION TECHNIQUES (repeated exposure to a message) but think of all the communication you do to convince a friend and how frequent, intense, and repetitious your messages are
main points (ch 12)
the most important points in a presentation, indicated by roman numerals in an outline
relational climates
the overall emotional feeling, or temperature, of the relationship
rate (ch 4)
the pace of your speech
role (ch 2)
the part an individual plays in a group, and individual's function or expected behavior
working memory (ch 5)
the part of our consciousness that interprets and assigns meaning to stimuli that we pay attention to
conclusion (ch 12)
the part that finishes the presentation by fulfilling the four functions of an ending
power-distance
the perceived equality or inequality felt between people in certain cultural or social contexts
source (ch 1)
the person initiating the communication
self image (ch 2)
the picture you have of yourself, the sort of person you believe you are
Wear-Out Point
the point at which a repeated persuasive message loses its effectiveness
wear out point (ch 14)
the point at which a repeated persuasive message loses its effectiveness
wear-out-point
the point at which a repeated persuasive message loses its effectiveness
subpoints (ch 12)
the points in a presentation that support the main points indicated by the capital letters in an outline
Listening
the process of receiving, attending to and assigning meaning to aural and visual stimuli
Encode
the process of translating your thoughts into words
encode (ch 3)
the process of translating your thoughts into words
leadership (ch 9)
the process of using communication to influence the behaviors and attitudes of others to meet group goals
nonverbal communication (ch 4)
the process of using messages that are not words to generate meaning
interpersonal communication (ch 1)
the process of using messages to generate meaning between at least two people in a situation that allows mutual opportunities for both speaking and listening
Nonverbal Communication
the process of using wordless messages to generate meaning.
proactive imagination (ch 10)
the process of visualizing yourself having a successful communication experience
strategic ambiguity
the purposeful use of symbols to allow multiple interpretations of messages
strategic ambiguity (ch 8)
the purposeful use of symbols to allow multiple interpretations of messages
as the relationship deteriorates,
the quality and quantity of self disclosure decreases correspondingly
Culture
the rules of living and functioning in a particular society
repetition (ch 4)
the same message is sent both verbally and non verbally
environment (ch 1)
the situation or context in which the transaction takes place
Group Culture
the socially negotiated system of rule that guide group behavior
Group culture
the socially negotiated system of rules that guide group behavior
group culture (ch 9)
the socially negotiated system of rules that guide group behavior
Culture
the socially transmitted behavior patterns, beliefs, attitudes, and values of a particular period, class, community or population
Culture
the socially transmitted behavior patterns, beliefs, attitudes, and values of a particular period, class, community, or popular
Criteria
the standards by which a group must judge potential solutions
criteria (ch 9)
the standards by which a group must judge potential solutions
Inclusion
the state of being involved with others, a human need
inclusion (ch 9)
the state of being involved with others, a human need.
Inclusion
the state of being involved with others; a human need
Vocalics
the study of the use of voice to express self. Through tone, volume, articulation, pitch, rate of speech, and use of silence
semantics (ch 3)
the study of the way humans use language in order to evoke meaning in others
Semantics
the study of the way humans use language to evoke meaning in others
the type of person we are (or we think we are) often dictates
the type of person we will be in normal and crisis interactions
imagined trajectories
the understanding of various paths relationships can take and where those paths lead
diversity
the unique differences in people
positive self talk (ch 10)
the use of positive coping statements instead of negative self talk
tactile communication (ch 4)
the use of touch in communication
inflection (ch 4)
the variety or changes in pitch
Speech Act
the various actions we perform through speech ex: promises, threats, apologies, questions, ect.
Syntax
the way in which words are arranged to form phrases and sentences
syntax (ch 3)
the way in which words are arranged to form phrases and sentences
Chronemics
the way that people organize and use time
one of the central issues in social influence theory and research is how ppl influence and control each other
these activities are called COMPLIANCE GAINING STRATEGIES AND TACTICS and it turns out they we have many diff strategies and tactics to exert influence, power, and control
all these verbal and nonverbal cues are really indications whether your partner accepts or rejects your review of yourself.
they could be considered VALIDATIONS OR INVALIDATIONS of your worth to them.
Presage
things listeners bring to a listening situation and the context in which listening occurs, including culture
Non-Dominant Culture
this term includes people of color, women, gays/lesbians/bisexuals, people with disabilities, the lower/working class, the unemployed, the bankrupt, the young, and the elderly
Non Dominant Culture
this term includes people of color, women, gays/lesbians/bisexuals, people with disabilities, the lower/working class, the unemployed, the under employed, the bankrupt, the young and the elderly
Non-Dominant Culture
this term includes, people of color, women, gays/lesbians/bisexuals, people with disabilities, the lower/working class, the unemployed, the underemployed, the bankrupt, the young, and the elderly
compliance gaining (ch 6)
those attempts made by a source of messages to influence a target "to perform some behavior that the target otherwise might not perform"
Interdependent refers....
to people's being mutually dependent on each other and having an impact on each other. (give-take and vis versa)
Uncertainty-accepting Cultures
tolerate ambiguity, uncertainty, and diversity
Uncertainty-accepting cultures
tolerate ambiguity, uncertainty, and diversity
which is the most versatile pattern
topical-sequence
Masculinity
traits, including biological and social traits, associated with being male
difference between transitions & signposts
transitions are a sentence or two & signposts are as brief as a few words. transitions explain the relationship in the message by reflecting back & forth. Signposts point more briefly to what the presenter is going to do at the moment.
T/F evidence must be new to the audience
true
sexual harassment
unwelcome, unsolicited, repeated behavior of a sexual nature
sexual harassment (ch 8)
unwelcome, unsolicited, repeated behavior of a sexual nature
emphasis (ch 4)
use of nonverbal cues to strengthen verbal messages
Tactile Communication
use of touch to communicate
contradiction (ch 4)
verbal and nonverbal messages conflict
in control of conversations,
we some gender based research conclusions. men are more public with speaking, enjoying entertaining with stories and accomplishments in front of groups while women in that same conversation will remain relatively quiet. men tend to cut off women during conversations more than women cut off men while women are less likely to speak at public gatherings such as family reunions, formal banquets, conferences, etc.
how can a speaker be competent
well prepared & organized, citing credible course, mention achievements
masculinity
what it means culturally to be a man
femininity
what it means culturally to be a woman
most ppl define trust as commitment to relationship and dependability- doing what you say you will do.
when a bond breaks (due to infidelity, untrustworthy actions, family crisis), it can be repaired but it will never be the same as before the break
UNCERTAINTY REDUCTION THEORY
when people first meet, research studies say the initial interactions show a high degree of apprehension about what to say to their partners and how to react to them. as we find out more details about our partners, our anxiety lessens. we become more comfortable with the norms of behavior you create between each other.
When does evidence benefit the most
when the speakers credibility is low
over the years, you develop your own stylized vocabulary, pet names for each other, and habits like telephoning every first month.
when you haven't seen each other for a long time, there's always apprehension that you or your partner have changed so much that you have to go back to the information gathering stages, tread carefully, and use more questions for clarification until you are sure how to proceed.
then you slide into the AVOIDANCE STAGE,
which is characterized by definable and noticeable physical or psychological distance. ex. move out, separate rooms, get fired or reassigned, may realize your bbf for 5 yars in untrustworthy w/ the info you tell her confidentially so you avioid her
Compromise
willing to negotiate away some of your position as long as the other party in the same conflict is willing to do the same
how are manuscripts typed
word for word
Regionalisms
words and phrases specific to a particular region or part of the country
colloquialisms (ch 3)
words and phrases used informally
Selective Retention
you remember things that reinforce your beliefs. better.
recency theory
you're more likely to remember the last or most recent thing you heard
Deductive Pattern
Present general position first and provide supporting evidence; opposite of inductive
Inductive Pattern
Present specific evidence first and build to general conclusion; opposite of deductive
Implicit- rule culture
A culture in which information and cultural rules are implied and already known to the participants
Explicit- Rule cultures
A culture in which information, policies, procedure, and expectations are explicit
Diversity
A term used to describe the unique differences in people
Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis
A theory that our perception of reality is determined by our thought processes, our thought processes are limited by our language, and therefore that language shapes our reality.
Perceptual checking is a skill that?
Understand another person and his or her message more accurately
Culture
A unique combination of rituals, religious beliefs, ways of thinking, and ways of behaving that unify a group of people
self-centered functions
Behaviors that serve the needs of the individual at the expense of the group
Haptic's
Study of touch
the way people react to you either
CONFIRMS OR DISCONFIRMS your view of yourself
Hearing (ch5)
The act of receiving sound.
Cultural Relativism
The belief that another culture should be judged by its own context rather than measured against your culture.
Competence (ch11)
The degree to which the speaker is perceived as skilled, reliable, experienced, qualified, and informed.
Decode
The process of assigning meaning to others words in order to translate them into thoughts of your own.
Nonverbal Immediacy
The use of closeness - inducing nonverbal behavioral cues
Emoticons (ch5)
Typographic symbols showing emotional meaning.
personal network
a web of contacts and relationships to help you gain job leads and make referrals
outline (ch 12)
a written plan that uses symbols, margins, and content to reveal the order, importance, and substance of a presentation
Group Climate
the emotional tone or atmosphere members create within the group
Dynamism
the extent to who an audience perceives the speaker as bold, active, energetic, strong, empathetic, and assertive (these are behaviors the audience will value)
Source Credibility
the image help of a communicator by a receiver at a given time
automatic attention (ch 5)
the instinctive focus we give to stimuli signaling a change in our surroundings, stimuli that we deem important, or stimuli that we perceive to signal danger.
What do points and claims require in a speech
the require support
Analogy (ch11)
A comparison of things in some respects, especially in position or function, that are otherwise dissimilar.
Information Overload
A condition in which information inflow exceeds an individual's processing capacity
Euphemism
A more polite, pleasant expression used instead of a socially unacceptable form.
What is prejudice?
A negative attitude toward a group of people just because they are who they are.
Informal role
Also called a behavioral role; a role that is developed spontaneously within a group
Informal Role (ch9)
Also called behavioral role, a role that is developed spontaneously within a group.
Formal Role (ch9)
Also called positional role, and assigned role based on an individuals position or title within a group.
Relationship Oriented Groups (ch9)
Also called primary groups, groups that are usually long term and exist to meet our needs for inclusion and affection.
Relationship-oriented groups
Also called primary groups; groups that are usually long-term and exist to meet our needs for inclusion and affection
Task Oriented Groups (ch9)
Also called secondary groups, groups formed for the purpose of completing tasks, such as solving problems or making decisions.
Objective statement
An articulation of your goals
Frozen Evaluation
An assessment of a concept that does not change over time.
Cultural
An association of people sharing principals and standards and working together for a common goal.
Organizational Patterns
Arrangements of contents of presentation
Spatial Pattern
Arranging main points according to space
Maintenance functions
Behaviors that focus on the interpersonal relationships among group members
Maintenance Functions (ch9)
Behaviors that focus on the interpersonal relationships among group members.
What are maintenance functions?
Behaviors that focus on the interpersonal relationships among group members.
What are self-centered functions?
Behaviors that serve the needs of the individual at the expense of the group.
Chauvinism
Belief in the superiority of you clture
Based on what you have seen on the class and read in the textbook, which of the following is an example of autocratic leadership?
Bertram Cooper .....
Non Verbal Communication
Body Language, messages sent without words
Phonemes
Human speech can be divided into a set of discrete sounds known as:
Uncertainty-Accepting Cultures
Cultures that tolerate ambiguity, uncertainty, and diversity.
RESEARCHERS FOCUS ON THAT FEW SECONDS ON SPEECH ACT FROM INITIAL STIMULUS AND RESPOND TO INITIAL FEEDBACK
IN DYADIC INTERACTION, then count the times that type of interaction occurs and make our conclusions
one of the most important acts of a bureaucracy is to set up
NORMS AND STANDARDS OF BEHAVIOR that members are expected to follow. some of the norms are EXPLICITLY STATED in a employee handbook and some are IMPLICIT (following your co-workers to the appropriate lunchroom at the appropriate time
Power-distance
Definition: Status and hierarchy (the degree to which a culture adheres to status consideration in a hierarchy ). Example: High power - distance =call boss by title Low power-distance= vall boss by first name.
Male-female attribution
Definition: Traits associated with gender; the degree to which traits attributions, and responsibilities are seen in gender terms. Examples: Males=making money, independent Women= taking care of family
Dominant Culture
Determined by who has the power and influence in a group; in the United States the dominant culture is white, male, able-bodied, straight, married, and employed.
Proxemics
Different cultures maintain different standards of proximity/personal space.
Interpersonal Communication
Direct, face-to-face communication between two or more people.
Identify and explain the types of listening.
Discriminative, comprehensive, appreciative, critical, and therapeutic.
Identify and explain different types of organizations and communication networks within organizations.
Economic orientation, political orientation, integration orientation, and pattern-maintenance organizations.
What results in a higher credibility?
Effective delivery skills
Identify and explain broad cultural characteristics.
Individualistic versus collectivist cultures; uncertainty-accepting vs. Uncertainty-rejecting cultures; on-time vs. sometime cultures
Defensive Communication
Language that creates a climate of hostility and mistrust.
Sexist Language
Language that excludes individuals on the basis of gender.
Racist Language
Language that insults a group because of its skin color or ethnicity.
Profanity
Language that is disrespectful of things sacred.
Reflexivity
being self-aware and learning from interactions with intent of improving future interactions
Reflexivity
being self-aware and learning from interactions with the intent of improving future interactions
Cultural relativism
belief that another culture should be judged by its own context instead of against yours
Ethnocentrism
belief that own group is superior to others
Ethnocentrism
belief that your own group or culture is superior to all other groups or cultures
Contact Cultures
cultures that promote interaction and encourage displays of warmth, closeness and availability
People-oriented
have high regard for feelings of others
Integration Orientation
help mediate and resolve discord among members of society
proxemics
how people use space and distance to communicate
Peak Communication Experiences
individuals' greatest moments of mutual understanding, happiness, and fulfullment in interpersonal communication
Proactive Imagination
influence visual perceptions with visualized images
norms (ch 9)
informal rules for group interaction created and sustained through communication
Slang
informal, casual street language used among equals with words unsuitable for more formal contexts
Certainty
lack of openness to alternative ideas
Ageist Language
language that denigrates people for being young or old
Sexist Language
language that excludes individuals on the basis of gender
sexist language (ch 3)
language that excludes individuals on the basis of gender
critical listening (ch 5)
listening that challenges the speaker's message by evaluating its accuracy, meaningfulness, and utility
empathic listening (ch 5)
listening with a purpose and attempting to understand the other person
central route processing (ch 14)
persuasion achieved by the quality of the arguments in a message
central route processing
persuasion achieved by the quality of the arguments in a message; longer lasting; more resistant to subsequent competing messages
Self-disclosure
process of making intentional disclosure about yourself that others would be unlikely to know.
mass media communication (ch 1)
process of using messages to generate meaning in a mediated system, between a source and a large number of unseen receivers
Angela tells Richard that he will not receive a raise unless he gives her a massage. This is what type of sexual harassment?
quid pro quo
Selective Attention
receivers avoid a message by not paying attention to it
Narrative Fidelity
refers to how accurately a narrative represents accepted facts.
Physical Appearance
refers to observable traits of the body and its accessories and extensions.
Social penetration theory
shows how relationships progress toward intimacy as a result of self disclosure from both partners
always being told to live up to an image of a more successful sibling can be a
significant demotivator and cause of resentment, low esteem, self worth & negative self concept
organizations (ch 8)
social collectives, or groups of people in which activities are coordinated to achieve both individual and collective goals
organization
social collectives, or groups of people, in which activities are coordinated to achieve both individual and collective goals
Collective Cultures
socialize their members to view themselves as members of the larger social group and to place the group's concern before their own
social penetration and self works in 3 ways. onion metaphor
sometimes we know a little bit about a lot of things about our partners much like peeling a layer or two of an onion. sometimes we know a lot about one or two thing about a person much like taking a deep chunk out of one area of an onion. sometimes we know a lot about a lot of area of our partners much like peering the onion down layer by later until you reach the core. when you reach the core
Impromptu
speakers have little or no preparation and make up speech on the spot
examples (ch 11)
specific instances used to illustrate your point
Concrete language
specific not abstract statements
Dating
specifying when you made an observation, since everything changes over time
dating (ch 3)
specifying when you made an observation, since everything changes over time
extemporaneous delivery type
speech carefully prepared, PRACTICED (but not memorized), and the presented with few if any notes (not a manuscript); very natural; most effective delivery style
Manuscript Presentation
speeches that are read from a word for word
High-context Cultures
spoken words are less important than the rest of the context
high-context cultures
spoken words are less important than the rest of the context
Trustworthiness
the degree to which a speaker is perceived as honest, fair, sincere, friendly, honorable, and kind
trustworthiness(ch 11)
the degree to which the speaker is perceived as honest, fair, sincere, honorable, friendly, and kind. an aspect of credibility.
physical attraction
the degree to which you find the bodily traits of another person pleasing and desireable
Accommodation Goal
the marginalized group manages to keep its identity while striving for positive relationships with the dominant culture
Separation Goal
the marginalized group relates as exclusively as possible with its own group and as little as possible with the dominant group
separation goal (ch 7)
the marginalized group relates as exclusively as possible with its own group, and as little as possible with the dominant group
channel (ch 1)
the means through which the message is sent
message (ch 1)
the message the speaker intends to send
customer service encounter
the moment of interaction between the customer and the firm
customer service encounter (ch 8)
the moment of interaction between the customer and the firm
Decode
the process of assigning meaning to others' words in order to translate them into thoughts of your own
perception (ch 2)
the process of becoming aware of objects and events from the senses
argumentativeness (ch 6)
the quality or state of being argumentative, synonymous with contentiousness or combativeness
ethos (ch 1)
the receiver's perception of a sender's competence and trustworthiness; credibility
compliance resisting (ch 6)
the refusal of targets of influence messages to comply with requests
Cultural Rituals
the repetition of formulas that help coordinate our needs and desires.
communibiology (ch 10)
the study of biological bases of human communication
kinesics (ch 4)
the study of bodily movements, including posture, gestures, and facial expressions
kinesics
the study of body movement and facial expressions
kinesics (ch 10)
the study of body movement and facial expressions
kinesics
the study of body movement including both posture and gestures
Kinesics
the study of body movement including both posture and gestures.
pragmatics (ch 3)
the study of language as it is used in a social context, including its effect on the communicators
Pragmatics
the study of language as its used in a social contexts, including it's effect on the communications
communibiology
the study of the biological bases of human communications
proxemics (ch 4)
the study of the human use of space and distance
Pragmatics
the study of the language as it is used in a social context, including its effect on the communication
Semantics
the study of the way humans use language to evoke meaning in others, focuses on individual words and their meaning, people who study are interested in how language and its meaning change over time.
Semantics
the study of the way humans use language to evoke meanings in others
Chronemics
the study of the ways in which time is used to structure interactions
Enviroment
the surroundings that shape the communication context
selective attention (ch 5)
the sustained focus we give to stimuli we deem important
selective exposure (ch 2)
the tendency to expose yourself to information that reinforces rather than contradicts your beliefs or opinions
Closure
the tendency to fill in missing information to complete an otherwise incomplete figure or statement.
dialectic (ch 6)
the tension that exists between two conflicting or interacting forces, elements, or ideas
On-time Cultures
the time schedule that compartmentalizes time to meet personal needs, separate work and social time, task and relational time. Say they cannot waste or save time and points to the future. EX. Northern America & Northern Europe
On-time
the time schedule that compartmentalizes time to meet personal needs, separates task and social dimensions and points to the future
On-Time
the time schedule that compartmentalizes time to meet personal needs, separates task and social dimensions, and points to the future
Sometime
the time schedule that views time as "contextually based and relationally oriented"
Sometime
the time schedule that views time as "contextually based on relationally oriented"
Sometimes
the time schedule that views time as "contexually based and relationally orientated". Factor in time as one element of a larger context and value social relationships and time considerations together. Orchestrate family and social responsibilities and task dimensions. EX. Latin America, Middle East, Asia, France, Africa
Femininity
the trait of behaving in ways considered typical for women
organizational communication (ch 8)
the ways in which groups of people both maintain structure and order through their symbolic interactions and allow individual actors the freedom to accomplish their goals
as we initiate relationships, we form strategies to find out about our partners. in Western culture, we generally use direct verbal strategies. our convos are very detail oriented and we are not offended by direct questions about our activities, beliefs, and social circumstances.
theorist Edwin Hall calls these "LOW CONTEXT" CULTURES
Sapir Whorf Hypothesis (ch 3)
theory that our perception of reality is determined by our thought processes, which are limited by our language and, therefore, that language shapes our reality
collaborative style (ch 8)
thoughtful negotiation and reasoned compromise
which organizational method is most seen in informative presentations
time-sequence pattern (chronological)
Communication Apprehension
type of anxiety that involves the fear and avoidance of communication with others
Deceptive communications
That practice of deliberately making somebody believe things that are not true
Integration orientation
Organizations that help mediate and resolve discord among members of society.
Pattern-maintenance orientations
Organizations that promote cultural and educational regularity and development with society
Communication
Pervasive, amoral, necessary to advancing life's agenda.
Hearing is _________ ?
Physical
Physical Attraction
Physical attraction refers to the degree to which you find the bodily traits of another person pleasing and desirable.
How do you make powerpoint fade to black during presentation?
Press "B"
Andrew Jackson's victory at the Battle of New Orleans took place during which era ?
Print Era
What is therapeutic listening?
Provides "help to a person who needs to talk through a concern"
Dr. King's "I Have A Dream Speech"
Public speech about civil rights movement. Relation to class: MLK's style of communication makes it easy for listeners to depict life as an American Black person, uses metaphors, similes, and repetition.
Which of the following groups may be classified as a secondary group?
SGA committee
Information Overload
The negative feelings resulting from being given too much information to process a topic
Matching Hypothesis
The notion that people are most likely to form relationships with those who are similar to themselves in physical attractiveness
Relational Climate
The overall emotional feelings, or temperature, of a relationship
Working Memory (ch5)
The part of our consciousness that interprets and assigns meaning to stimuli that we pay attention to.
Bargaining
The process in which two or more parties attempt to reach an agreement on what each should give and receive in a transaction between them.
Self- Disclosure
The process of making intentional revelations about yourself that others would be unlikely to know and that generally constitute private, sensitive, or confidential information.
What is Listening?
The process of receiving, attending to, and assigning meaning to aural and visual stimuli.
Compliance-gaining
Those attempts made by a source of messages to influence a target "to perform some desired behavior that the target otherwise might not perform".
Collaborative Style
Thoughtful negotiation and reasoned compromise
Selective Attention (ch5)
The sustained focus we give to stimuli we deem important.
Horn effect
The tendency to allow perceptions of one negative trait to influence perceptions of other negative traits
Halo effect
The tendency to allow perceptions of one positive trait to influence perceptions of other positive traits
Dialectic
The tension that exists between two conflicting or interacting forces, elements, or ideas.
non Sequitur Argument
This Latin phrase means "does not follow." This is the argument with a conclusion that does not follow from the premise.
co-culture (ch 2)
a group whose beliefs or behaviors distinguish it from the larger culture of which it is a part and with which it shares numerous similarities
bibliography (ch 12)
a list of sources used in a presentation
Non-dominant Culture
This term includes people of color, women, gays, lesbians, bisexuals, people with disabilities, the lower/working class, the unemployed, the bankrupt, the young, and the elderly.
Systems Model
characterizes listening as more than the interaction between sender and receiver
small group communication (ch 1)
communication that takes place between three or more individuals who are interdependent, share goals, identify with one another, and interact
Section Transitions
complete sentences that show relationship between major parts of speech
describe extemporaneous delivery tone
conversational tone
what does evidence prevent
counter-persuasion
individualistic cultures (ch 7)
cultures that value individual freedom, choice, uniqueness, and independence
Collectivist Cultures
cultures that value the group over the individual
Emergent Groups
groups resulting from environmental conditions leading to the formation of a cohesive group of individuals. EX. a group of friends who meet at college
Assigned Groups
groups that evolve out of hierarchy whereby individuals are assigned membership to the group
in Asian, African, and some Latin American countries, convos are held at SUPERFICIAL LEVELS and info in PERCEIVED FROM YOUR SOCIAL & FAMILY CIRCUMSTANCES. if your new friends know your family is from a certain town and holds a certain position in society, that is ENOUGH FOR THEM TO JUDGE YOU.
hall calls these "HIGH CONTEXT" CULTURES
Uncertainty-rejecting cultures
have difficulty with ambiguity, uncertainty, diversity
Neil Armstrong piloting the "eagle" to a safe touchdown is a good example of
high cognitive efficiency
central route has what kind of likelihood
high elaboration
Integrative power
highlights interdependence to achieve mutually agreed-upon goals
Rituals
highly stylized behavior (series of actions, like a ceremony used to express a belief.
If you obtained information for your speech from several websites and failed to cite how much information came from those sources, you are engaging in
incremental plagerism
peripheral route processing
influence based upon factors outside of the quality of the message
peripheral route processing (ch 14)
influence based upon the factors outside the quality of the message
Slang
informal, casual street language used among equals with words unsuitable for more formal crowds
Blind Area means...
information that is known to others but unknown to you. I.e. your personality characteristics that others perceive but that you do not recognize.
The Hidden Area is...
information that you know about yourself but that others do not know.
supporting materials (ch 11)
information you can use to substantiate your arguments and to clarify your position
when is topical-sequence pattern used
informative & persuasive presentations
All of the following are reasons listed in your tb why you should study in small groups except
it is more fun to do things with a group rather than an individual
through RELATIONAL CONVERGENCE
it is true that couples, romantic, work, or social, become one with other, finish each other's sentences, and find love and happiness even after 20 or 30 yrs of marriage, employment, or friendship
Emotional Labor
jobs in which employees are expected to display certain feelings in order to satisfy organizational role expectations
emotional labor
jobs in which employees are expected to display certain feelings in order to satisfy organizational role expectations
Racist Language
language that insults a group because of its skin color or ethnicity
Profanity
language that is disrespectful of things sacred
supportive communication (ch 8)
listening with empathy, acknowledging others feelings, and engaging in dialogue to help others maintain a sense of personal control
What does evidence have the most effect on
long term persuasion
high levels of uncertainty tend to increase info seeking but also reduce intimacy
on the other hand, uncertainty tends to increase reciprocity in hopes of getting info partners can use to predict behavior
Interpersonal communication
refers to communication with or between persons who approach one another as individuals in a relationship
Self disclosure
refers to the act of revealing info about one's self to others
Co-Cultural communication
refers to the communication among people from a variety of different cultures.
Designated power
reflects importance of relationships like marriage or family
Which of the roles described is more of an informal role than a formal role?
"ticketmaster" (Informal - reflect personality traits)
lifelong dyadic relationships that are satisfying and productive,
even if there is no economic or extrinsic rewards
problem-solution organization pattern
ex. Parking at UCF is a problem because there are limited parking spaces, but the solution could be that students are restricted from parking tickets
religion in the social system
ex. church
Public Distance
exceeds 12 feet
Dynamism
extent to which speaker is perceived as bold, active, energetic, strong, empathetic, and assertive
there are 3 types of goals:
extrinsic, instrumental, and intrinsic
people who read from manuscripts tend to have poor
eye contacts, lack vocal variety, and commit more verbal errors
interpersonal context
face-to-fce, one-on-one
looking back at SCHUTZ' INTERPERSONAL NEEDS THEORY
finds that inclusion in a relationship is very desirable b/c we need that social stimulation in our lives. however it is important to remember that we form relationships to achieve goals, whether they are INTRINSIC (WITHIN OURSELVES FOR INTIMACY) or EXTRINSIC (FINANCIAL, ADMIRATION, STATUS). is the point of every relationship to become intimate? it depends on the participants and what they want out of life, romance, or social situation
around the late 1880s, German sociologist MAX WEBER describe 5 BASIC FEATURES OF A BUREAUCRACY.
first and foremost, Weber feels that an organization has a FIXED AND UNIVERSAL SYSTEM OF SANCTIONS THAT ARE BASED ON A MEMBER'S REPUTATION FOR COMPETENCE AND PERFORMANCE. the organization places VALENCE on your performance. if the valence is positive, the member is positively sanctioned (included in meetings with higher ups, afforded more decision making power and responsibility, given a raise). if the valence is negative, attempts to correct behavior that is outside the norm will start. most companies have a PROBATIONARY PERIOD that will review you after 6 months. when the behavior doesn't change after a predetermined time, negative sanctions will be implemented which could range from disciplinary actions, loss of privileges, reassignment, transfer, or outright firing
a member who follows the norms generally is rewarded,
first by inclusion into the group, & later by promotion or recognition.
opening and closing must be strong because
first impressions make a huge impact
Superiority
first person treats second person with lower status
CHARLES BERGER & RICHARD CALABRESE
first proposed Uncertain Reduction Theory in 1975 and over the years have refined it to say that we have much uncertainty over other people's attitudes and beliefs as well as anxiety in predicting their behavior in a number of situations
to simplify this subject, we have four basic stages of self concept formation:
first, we take INVENTORY of our strengths and weaknesses in the SELF AWARENESS STAGE. then we determine how satisfied we are with them in the SELF ACCEPTANCE STAGE.
Figure
focal point of your attention
team building in the workforce, as opposed to the old method of assigning ppl to task groups,
focuses on the members influencing each other in terms of work habits, commitment to the project, and mutual trust and reciprocal feedback
Interpersonal relationships last...
for any given time
rituals (ch 6)
formalized patterns of actions or words followed regularly
rituals
formalized patters of actions or words followed regularly
Causes of CA
genetic contributions, environmental reinforces, personality traits, cultural factors
Reward power
give followers what they want and need
According to the Hiscock-Anisman, an honest person
gives 30 percent more detail
What is the study of the origin of language called?
glottology
a healthy self concept is essential to positive communication and interpersonal relationsips
gotten players to believe in themselves by using positive feedback and the opportunity to excel
disjunctive tasks (ch 9)
group tasks that require little coordination and that can be completed by the most skilled working member alone
conjunctive tasks (ch 9)
groups for which no one member has all the necessary information but each member has some information to contribute
Emergent groups
groups from environmental conditions (ex: friends who meet at college)
Organizational Communication
groups of people maintain structure and order through their symbolic interactions and allow individual actors the freedom to accomplish their goals
stakeholders (ch 9)
groups of people who have an interest in the actions of an organization
Stakeholders
groups of people who have an interests in the actions of an organization
organization communities
groups of similar businesses or clubs that have common interests and become networked together to provide mutual support and resources
Emergent Groups
groups resulting from environmental conditions leading to the formation of a cohesive group of individuals
emergent groups (ch 9)
groups resulting from environmental conditions leading to the formation of a cohesive group of individuals
assigned groups (ch 9)
groups that evolve out of a hierarchy whereby individuals are assigned membership to the group
Assigned Groups
groups that evolve out of a hierarchy whereby individuals are assigned membership to the group. EX. a student union advisory board
pitch (ch 4)
highness or lowness of speaker's voice
Messages between organizational members of the same power level are best described as
horizontal
According to the tb, conditions in the workplace that are sexually offensive or intimidating are known as:
hostile
coordinated management of meaning
how we coordinate our actions with others to make and manage meaning
ppl who nag usually think they have the right to correct the course of others and that their nagging advice will change their partner's behavior
however, most receivers question the legitimacy and intelligence of the nags. demonstrates vast difference b/w what sends think they are sending and what the receiver receives. research shows that ppl generally don't like being manipulated into changing their behavior and nagging is the primary form of manipulation
for some of us, the nonverbal symbols of success are irrelevant
i.e. a pair of old worn jeans is fancy enough
at certain times of your life, you will realize you have attained the top of a particular hierarchy
i.e. finishing a four year college degree or retirement or examples of your 4th stage of self concept formation - SELF ACTUALIZATION. your true potential is realized when you do things for your own pleasure. your growth is motivated from within not b/c anyone nagged you to into it, told you to do it, or forced you in any way. when you graduate from college, you realize then that you have actualized your true potential
Operational Definitions
identifies something by revealing how it works, how it is made or what it consists of.
Indexing
identifying the uniqueness of objects, events and people
indexing (ch 3)
identifying the uniqueness of objects, events, and people
In the middle east, traditional arab woman knows of the rules of her culture is that she is to walk a few paces behind her husband. What type of culture is this?
implicit rule
self serving bias (ch 2)
in assessing ourselves, the tendency to attribute our own successes to our personal qualities and our failures to the circumstances
contradictions (ch 6)
in dialectic theory the idea that each person in a relationship might have two opposing desires for maintaining the relationship
relational deterioration (ch 6)
in knapp's model, the process by which relationships disintegrate
rational development (ch 6)
in knapp's model, the process by which relationships grow
relational maintenance (ch 6)
in knapp's model, the process of keeping a relationship together
1960s, many speech researchers advocated free and unrestricted self disclosure. anytime was a good time to reveal intimate details to a partner
in the 1980s, that feeling changed to a more RESTRICTED VIEW that for self disclosure to add to an interpersonal relationship, it has to be the right info, to the right person, at the right time, and in the right location
that is not to say that Americans can't be high context
in the South, family connections are important introductions into adult society and many ppl are likely to introduce themselves as the son or dauighter of someone known in the town
some people believe that every interaction is an opportunity to dominate but people who keep the needs and desires of their partners in mind and have a healthy sensitivity to other people often have more satisfying relationships
in turn, they get more beneficial mutual and reciprocal positive feedback
INSTRUMENTAL GOALS
include RELATIONAL EXCHANGE (giving respect to get respect, mutual affection)
The Johari window, Open area means...
includes information that is known to you and other people. Age, weight, and height are examples of this.
According to William Schultz, three interpersonal needs that are satisfied through interaction with others are
inclusion, affection, and control
Which of the following is false regarding our need for intercultural communication
increases in technology are reducing the need for skills to communications inter culturally with others
Cultures that are more concerned with individuality, competition, and private property are which type of culture?
individualistic
high self monitors (ch 2)
individuals who are highly self aware of their identity management behavior
low self monitors (ch 2)
individuals who communicate with others with little attention to the responses to their messages
Peripheral Route Processing
influence based upon factors outside of the quality of the message
Peripheral route processing
influence based upon factors outside of the quality of the message
Norms
informal rules for group interaction created and sustained through communication
Unknown area means...
information that you and others do not know.
American business now recognize that in a global economy,
initiative and innovation can come from the team members themselves, and not solely the higher management. to do this, we empower staff to take on more responsibility, to communicate more effectively, and create higher level of productive norms through social influence
Paralinguistic cues can indicate all of the following except
intelligence
Incremental Plagiarism
intentional or unintentional use of information from one or more sources without fully divulging how much information is directly quoted
Small group communication
interaction among 3-9 people working together to achieve an interdependent goal
Small-Group Communication
interaction among three to nine people working together to achieve an interdependent goal
be aware of "problematic" dysfunctional relationships where most of the
interaction is negative and causes great difficulty in relating to ppl. the women whose rage towards her unsuccessful husband causes her to become bitter toward her friends is transferring anger onto others. man whose personal problems cause him to lash out at co-workers and subordinates. child who seeks attention by disrupting classroom are all examples of ppl who have problems interacting with even the most sympathetic partners
unlike self concept theories that focus on one partner (the individual) in the communication event,
interaction theories focus on the ACTUAL MESSAGE EXCHANGE - the instant when our communicative behavior reveals our true meaning
small group communication (ch 9)
interactions among three to nine people working together to achieve and interdependent goal.
Group decision support system (GDSS)
interactive network of specialized comp software allowing users to make solutions for unstructured problems
Personal Network
interactive web of contacts and relationships designed to benefit participants including leads and referrals
to simplify matters,
interpersonal communication and theories of self are the MESHING OR CLASHING OF SYMBOLS
Power
interpersonal influence that forms that basis for group leadership
Power
interpersonal influence that forms the basis for group leadership
power (ch 9)
interpersonal influence that forms the basis for group leadership
DIFFERENCES B/W INTERPERSONAL AND IMPERSONAL COMMUNICATION
interpersonal relationships are marked by UNIQUENESS that you find important in your life. impersonal communication is very ordinary, mundane, and functional
EXTRINSIC GOALS
involve the value of association and contacts
emotional labor (ch 8)
jobs in which employees are expected to display certain feelings in order to satisfy organizational role expectations
ad ignoratiam (logical fallacies)
lack of evidence
Jargon
language particular to a specific profession, work group or culture and not meant to be understood by outsiders
Jargon
language particular to specific profession, work group, or culture, and not meant to be understood by outsiders
Sexist Language
language that excludes individuals on the basis of their gender
racist language (ch 3)
language that excludes people on the basis of race
profanity (ch 3)
language that is disrespectful of things sacred
Distributive power
leader exerts influence on others
Democratic Leaders
leaders who encourage members to participate in group decisions
Democratic leaders
leaders who encourage members to participate in group decisions
democratic leaders (ch 9)
leaders who encourage members to participate in group discussions
Autocratic Leaders
leaders who maintain strict control over their group
Autocratic leaders
leaders who maintain strict control over their group
autocratic leaders (ch 9)
leaders who maintain strict control over their group
Laissez faire Leaders
leaders who take almost no initiative in structuring a group discussion
Laissez-Faire Leaders
leaders who take almost no initiative in structuring a group discussion
laissez faire leaders (ch 9)
leaders who take almost no initiative in structuring a group discussion
Action-oriented
likes to receive concise accurate information
Supportive Communication
listen with empath, acknowledge the feelings of others, engage in dialogue to help others maintain sense of personal control
supportive communication
listening with empathy, acknowledging others' feelings, and engaging in dialogue to help others maintain a sense of personal control
it is important to note that some relationships are better able to handle conflict
long term relationships have more "equity", more history to draw upon so they are less likely to dissolve over more trivial issues. the investment in time and effort brings long term marries couples a measure of buffer against conflicts that would doom a younger couple. also, certain life changing events (the birth of a child or overcoming a serious illness) adds more equity to the relationship than others
peripheral route has what kind of likelihood
low elaboration
how is common ground created
mainly through communication
Autocratic leaders
maintain strict control over group
memorized delivery style
memorized speech; first written as a manuscript;
Heuristics
mental shortcuts used to make decisions: evaluating sources
horizontal communication (ch 8)
messages between members of an organization that have equal power
upward communication
messages flowing from subordinates to superiors
upward communication (ch 8)
messages flowing from subordinates to superiors
downward communication
messages flowing from superiors to subordinates
downward communication (ch 8)
messages flowing from superiors to subordinates
Scarcity Strategy
messages that alert receivers of time or quantity limitations regarding the availability of a product, service or opportunity
hurtful messages (ch 6)
messages that create emotional pain or upset
formal communication (ch 8)
messages that follow pre-described channels of communication throughout the organization
Formal Communication
messages that follow prescribed channels of communication through organization
formal communication
messages that follow prescribed channels of communication throughout the organization
in these situations, METACOMMUNICATION is called for
metacommunication means talking about talking, talking about interactions, and talking about your relationship
problem/solution pattern
method of organization in which the presenter describes a problem and proposes a solution to that problem
cause/effect pattern
method of organization in which the presenter first explains the causes of an event, a problem, or an issue and then discusses its consequences, results, or effects
eye contact
most important element of speech delivery
primacy theory
most likely to remember the first part of a lecture/speech
some of us have large needs in inclusion and affection. some of us are control freaks.
most of us desire a combination of these three needs.
RELATIONAL CONVERGENCE
most partners in interpersonal interaction gain info about how to communicate with and react to their partners. after a while, we learn that our partner may not tolerate foul language or want to avoid certain topics. we learn to respect each other's conversational wishes as our relationship deepens and our values converge. we agree on our daily activities and the norms of communication. we avoid forbidden topics and known when to pull back when we approach RELATIONAL BOUNDARIES
FEEDBACK SENSITIVITY
most people develop a healthy sensitivity to people's feelings in conversations. bullies- have no sensitivity
CONTROL IN TYPES OF RELATIONSHIPS: in order to determine the communication qualities of a relationship, it is helpful to understand control in 3 basic types of relationships
most ppl have COMPLEMENTARY RELATIONSHIPS: two partners bring qualities that help the dyad form a whole- ex. the President of a country often has a chief of staff who bring organizational qualities that help a dyad form a whole.
relevance of a message provides
motivation to process
evidence is the most effective when
multiple sources are cited
some ppl are overly defensive and perceive threats from seemingly harmless statements
nagging is a serious threat to relationships. even the most mild mannered person will notice insults, store them up (large and small) surpass a threshold for tolerance, and set a date for terminating the relationship
Selection
neglect some stimuli and focus on others
interpersonal communication on a scale from
non-initimate (distant) to intimate (physically, psychologically, or environmentally). this can be measured through observing the amount and type of disclosure b/w interactants.
complementation (ch 4)
nonverbal and verbal codes add meaning to each other and expand the meaning of either message alone
Substituting
nonverbal codes are used instead of verbal codes
substitution (ch 4)
nonverbal codes are used to monitor and control interactions with others
Affect Displays
nonverbal movements of the face and body used to show emotion
affect displays (ch 4)
nonverbal movements of the face and body used to show emotion
Illustrators
nonverbal movements that accompany of reinforce verbal messages. "shaking your head"
illustrators (ch 4)
nonverbal movements that accompany or reinforce verbal messages
Regulators
nonverbal movements that control the flow or pace of communication
regulators (ch 4)
nonverbal movements that control the flow or pace of communication
emblems (ch 4)
nonverbal movements that substitute for words and phrases
Emblems
nonverbal movements that substitute for words and phrases. ''beckoning"
adaptors (ch 4)
nonverbal movements that you might perform fully in private but only partially in public
Adaptors
nonverbal movements that you might perform fully in private but only partially in public. "rub your nose"
Paralinguistic Features
nonword sounds and characteristics of language such as pitch, volume, rate, and quality
paralinguistic features (ch 4)
nonword sounds and characteristics of language such as pitch, volume, rate, and quality
SOCIAL PENETRATION THEORY
one of the oldest interaction theories around is 1973 ALTMAN AND TAYLOR'S SOCIAL PENETRATION THEORY. social penetration is concerned with how people BOND in a relationship as a consequence of the quality and quantity of SELF DISCLOSURE as well as the breadth and depth of the info disclosed. typically we move from superficial and surface level talk to more intimate communication (verbally and nonverbally) Altman and Taylor say are generally centered around mutual satisfaction of personal and social needs
even in a dyad,
one person assumes leadership and influences the other. sometimes both influence each other through following mutual activities and confirming how much they enjoyed it. most of the time that is healthy.
SOCIAL EXCHANGE THEORY
one popular theory of interaction is THIBAUT AND KELLY'S SOCIAL EXCHANGE THEORY. Thibaut and Kelly theorize that as we interact, we rationally weight the COSTS AND REWARDS of communicating in that relationship.
Message-Sidedness
one-sided messages provide only the arguments that support your messages; two-sided nonrefutational messages provide counter-arguments but do not refute those arguments; two-sided refutational messages provide and refute counter arguments
1960s, speech researchers began to focus on the
one-to-one situation. as a result, the subspecialty of interpersonal communication was born
DEBILITATING BEHAVIORS
ones that create BARRIERS to healthy relationships include defensiveness, nagging, & perception of control. these types of communication move the dyad close to RELATIONAL BOUNDARIES- the point at which you may break off the relationship b/c a forbidden topic was brought up, a bad name for your partner was used, or you were outright insulted. then you and your partner have to clean up the metacommunication issue ("how dare you call me that name!") before you get back to the original issue ("now about that garbage you don't take out for the 3rd day in a row")
long term memory (ch 5)
our permanent storage place for information including but not limited to pas experiences, language, values, knowledge, images of people, memories of sights, sounds and smells, and even fantasies.
communications network (ch 8)
patterns of relationships through which information flows in an organization
mass communication research: perspective
people are producers as well as products of social systems (people to social systems to people to social systems and so on)
Passive Perception
people are simply recorders of stimuli. No longer accurate
Proximity
people or objects that are close to each other in time or space are seen a meaningfully related.
low-context cultures
people separate their relationships from verbal communication and focus on the information conveyed and logical argumentation
Low-Context Cultures
people separate their relationships from verbal communication and focus on the information conveyed and logical argumentation.
Give and example of the cultivation henry in terms of the mean world syndrome
people who watch a lot of programs like news, crime dramas, health dramas, etc. are more likely to see the world as a more dangerous and less trustworthy place
when we cannot negotiate how much autonomy we have in the relationship or sense that our partner has too much freedom outside the relationship, we
perceive a threat to the relationship. BAD DIFFERENTIATION. communication, from daily convos to deep discussions about values often result in arguments that reflect incompatible goals, irreconcilable differences, or deep divisions in how to achieve those goals or rectify the mistakes. when a couple notices this and acts on it, they begin drifting apart, physically or psychologically. metacommunicatively, you both realize something serious is threatening the relationship and those issues have to be faced before it can be repaired
what is an important factory of the cultivation theory in terms of the mean world syndrome
perceived realism
Co-Cultural Communication
persons occupy multiple groups, thus adopt communication strategies consistent with the best available options for translation
Central Route Processing
persuasion achieved by the quality of the arguments in a message
Central Route
persuasion achieved by the quality of the arguments in the message
social influence theory predicts
ppl will negotiation a concept of self within their relational partner and move towards the neutral or empathic communication in normal times and when conflict occurs
descriptiveness (ch 3)
practice of describing observed behavior or phenomena instead of offering personal reactions or judgements
cultural rituals
practices, behaviors, celebrations, and traditions common to people, organizations, and insitutions
Cultural rituals
practices, behaviors, celebrations, and traditions common to people, organizations, and institutions. Rituals include teachers passing out syllabi on first day of class.
Persuasion
process by which attitudes or behaviors are influenced as a result of receiving a message
Nuetralization
process of numbing facial expressions to hide how you really feel.
public speaking (ch 1)
process of using messages to generate meaning in a situation in which a single source transmits a message to a number of receivers
Pattern-maintenance Orientation
promote cultural and educational regularity and development within society
pattern maintenance orientation (ch 8)
promote educational and cultural regularity and development within society
two sided refutational (ch 14)
provide and refute arguments
Two sided-refutational messages
provide and refute counter arguments
selective attention (ch 14)
receivers avoid a message by not paying attention to it
central route processing (ch 1)
receivers mentally elaborate on the elements of your message and carefully scrutinize your arguments and evidence
Source Expertise
receivers perceptions of the persuader's knowledge, qualifications and competence
Source Expertise
receivers' perceptions of the persuaders' knowledge, qualifications and competence
When other members of a group admire and respect a person, that person has
referent power
Discrimination
referes to the verbal and nonverbal communication behaviors that foster prejudiced attitudes including the act of excluding or denying ppl of products, rights, and services based on their race, gender, sexual orientation, etc.
androgynous (ch 6)
refers to people who possess stereotypically female and male characteristics
symmetrical relationships (ch 6)
relationships in which participants mirror each other or are highly similar
Mr. Young I studies my notes for 18 hours before taking this exam and all I got was a C. I deserve a higher grade. This argument fails the standard of what?
relevance
social comparison is a powerful shaper of your
self concept
chapter 5 includes 3 main topics:
self concept and knowing the self, theories of interaction, and theories of relational communication
Organizational Communities
several organizations - similar businesses, clubs - have overlapping interests and get networked together to provide mutual support and resources
Cover Letter
short letter to an interviewer persuasively introducing you and your credentials in relationship to the job description, accompanied by your resume
outlining
shows the sequence of your arguments or main points, indicates their relative importance, and states the content of your arguments, main points, and sub points
self-talk
silent communications with oneself that influence our perceptions of reality
significant commonality
similar in age, have same general education level, have similar economic backgrounds
listening for enjoyment (ch 5)
situations involving relaxing, fun, or emotionally stimulating information
hyper-personal communication
situations when the affection, emotion, and intimacy that develops through computer-meditated communication equals or surpasses what happens face to face
"It is a mistake to allow assisted suicide. That will just open the door to forced extermination of anyone society feels is too old or too sick." This is an example of what type of fallacy?
slippery slope
hasty generalization (logical fallacies)
small sample
Morphemes
smallest meaningful units of speech; simple words, suffixes, prefixes; examples: red, hot, calm, -ed, pre-
Euphemism
socially acceptable synonym used to avoid using language that would be offensive in a formal setting .
face (ch 2)
socially approved and presented identity of an individual
culture (ch 3)
socially transmitted behavior patterns, beliefs, attitudes, and values of a particular period, class, community, or population
individualistic cultures (ch 10)
societies that stress assertiveness over group harmony
individualistic cultures
societies that stress individual assertiveness over group harmony
designated leader (ch 9)
someone who has been appointed or elected to a leadership position
in a hierarchy, sometimes getting promoted to a higher rank involves demonstrating a higher capacity for good work.
sometimes it is becoming a follower and adhering to the "COMPANY LINE". this is called "SOLDIERING" & just as in the military, the follower "TOES THE COMPANY LINE" without question
In text citations
source information placed in parenthesis within the body of a research paper
Control
speaker does not allow second person to join in discussion
jargon (ch 3)
technical language developed by a professional group
Oprah- teenagers in prison
teens lack a clear perception of self- works on remediating learning disabilities and repairing low self esteem
HIGH ESTEEMERS
tend to be more confident, more able to withstand criticism, and tend to work harder for demanding bosses. they are bothered less by little things and generally make an effort to maintain successful relationships, in the social circle and at work
LOW ESTEEMERS
tend to view the world negatively, are likely to expect rejection from others at first, and they take criticism more personally. withdraw from social relationships but occasionally they mask their low esteem, lack of confidence, and insecurities with aggressive behavior. whether its sarcastic remarks or outright defiance, bullies often suffer from low esteem and may be the loneliest people around. it sounds strange, that a low esteem depressed person would be aggressive but it happens. they cannot build themselves up but they can sure tear you down
Selective exposure
tendency to place self in environment with people who think same way
selective retention (ch 2)
tendency to remember the things that reinforce your beliefs rather than those that oppose them
research shows that bureaucracies that feature open and honest and mutual messaging generally function better
than ones that feature one-sided communication and a traditional top-down chain of command, esp in American organization - definite association b/w reciprocity and feedback behaviors - said they would give up pay raises and prospects for promotion if their immediate instructional leaders communicated more openly in a more positive communication climate. that feeling was stronger for women than men
when people leave the table when you start talking
that is a pretty clear nonverbal indication of your lack of importance or salience to them
lecture listening (ch 5)
the ability to listen to, mentally process, and recall lecture information
information literacy (ch 5)
the ability to recognize when information is needed and to locate, evaluate, and effectively use the information needed
Code Sensitivity
the ability to use the verbal and nonverbal language appropriate to the cultural norms of the individual with whom you are communicating
Code sensitivity
the ability to use the verbal and nonverbal language appropriate to the cultural norms of the individual with whom you are communicating
ethical persuasion
the act of motivating an audience, through communication, to voluntarily change a particular belief, attitude, or behavior
listening (ch 5)
the active process of receiving, constructing meaning from, and responding to spoken and/or non verbal messages. It involves the ability to refrain information, as well as to react empathically and/or appreciatively to spoken and/or non verbal messages
Denotative Meaning
the agreed upon meaning or dictionary meaning of a word
attribution (ch 2)
the assignment of meaning to people's behavior
Interpretation
the assignment of meaning to stimuli
pervasive, amoral, necessary
the attributes of the process of communication: ______, _______, and _________ to advancing our life-agenda
receivers (ch 1)
the audience to whom the message is delivered
source credibility (ch 11)
the audience's perception of your effectiveness as a speaker
ground (ch 2)
the background against which your focused attention occurs
Cultural Relativism
the belief that another culture should be judged by its own context rather than measured against your culture
Culture Relativism
the belief that another culture should be judged by its own context rather than measured against your culture
cultural relativsim (ch 7)
the belief that another culture should be judged by its own context rather than measured against your culture
Ethnocentrism
the belief that your own group or culture is superior to other groups or cultures
parallel form (ch 12)
the consistent use of complete sentences, clauses, phrases, or words in an outline
parallel form
the consistent use of complete sentences, clauses, phrases, or words in an outline; must be in this form for an outline
indentity management (ch 2)
the control (or lack thereof) of the communication of information through a performance
elaboration (ch 1)
the degree to which a receiver scrutinizes a message
competence (ch 11)
the degree to which the speaker is perceived as skilled, reliable, experienced, qualified, authoritative, and informed. an aspect of credibility.
this is the aformentioned concept of RELATIONAL SUFFICIENCY
the degree to which your interpersonal relationship fulfills your goals whether those goals are economic, emotional, or relational. relational sufficiency is an indicator of health and satisfaction with your partner's communication style which has a direct bearing on how your relationship will develop and be maintained.
proximity
the distance between two people
How does the dominant culture differ from a non-dominant culture?
the dominant culture makes the rules
Affection
the emotion of caring for others and or being cared for
Affection
the emotion of caring for others and/or being cared for
affection (ch 9)
the emotion of caring for others and/or being cared for by others
Group climate
the emotional tone or atmosphere members create within the group
group climate (ch 9)
the emotional tone or atmosphere members create within the group
Intercultural Communication
the exchange of information between individuals who are unalike culturally
Intercultural communication
the exchange of information between individuals who are unalike culturally
intercultural communication (ch 7)
the exchange of information between individuals who are unalike culturally
dynamism (ch 11)
the extent to which the speaker is perceived as bold active, energetic, strong, empathetic, and assertive. an aspect of credibility
source credibility (ch 5)
the extent to which the speaker is perceived as competent to make the claim he or she is making
incremental plagiarism (ch 11)
the intentional or unintentional use of information from one or more sources without fully divulging how much information is directly quoted
plagiarism (ch 11)
the intentional use of information from another source without crediting the source
Intercultural Communication
the interaction between people from different cultural backgrounds
sometimes we form relationships -very quickly -after a long period of time -change over time
the point is that both partners have to be ready. then they find a NATURE RHYTHM & RATE OF DEVELOPMENT that fits both participants. self disclosure will be low at first, but quicken and deepen as the relationship develops. in fact, you can tell a lot about the progression of your relationship form the quantity and quality of self disclosure. at some point from the type of interaction you have, you will realize that a relationship has been established as long as both of you express it verbally or nonverbally. if only one person sees it that war, it is very hard to force a relationship on the other.
P time (ch 7)
the polychronic time schedule, which views time as "contextually based and relationally oriented"
Perception Checking
the practice of asking others to get a more informed sense of understanding.
Descriptiveness
the practice of describing behavior or phenomena instead of offering personal reactions or judgement
Descriptiveness
the practice of describing observed behavior or phenomena instead of offering personal reactions or judgements
rough draft
the preliminary organization of the outline of a presentation; can have sentences or even just a word
Within group diversity
the presence of observable and or implicit differences among group members
Within-Group Diversity
the presence of observable and/or implicit differences among group members
within group diversity (ch 9)
the presence of observable and/or implicit differences among group members
proximity (ch 2)
the principle that objects physically close to each other will be perceived as a unit or group
Persuasion
the process by which attitudes and behaviors are influenced as the result of receiving a message
Persuasion
the process by which attitudes or behaviors are influenced as a result of receiving a message
persuasion (ch 14)
the process by which attitudes or behaviors are influenced as a result of receiving a message
Decode
the process in which a receiver attaches meaning to a message
bargaining (ch 6)
the process in which two or more parties attempt to reach an agreement on what each should give and receive in a transaction between them
Group problem solving is usually more efficient when
the process is systematic and organized
decode (ch 3)
the process of assigning meaning to other's words in order to translate them into thoughts of your own
amoral (ch 1)
the process of communication is ethically neutral
Symbolic Interactionism
the process of development of the self through the messages and feedback received from others.
self disclosure (ch 6)
the process of making intentional revelations about yourself that others would be unlikely to know and that generally constitute private, sensitive, or confidential information
Horns affect
the tendency to let our perceptions of one negative trait influence our perceptions of other negative traits
Halo affect
the tendency to let our perceptions of one positive trait influence our perceptions of other positive traits
Selective Exposure
the tendency to place ourselves in environments with others who think as we do
selective exposure (ch 14)
the tendency to place ourselves in environments with others who think like we do
Selective Perception
the tendency to see, hear, and believe only what you want
selective perception (ch 2)
the tendency to see, hear, and believe only what you want to see, hear, and believe.
selective attention (ch 2)
the tendency, when you expose yourself to information and ideas, to focus on certain cues and ignore others
organizational communication
the ways in which groups of people both maintain structure and order through their symbolic interactions and allow individual actors the freedom to accomplish their goals
the study of organizational communication begins with the study of a common type of organization called a BUREAUCRACY
though the term has a definite negative connotation, the term bureaucracy very adequately describes the process of ppl coming together to achieve goals, whether those goals are task or social
snide remarks, insults, disconfirmations and invalidations, story topping, topic shifts, interposition, and nullifications are the
types of communication seen in the bad differentiation stage. your friends may notice you bickering and arguing more, sullen expressions, and outright hostility. these are signs that the quantity and quality of communication is going downhill fast
Personal Idioms
unique forms of expression and language only understood by two people in a relationship
personal idioms (ch 6)
unique forms of expression and language understood only by individual couples
personal experience (ch 11)
use of your own life as a source of information
Phatic communication
used to establish a mood of sociability instead of ideas or info
lecture cues (ch 5)
verbal or nonverbal signals that stress points or indicate transitions between ideas during a lecture
facts
verifiable forms of information
the self concept develops over time therefore it changes slowly- gradual process unless life-changing event occurs
very rarely do we change our self concept instantly unless we experience something very deep and moving (religious conversion, life threatening event, seeing war up close)
visual aids (ch 13)
visual elements that help your audience receive your message
Non-verbal Codes
vocalics, kinesics, chronemics
how is dynamism exhibited
voice, movement, facial expressions, gestures, etc.
Syntax
way in which words are are arranged to form phrases or sentences
signposts
ways in which a presenter signals to an audience where the presentation is going
signposts (ch 12)
ways in which a presenter signals to an audience where the presentation is going
when relationships converge,
we adopt RULES of social conversation
SOCIAL COMPARISON
we also reflect on our performance by looking at us relative to some sort of REFERENCE GROUP based on age, gender, ethnic background, educational level or other measurement. ex. after we check our midterm score, we turn to our other classmates to see how they did. we observe others in our situation to see how they handle things. we compare and contrast our performances to others
THEORIES OF INTERACTION incorporate what we know about ourselves and predict how will act with another person
we bring all sorts of history and "BAGGAGE" when we elated to others and then we negotiate our way along. as you get to know each other, you learn about your partner's communication style, i.e. forbidden topics, hot buttons, turn-ons, etc. then you act on what you know until you find out otherwise
we now recognize that in the interpersonal relationship,
we communicate our norms, leadership and follower rules, explicit rules and guidelines, and systems of controls.
RELATIONAL COMMUNICATION - how and why ppl relate to each other thru communication
we form relationships for a number of reasons. PHYSICAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL ATTRACTION is at the top of the list. but how would that explain opposites like Marilyn Monroe and playwright Arthur Miller? perhaps they COMPLEMENT each other. one is beauty, the other is the brains. sometimes we form deep relationships based on PHYSICAL PROXIMITY. secretaries marry their bosses, teachers date students, and colleagues get together socially. however, few of those relationships would deepen without psychological proximity. in fact, as you converse, you find out info about each other, some of which you may find salient to your value system and personality.
in complementary relationships,
we see a SPLIT in control, responsibilities, & power. perhaps it is a 60-40 split, 70-30, or 80-20. rarely do we see a 100-0 split although it is not unknown. "I leave all decisions up to him, after he makes all the money." however, large differences in control are seldom mutually satisfying even if the physical results are impressive (large home, big bank accounts, adorable children yet unsatisfied and frustrated spouse)
Femininity
what it means culturally to be a woman. traits are connected to being loving and compassionate
long range goal (ch 12)
what you expect to achieve by your message in the days, months, or years ahead
immediate purpose (ch 12)
what you expect to achieve on the day of your presentation
why do we disclose
with self disclosure in interactions, we assume that our disclosures will be RECIPROCATED. in other words, we disclose in return for disclosure. we found out more info in return and act on it in order to achieve a comfortable level of intimacy. this way we can predict our partner's behavior toward us and how we react to them.
Regionalisms
words and phrases specific to a particular region or country
regionalisms (ch 3)
words and phrases specific to a particular region or part of a country
Concrete Language
words and statements that are specific rather than abstract or vague
Concrete language
words and statements that are specific rather than abstract or vague
concrete language (ch 3)
words and statements that are specific rather than abstract or vague
Sources
written and non-written items that provide information
this may be the root of most conflicts esp b/w 2 strong willed and opinionated ppl. one partner yells at the other (thinking that a louder voice will intimidate) yet that person
yells back defensively ("Oh yeah, you're a good one to talk"). or the parent that shouts "Get in the car now!" gets angrier when the response is "I said I'm not ready!" That's why counselors and therapists work on less yelling and humiliating types of communication as a first step in overcoming debilitating relational convos. video "Yelling in Families" that shows a family engaged in strong-willed behavior that threatens their happiness.
social influence theorists point out that as you get to know someone well,
you begin to influence each other. sometimes one person has more influence than the other.
Selective Exposure
you expose yourself to information that reinforces, rather than contradicts your beliefs or options.
communication orientation
your focus as a speaker is to achieve your communicative goals
communication orientation (ch 13)
your focus as a speaker is to achieve your communicative goals
Active Perception
your mind selects, organizes, and interprets what you sense.
when you begin to take on each other's commitments,
your relationship begins to INTEGRATE. you become less of an individual and more of a team (at work) or a couple (in romance). "I" becomes "we" and you expect your time commitments to be shared whether its a social function you attend together or planning vacay time
subjective perception (ch 2)
your uniquely constructed meaning attributed to a sensed stimuli
Subjective Perception
your uniquely constructed meaning attributed to sensed stimuli.
Facial expressions
--Sadness: eyes and eyelids -- Anger: forehead, mouth, brows, and cheeks -- Disgust: Multiple areas of face, bridge of nose -- Fear: Eyes and eyelids -- Happiness: Lower facial region; eyes and eyelids. -- Surprise: All facial regions (brows/forehead, eyes/eyelids, and lower face)
Model of Interaction Stages Coming apart
1) Differentiating: asserts separateness of partners 2) Circumscribing: from identifying differences to restricting the communication between 3) Stagnating: compares the relationship to a still lifeless pond 4) Avoiding: extend declining comm by physically steering clear 5) Termination: reversal of bonding stage
Types of Touch
1) Functional/Professional: serve a specific purpose. low intimacy. 2) Social/Polite: connected to cultural norms, such as handshakes. 3) Friendship/Warmth: people use to show platonic affection and support towards eachother. 4) Love/Intimacy: strong feelings of affection.
Influences on communication
1) Gender Influences: sex is biological, gender is social, androgyny is having both male and female traits, rapport talk is cooperative messages used to establish connection. 2) Ethnicity and race: race is categorizing with physical raits. ethnicity is shared history and location. 3) Language differences 4) Religion and spirituality 5) ppl with disabilities 6) Sexual orientation
Models of Interaction Stages Bonding
1) Initating: partners first communicate 2) Experimenting: partenrs probe to see if there is common ground 3) Intensifying: develop greater intimacy and exchange a greater number and depth of self discolsure 4) Integrating: partners engage in communication that weaves their lives together and solidifies their status as a couple 5) bonding: involves a public and formal declaration that "two have become one"
Zones of Space
1) Intimate Zone: about 0-18 inches and is usually reserved for significant others. 2) Personal Zone: 18 inches- 4 feet. Reserved for personal relationships with acquaintances or friends. 3) Social Zone: 4-12 feet. distance at which you usually talk to strangers or conduct business. 4) Public Zone: over 12 feet. refers to distance typical of large, formal, public events.
Functions of Nonverbal Communication
1) Repeating: A nonverbal message may "repeat" the verbal message. For example, you may simultaneously say "Yes" and shake your head up and down. 2) Accenting: A non verbal message may highlight the verbal message by emphasizing or enhancing a certain point. You may stress the work despise in "I despise weather" to emphasize your strong negative feelings. 3) Conflicting: You may use a nonverbal message to contradict your verbal message. For example, you might say, "Im having a great time at this party." While shaking your head no with eyes open..... SARCASM 4) Complementing: A nonverbal message can reinforce a verbal message. Saying, "Im listening to you.", while showing that you are listening. 5) Regulating: Nonverbal messages often manage the flow of verbal conversation. Raising your hand in class to say something. 6) Substitution: The use of a nonverbal message can replace a verbal message. Example include pointing when you're asked where an item is located.
Reducing CA:
1) Systematic desesitization: practicing infront of others. you will become aware of the affects of CA without suffering too much from symptoms
The three types of persuasive effects are
1) create a new attitude 2) reinforce an existing attitude or behavior 3) change an attitude or behavior
Which testimonial evidence best meets the criteria for evaluating such evidence?
A cafeteria worker, a student, testifies about conditions in the cafeteria kitchen
Hyperpersonal Communication
A certain type of interpersonal communication that is facilitated by using a computer to establish relationships with others.
Sleeper Effect
A change of audience opinion caused by the separation of the message content from its source over a period of time
Sleeper Effect (ch11)
A change of audience opinion caused by the separation of the message content from its source over a period of time.
What is a wiki?
A cheap webpage where people can edit information.
Explanation (ch11)
A clarification of what something is or how it works.
Language
A collection of symbols, letters, or words with arbitrary meanings that are governed by rules and used to communicate.
Attractiveness
A concept that includes physical attractiveness, how desirable a person is to work with, and how much "social value" the person has for others.
Role
A consistent pattern of interaction or bagpipe exhibited over time
Role
A consistent pattern of interaction or behavior exhibited over time
Role (ch9)
A consistent pattern of interaction or behavior exhibited over time.
What is a role?
A consistent pattern of interaction or behavior exhibited over time.
Individualistic Culture
A culture in which people believe that their primary responsibility is to themselves.
Operational definition
A definition that identifies something by revealing how it works, how it is made, or what it consist of.
Prejudice
A negative attitude toward a group of people just because they are who they are.
Bias
A particular preference or point of view that is personal, rather than scientific.
Communication Apprehension
A person's level of fear or anxiety associated with a communication situation; can be either real or anticipated communication
Social Judgment Theory
A persuasion theory that maintains that individuals can be persuaded on a topic by being convinced to accept changes that are close to their already held beliefs
Halo Effect
A predisposition to attribute positive qualities to physically attractive people.
Leadership
A process of using communication to influence the behaviors and attitudes of others to meet group goals
Proximity
A relationship to personal space
Second Person Observation (ch5)
A report of what another observed.
Rites of Passage
A ritual where a person changes status
Cover Letter
A short letter introducing you and your resume to an interviewer
Quid pro quo sexual harassment
A situation in which an employee is offered a reward or is threatened with punishment based on his or her participation in a sexual activity.
What is quid pro quo sexual harassment?
A situation in which an employee is offered a reward or is threatened with punishment based on his or her participation in a sexual activity.
Ethnicity
A social group that may be joined together by facts such as shared history, shared identity, shared geography, or shared culture
Gender
A socially and culturally constructed set of distinctions between masculine and feminine sets of behaviors that is promoted and expected by society
Extemporaneous Delivery (ch13)
A speech is practiced thoroughly but not memorized, using speakers notes, not a manuscript.
Memorized Delivery (ch13)
A speech is written as a manuscript and then delivered from memory.
Impromptu Delivery (ch13)
A speech that has little or no preparation time and is made up along the way.
Manuscript Delivery (ch13)
A speech that is written word for word using a tone and language that is appropriate for speaking rather than reading.
Internal Previews
A statement in the body of the speech that lets the audience know what the speaker is going to discuss next
Language
A system of words represented by symbols
Short Term Memory (ch5)
A temporary storage place for information.
Inductive Reasoning
A type of logic in which generalizations are based on a large number of specific observations.
Persuasive Presentation
A type of presentation that seeks to change, alter, or modify an audience's attitudes, beliefs, values, or outlook about a topic
Informative Presentation
A type of presentation that seeks to convey new information and increase the audience's understanding about a topic
In which of the following surveys should you place the most trust?
A university study by known sociologists that concludes welfare payments are insufficient
Polysemy
A word that has 2 or more related messages: bright-shining/intelligent; deposit-mineral/money in the bank.
in terms of relational convergence and metacommunication, sensitive communicators use
ACTIVE LISTENING (suspending judgment, paraphrasing for clarification) & EMPATHY (viewing it from another person's perspective)
the process of exerting a higher amount of influence and power is called a
AGENY. that person is called an AGENT of influence. term "agent provocateur" - a political term meaning a person who exerts much pressure on a group's ideology, activities, or philosophy. sometimes it is a direct order from your partner ("I hate when you cut me off in midsentence") but oftentimes it is just a subtle negotiation as to how you want to conduct yourselves in conversation (they don't laugh or pay attention to your dirty jokes)
What is an informal role?
AKA behavioral role; a role that is developed spontaneously within a group.
What is a formal role?
AKA positional role; an assigned role based on an individual's position or title within a group.
What are relationship-oriented groups?
AKA primary groups; groups that are usually long-term and exist to meet our needs for inclusion and affection.
What are task-oriented groups?
AKA secondary groups; groups formed for the purpose of completing tasks, such as solving problems or making decisions.
Clan of the Crocodile
About a tribe that worships the Crocodile and has certain traditions about becoming a warrior that honor crocodile ways (like getting crocodile markings). Certain members of the tribe lead the ceremony. Relation to class: Rituals, customs, traditions, rites of passage, cultural transmission.
Which type of source undergoes blind peer review to ensure high-quality information and contains specified studies?
Academic journal articles
Which technique of conflict management is used to maintain relationship harmony but to stifle creative dialogue and decision making?
Accomodation
Ethical Persuasion
Act of motivating audience through communication to voluntarily change particular belief, attitude, or behavior
Listening is __________ ?
Action and mental processing
Assimilation
Adopting the new norms of a culture and leaving the old culture's norms behind.
Formal role
Also called positional role; an assigned role based on an individual's position or title within a group
Task- oriented groups
Also called secondary groups; groups formed for the purpose of completing tasks, such as solving problems or making decisions
Task-oriented groups
Also called secondary groups; groups formed for the purpose of completing tasks, such as solving problems or making decisions
Common Ground (ch11)
Also known as co orientation, the degree tow which the speakers values, beliefs, attitudes, and interests are shared with the audience. An aspect of credibility.
Models of Interaction stages
An account that explains the typical pattern of how communication progresses relationships through five stages of coming together and five stages of coming apart
A feeling of approval of disapproval of a person, group, idea or event is defined as:
An attitude
Which of the following is a true statement regarding credentials?
An effective resume contains good style, content, and format.
Group conflict
An expressed struggle between two or more members of a group
What is group conflict?
An expressed struggle between two or more members of a group.
Cliche
An expression that has lost originality and force through overuse.
Episode
An incident in a person's life or in a story or play
Territoriality
An individual or group attempt to identify and establish control over a clearly defined territory considered partially or wholly an exclusive domain; the behavior associated with the defense of the home territory.
Connotative Meaning
An individualized or personalized meaning of a word, which may be emotionally laden.
Group decision support system (GDSS)
An interactive network of computers with specialized software, allowing users to generate solutions for unstructured problems
Network
An intricate web of contacts and relationships designed to benefit the participants
Groupthink
An unintended outcome of cohesion in which the desire for cohesion and agreement takes precedence over critical analysis and discussion
What is groupthink?
An unintended outcome of cohesion in which the desire for cohesion and agreement takes precedence over critical analysis and discussion.
Groupthink (ch9)
An unintended outcome of cohesion in which the desire for cohesion and agreement takes precedent over critical analysis and discussion.
What are the characteristics of effective Visual Aids?
Are visible, non-distracting, simple and clear, and are functional.
Ethos
Aristotle said that ______, which is defined as the speaker's credibility and ethics, is important in order to be an effective persuader.
How can you improve your own listening skills?
Ask pre-questions, consider your interest level, use elaboration strategies, take 51% of the responsibility for the communication transaction, choose to focus, be aware of logical fallacies, source credibility, & appeals, keep a listening journal, and be willing to listen.
How can you improve your listening skills?
Ask pre-questions; consider you interest level; use elaboration strategies; as a listener, take 51% of the responsibility for the communication transaction; choose to focus; be aware of logical fallacies, source credibility, and appeals; keep a listening journal; and be willing to listen.
How can we improve listening?
Ask pre-questions; consider your interest level; use elaboration strategies; as a listener, take 51% of the responsibility for the communication transaction; choose to focus, be aware of logical fallacies, source credibility, and appeals; keep a listening journal; and be willing to listen.
Aggressiveness
Assertion of one's rights at the expense of others and care about one's own needs but no one else's
Identify and explain different types of groups.
Assigned, emergent, task-oriented, and relationship-oriented groups.
Identify and explain the three possible goals that marginalized, non-dominant groups use to relate to dominant groups
Assimilation goal, accommodation goal, and separation goal.
Interpersonal relationships means...
Associations between two people who are interdependent, who use some consistent patterns of interaction, and who have interacted for an extended period of time.
Types of Introductions
Attention, Motivation, Credibility, Purpose; only need attention
What are the ways Visual Aids help us communicate more effectively?
Attract audience attention, emphasize key points, show relationship between points, simplify numerical information, make examples more specific, illustrate difficult to describe objects or scenes, and illustrate symbolic relationships.
Recency Theory
Audience remembers most recent or last words
Primacy Theory
Audience remembers the first thing they hear
What are some helpful powerpoint tips?
Avoid "stupid slides" Use the black screen feature Use pictures Customize builds (animations) Make text easy to read Avoid using more than one text per visual aid
What are ways to manage conflict productivity?
Avoidance, competition, compromise, accommodation, and collaboration.
Which of the following is the best example of an advertising slogan designed to appeal to the self-actulization need?
Be all that you can be
Identify and explain the strategies for improving nonverbal communication
Be sensitive to context, audience, and feedback.
How can bumping your v-card be beneficial in the workplace? Identify why these are important workplace tools.
Because you have gained the contact information from someone who might be beneficial to the company.
Asked to support his assertion that a particular team will not win the championship, a sports commentator says, "They won't win because they won't be able to put enough points on the board." This is an example of what type of fallacy?
Begging the Question
"The ability to alter behavior in order to adapt to new situations in new way when necessary" is a definition of
Behavioral Flexibility
Femininity
Behaviors associated with being caring or compassionate (what is means to be a woman)
Masculinity
Behaviors associated with being more assertive or aggressive (what it means to be a man)
Task functions
Behaviors that are directly relevant to that group's task and that affect the group's productivity
What are task functions?
Behaviors that are directly relevant to the group's task and that affect the group's productivity.
Task Functions (ch9)
Behaviors that are directly relevant to the groups task and that affect the groups productivity.
Self-Centered functions (ch9)
Behaviors that serve the needs of the individual at the expense of the group.
Marginalizing
Being a part of two cultures, but not really being a power in either.
Socialization
Being exposed to norms and being expected to uphold them.
Reflexivity
Being self-aware and learning from interactions with the intent of improving future interactions
Reflexivity
Being self-aware and learning from interactions with the intent of improving future interactions.
Competence
Being well prepared and organized, mentioning credentials, citing credible resources
A(n) _________________ is the mental acceptance that something is true even if we can't prove that it is true.
Belief
The mental acceptance that something is true, even if we can't prove it is true is:
Belief
Ethnocentrism
Belief in the superiority of one's nation or ethnic group.
Ethnocentrism
Belief that the world should operate according to your culture [principles]
Culture
Beliefs, customs, and traditions of a specific group of people.
Credibility
Believability, trustworthiness
how do we reduce uncertainty?
Berger and Calabrese and others say people try to spend more time in positive and mutual interaction, asking questions, showing nonverbal IMMEDIACY & expressing AFFILIATION (the desire to associate further)
The definition of dynamism is that speaker is perceived as
Bold, energetic, active, and assertive
During the interview for a waitress job, Mr. Mitchell (the interviewee) if she married or has any children. This is a violation of
Bona fide occupational qulaifications
According to your text, audience members' frames of references impact
Both the encoding and decoding of a message
signs of poor self image and self concept is called
CONDUCT DISORDER and it is characterized by ANTI-SOCIAL behavior that the rest of society would deem outside of even the extremes of normative behavior
Casual Pattern
Cause and effect between two events
Vocalics
Characteristics of the voice that communicate meaning
Coca-Cola Allows Muslim Staff to Keep Beards
Coca-Cola had a policy that staff could not wear beards. A Muslim man, where beards are usually worn for religious reasons, was denied a job due to his beard. He sued and now Coca-Cola has a policy where people with beards can work there, but cannot come into contact with customers. Relation to class: Customs/traditions of a culture, Marginalizing.
Individualism vs. Collectivism
Collectivist - more concerned with family and group harmony Individualism - individuality and pursuit of individual identity encouraged Asia =collectivist America= individualism
Immediacy
Communication behaviors intended to create perceptions of psychological closeness with others
What is immediacy?
Communication behaviors intended to create perceptions of psychological closeness with others.
Immediacy
Communication behaviors that create a sense of closeness with speaker; established by extemporaneous
Regulative Rules
Communication rules that regulate interaction by specifying when, how, where, and with whom to talk about certain things.
Phatic Communication
Communication that is used to establish a mood of sociability rather than to communicate information or ideas.
Interpersonal Communication
Communication with or between persons who approach one another as individuals in a relationship
Bibliographic References (ch11)
Complete citations that appear in the references or works cited section of your speech or outline.
He is good at writing and understanding literature, she is a whiz at math and statistics; together they make a great pair. The concept of friendship illustrated here is
Complimentary
instead of worrying about looks or impressions, it is better to:
Concentrate on getting your message across
Hostile work environment sexual harassment
Conditions in the workplace that are sexually offensive, intimidating, or hostile and that affect an individual's ability to perform his or her job
Identify and explain strategies for improving communication with people from other cultures and co-cultures.
Conduct a personal self-assessment; practice supportive communication behaviors; develop sensitivity toward diversity; avoid stereotypes; avoid ethnocentrism; develop code sensitivity; seek shared codes; use and encourage descriptive feedback; open communication channels; and manage conflicting beliefs and practices.
Identify and explain strategies for preparing for the job market.
Conduct a self-inventory, create a personal network, search for a job prepare a cover letter, prepare a resume and other credentials.
Four C's
Confident, Conversational, Comfortable, Compelling; creates immediacy environment
What are the 3 empathetic responses?
Congruent Emotional Responses (friend feels sad, so you feel sad), Perspective Talking (walking in other person's shoes), and Sympathetic Responsiveness (feelings of sorrow for others).
How does empathy impact listening?
Congruent emotional responses, perspective taking, and sympathetic responsiveness.
How do people view time differently?
Contrast between monochronic and polychronic times.
Identify and explain effective strategies for employment interviews.
Create a first impression, speak with clarity, and demonstrate interest.
The three types of persuasive effects are:
Create a new attitude, reinforce an existing attitude or behavior, and change an attitude or behavior
Ethos
Credibility, competence, trustworthiness, and goodwill
When you analyze the speaker in a situation to make judgements about the message presented you are engaging in ______
Critical Thinking
Low Context Culture
Cultures in which messages are direct, specific and detailed
High Context Culture
Cultures in which messages are indirect, general and ambiguous
Low-Context Cultures
Cultures like the United States and Scandinavia, in which communication tends to be centered on the source, with intentions stated overtly and with a direct verbal style.
What are on-time cultures?
Cultures that compartmentalize time to meet personal needs, to separate task and social dimensions, and to point to the future.
Uncertainty-rejecting cultures
Cultures that have difficulty with ambiguity, and diversity
Uncertainty-Rejecting Cultures
Cultures that have difficulty with ambiguity, uncertainty, and diversity.
What are uncertainty-rejecting cultures?
Cultures that have difficulty with ambiguity, uncertainty, and diversity.
High-context cultures
Cultures that place emphasis on the total environment or context where interactions occur
Uncertainty-accepting cultures
Cultures that tolerate ambiguity, uncertainty, and diversity.
What are uncertainty-accepting cultures?
Cultures that tolerate ambiguity, uncertainty, and diversity.
Individualistic Cultures
Cultures that value individual freedom, choice, uniqueness, and independence
Individualistic
Cultures that value individual freedom, choice, uniqueness, and independence.
What are individualistic cultures?
Cultures that value individual freedom, choice, uniqueness, and independence.
Collectivist Cultures
Cultures that value the group over the individual
Collectivist cultures
Cultures that value the group over the individual
What are collectivist cultures?
Cultures that value the group over the individual.
What are sometime cultures?
Cultures that view time as "contextually based and relationally oriented"
Individualistic cultures
Cultures where more emphasis is places on individuals rather than groups
Collectivist cultures
Cultures where more emphasis is places on the group rather than the individual to promote group cohesion and loyalty
Short-term Time Orientation
Cultures with short term orientation towards changing events have an expectation of quick results following one's actions. Europeans time in month-long intervals (Aries, Gemini, Pisces)
when you begin to notice significant difference either in practical matters or incompatible communication styles, you are in the
DIFFERENTIATION STAGE. not all differentiation is bad. many of us recognize that our partner have their own friends and family - people they need to communicate with.
in problematic relationships, we see inordinate amounts of control and sometimes this causes a
DOUBLE BIND situation. the child who never gets recognition and admiration for success yet receives only negative reinforcement for failure will develop an unhealthy self concept that would carry over to interpersonal relationship. damaging if no way to win in your most important interpersonal interactions. some research suggests a link b/w ppl put in double binds and schizophrenia
Individualism vs collectivism
Definition: Collectivist- more concerned with family and group harmony. Example: Asian= Collectivist Individualism-individuality and pursuit of individual identity encouraged. Example: American= Individualism
_____________ information includes general audience characteristics such as age, gender, marital status, education, etc.
Demographic
Words can have what types of meanings?
Denotative and connotative meanings
Avoidance
Deny existence of conflict
Titles (ch13)
Describe the general focus of a graphic slide.
Conflict in the workplace can be...
Destructive and productive
Definitions (ch11)
Determinations of meaning.
Identify and explain how culture develops in small-groups.
Develops as a result of group norms, role structures enacted by group members, group cohesiveness, and diversity.
What are the 5 ways of listening?
Discriminative, Comprehensive, Therapeutic, Critical, and Appreciative listening.
Identify and explain the five types of listening
Discriminative, Comprehensive, Therapeutic, Critical, and Appreciative.
Identify and explain Spradlin's passing strategies.
Distancing, dissociating, dodging, distracting, denial, and deceiving.
If a person speaks with vocal variety, movers toward the audience, or uses facial expressions and gestures, he or she is exhibiting which aspect of credibility?
Dynamism
you may know ppl who argue constantly, nag each other, and try to get your sympathies. it is complicated by
EGO DEFENSES, having to be right (esp to outsiders_, and lifelong habits like bullying. stay away from ppl in negative symmetrical relationships
RULES are
EXPLICIT GUIDELINES we are expected to follow based on norms, roles, ranks, and controls and how they change our perceptions and thus, our outward communication. we are rewarded for following rules and punished for breaking them
What are the 4 types of organizations?
Economic Orientation, Political Orientation, Integration Orientation, Pattern-Maintenance Orientation.
Chronemics
Effect of time on communication
Identify and explain the five types of kinesic behaviors discussed in class.
Emblems, illustrators, affect displays, regulators, adaptors
Which of the following statements about emotional labor is NOT true?
Emotional labor can decrease turnover
What is the E-A-R method?
Empathize - Commit yourself to understanding Attend - Give full nonverbal attention to your partner Respond - Indicate that you're heard or understood your partner's message or feelings
Interaction Management
Establishing a smooth pattern of interaction that allows a clear flow between topics and ideas
What is interaction management?
Establishing a smooth pattern of interaction that allows a clear flow between topics and ideas.
Identify and explain potential intercultural communication problems.
Ethnocentrism, stereotyping, and prejudice.
Critical Listening
Evaluate the merits of a message
Which stage of listening includes listeners considering the message and making value judgments about the speaker and the message?
Evaluating
Ethnocentrism
Evaluating another culture using the standards of one's own culture
communication that lends harmony to relationships are called
FACILITATING BEHAVIORS and they are characterized by open and more honest communication. words of respect, terms of endearment, individuality, and inclusion have been cited by research as factors in a relationship that meets your needs and is very personally satisfying
Horizontal Communication
Flows between two people with the same level of organizational hierarchy
How can you use Twitter to gain unique access to individuals and organizations?
Follow the organizations or brands you like and you might be selected to be in a tweet-up because you're one of their followers.
Stakeholders (ch9)
Groups of people who have an interest in the actions of an organization.
Emergent groups
Groups resulting from environmental conditions leading to the formation of a cohesive group of individuals
Assigned groups
Groups that evolve out of hierarchy whereby individuals are assigned membership to the group
"Never attribute to malice that which is adequately explained by stupidity." This is known as
Hanlon's Razor
Uncertainty-rejecting Cultures
Have a difficulty with ambiguity, uncertainty, and diversity
How can you facilitate increased listening in the audience?
Have a strong message that is relevant to your audience, use confident language, define any unfamiliar terms and use standard english, offer opportunities for clarification, and assume that your audience may not have the same listening style as you.
How can a source improve their receivers' listening skills?
Have a strong message that is relevant to your audience; use confident language; define any unfamiliar terms and use standard English; offer opportunities for clarification; assume that your audience may not have the same listening style as you.
Auditory learning style
Having to do with the sense of hearing, learner is one who retains information better by hearing lectures or listening to music and tapes
What is the difference between hearing and listening?
Hearing is Involuntary and Listening is a voluntary process.
HURIER
Hearing, Understanding Remembering, Interpreting, Evaluating, Responding
Audience Relevance
How and why speech relates to them
What is passing?
How one conceals normal info about oneself to preserve, sustain, and encourage others' predisposed assumptions about one's identity.
finally, at the opposite end of the extrinsic goals are
INTRINSIC GOALS - the exchange of INTIMACY- think double i
Which of the following is not reflected in the respect credibility
IQ
Independence vs Interdependence
Independence:men = "I", seek independence and maintaining an image via communication Interdependence: women = "we" seek to be part of a social network
Individualism vs. Collectivism
Indi cultures: there is more emphasis placed on individuals rather than groups. collect cultures: more emphasis placed on the group rather than individual to promote group cohesion and loyalty.
Identify and explain Hofstede's dimensions of cultural diversity.
Individualism vs. Collectivism; Masculinity vs. Femininity; Uncertainty Avoidance; and Power Distance.
Brief notations in your online that indicate a reference used in your speech are called ________ references, whereas ________ references are complete citations that appear in the "references" section of the speech outline.
Internal; Bibliography
Power
Interpersonal influence that forms the basis for group leadership
power
Interpersonal influence that forms the basis for group leadership
Active Listening (ch5)
Involved listening with a purpose.
Jargon
Language particular to a specific profession, work group, or culture and not meant to be understood by outsiders.
Inclusive Language
Language that does not stereotype, demean, or patronize people on the basis of gender, race, religion, disability, sexual orientation, or other factors.
Heterosexist Language
Language that implies that everyone is heterosexual
Laissez Faire Leaders (ch9)
Leaders who take almost no initiative in structuring a group discussion.
Identify and explain how leadership is relevant to small-group communication.
Leadership is used to create a balance between several tensions in an effort to push the group to achieve its goals while building and maintaining a positive culture.
Which of the following is not an example of PowerPoint abuse...
Leaving the lights on
Two Levels of the Cultivation Theory
Level 1: perceptions of prevalence (commonness) Level 2: attitudes and values
high-context cultures
Like those of the Asian Pacific Rim and Central and South America, in which much of the meaning is "preprogrammed information" understood by the receiver and transmitted also by the setting in which the transaction occurs.
What do we spend most of our time doing over anything else?
Listening
Critical Listening (ch5)
Listening that challenges the speaker's message by evaluating its accuracy, meaningfulness, and utility.
Empathic Listening (ch5)
Listening with a purpose and attempting to understand the other person.
Supportive communication
Listening with empathy, acknowledging others' feelings, and engaging in dialogue to help others maintain a sense of personal control.
What is supportiveness?
Listening with empathy, acknowledging others' feelings, and engaging in dialogue to help others maintain a sense of personal control.
Audience members who are doodling, leaning forward, and make occasional direct contact with the speaker are exhibiting signs of _________________.
Listing
Identify and explain how Bond furthered our understanding of cultural diversity.
Long-term vs. short-term orientation
what distinguishes many groups of organized ppl from informal groups is the fact that
MESSAGES HAVE A DEFINITIVE FORMAL ROUTE to follow. in a bureaucracy, there is a clear effort to generate and disseminate info quickly and accurately. to do so, memos are issues, internal reports are published, a co newsletter is distributed, and departments have regular meetings. even to many bureaucracies now use less face-to-face interaction, a video conference or email system is still a formal routing of messages
What are 5 ways to reach listeners?
Make them pay attention Make them understand Make them buy into it Make them remember Make them act on it
"FunGals" is an unfortunate employment of what rhetorical device?
Malaphorism
The mode of delivery that may be the most accurate is...
Manuscript
Delivery Styles
Manuscript, Memorized, Impromptu, Extemporaneous
What is horizontal communication?
Messages between members of an organization with equal power.
Upward Communication
Messages flowing from subordinates to superiors
What is upward communication?
Messages flowing from subordinates to superiors.
Downward Communication
Messages flowing from superiors to subordinates
What is downward communication?
Messages flowing from superiors to subordinates.
The _____considers itself rational, objective, and open to new information
Neutral audience
False starts, mispronunciations and excessive um's and ah's are known as...
Non-fluencies
What are affect displays?
Nonverbal movements of the face and body used to show emotion.
What are illustrators?
Nonverbal movements that accompany or reinforce verbal messages.
What are regulators?
Nonverbal movements that control the flow or pace of communication.
What are emblems?
Nonverbal movements that substitute for words and phrases.
What are adaptors?
Nonverbal movements that you might perform fully in private but only partially in public.
Statistics (ch11)
Numbers that summarize numerical information or compare quantities.
when people group themselves together for a specific purpose, they form an
ORGANIZATION. when they attempt to communicate to support the goals of the organization, it is called ORGANIZATION COMMUNICATION
according to the text, which of the following is not true when comparing oral communication to written communication
Oral communication is usually more formal
Verbal Citations (ch11)
Oral explanations of who the source is, how recent the information is, and what the sources of qualifications are.
Schema (ch5)
Organizational filing systems for thoughts held in long term memory.
Political Orientation
Organizations that generate and distribute power and control within society
What is an political orientation organization?
Organizations that generate and distribute power and control within society.
What is an integration orientation organization?
Organizations that help mediate and resolve discord among members of society.
Economic Orientation
Organizations that manufacture products and/or offer services for consumers.
What is an economic orientation organization?
Organizations that manufacture products and/or offer services for consumers.
What is a pattern-maintenance organization?
Organizations that promote cultural and educational regularity and development within society.
Which of the following would be a good example of self-disclosure
Parents were originally from Mississippi
Communication Networks
Patterns of relationships through which information flows in an organization
What are communication networks?
Patterns of relationships through which information flows in an organization.
When is it NOT appropriate to wiki?
Peer reviews and expressing opinions.
Message Design Logics
People have different beliefs about the purpose of communication (3 beliefs)
sleeper effect
People try to plant seeds of ideas or doubt in your mind to let them grow over time.
Identify and explain the role of appearance in communication.
People who are physically attractive are more privileged. It generally leads to more social success in adulthood, they are seen as more sociable and sensitive, they have higher initial credibility, etc.
What are the 4 listening styles?
People-oriented, Action-oriented, Content-oriented, and Time-oriented.
Stereotypes
Perceptions that describe the way humans categorize or understand, which may cause one to perceive others as belonging to a particular ethnic or social group; can be positive, neutral, or negative
The idea that our past experiences lead us to see the world in a particular way that is difficult to change is called
Perceptual Consistency
Long Term Memory (ch5)
Permanent storage place for information.
Cultural Transmission
Perpetuating and passing on the norms, customs, rules, traditions and rituals of a culture.
Which of the following is an implicit characteristic of a group?
Personal Artifacts
Identify and explain the characteristics related to paralanguage.
Pitch, rate, volume, inflection, quality, nonword sounds, pronunciation, articulation, enunciation, and silence.
Logos
Presenting a series of arguments supported by evidence can lead an audience to a logical conclusion.
The concept that suggests that your roommate is more likely to become your friend that a person ten blocks away is known as
Proximity
Pathos
Psychological state of audience (emotional); most impact on short term
Aristotle's defined appeals- Pathos
Psychological state of the audience; emotional appeals; greatest impact on short term persuasion
Complementary Relationship
Relationship in which each person supplies something the other person or persons lack.
Symmetrical relationship
Relationships in which participants mirror each other or are highly similar.
Relational Dialect Theory
Relationships involve experiencing tensions based on contradictory needs.
Systematic desensitization is a method of dealing with trait anxiety, which involves
Relaxing and staying relaxed as you visualize anxiety-producing situations
Report vs Rapport
Report: men want the facts and quick solutions. Rapport: women want to get support and further the relationship.
Source Credibility
Resides in audiences perception of speaker; requires both trustworthiness and competence; doesn't matter how you really are, all that matters is audience's perception
Paraphrasing
Restating another person's message by rephrasing the content or intent of the message.
Paraphrasing
Restating another persons message by rephrasing the content or intent of the message
From class notes, how do you speak effectively using presentational aids?
Reveal only when ready Talk to your audience Do not read Know slides Refer to Conceal Backup aid
Constitutive Rules
Rules that define what communication means by specifying how certain communicative acts are to be counted.
parallel relationships are characterized by
SENSITIVITY to your partner's needs and often have MORE SPONTANEITY & EXCITING PATTERNS than the same routine day in and day out unless you both are happy w/ complementary or symmetrical relationships.
when you first meet, you INITIATE communication through the use of
SMALL TALK & CLICHES. the initiation stage is almost always characterized by SURFACE LEVEL COMMUNICATION. how about this weather? did you watch the Gators yesterday? what's your major?
two people in a dyad also create a view of
SOCIAL REALITY. what we mean by this is every couple presents some sort of view of the world through their responses, some of which are very daily opinions ("Oh, we never do that." "Well, that's not really a good restaurant.") to deeply held values ("Roger and I think abortion is murder")
a bureaucracy generally has a
SYSTEM OF CONTROLS, a way of ensuring CONFORMANCE & COMPLIANCE with established procedures of the group. again, these may be explicit rules (a co's substance abuse policy) or they may be implicit (looks of disapproval)
What issues regarding listening research did Dr. Hanlon highlight?
Self-reports are usually used so the information isn't so reliable or accurate.
Which of the following is a good example of a complimentary relationship ?
She is shy, and he likes to speak for the both of them
Transitions
Show relationship between ideas
Demonstrative Information Presentation
Shows audience how to do something, may give audience a chance to try.
The Bloopers Tape
Shows several people failing to measure the impact of their statements (ex: Al Campanis said" Blacks don't have the necessities" Relation to class: examples of public speaking.
Which of the following is NOT one of Perelman's audiences to consider when crafting a presentation?
Situational audience
Listening for Enjoyment (ch5)
Situations involving relaxing, fun, or emotionally stimulating information.
SOCIAL INFLUENCE THEORY
Social Influence Theory helps explain a lot about dyadic communication. how do you really know yourself? have you compared yourself socially?
Organizations
Social collectives, or groups of people, in which activities are coordinated to achieve both individual and collective goals.
Impromptu
Speech prepared with little or no preparation
Extemporaneous
Speech prepared, practiced, and presented with little or no notes; most effective
"I will oppose any effort to build a nuclear waste suppository in this state." This is an example of what rhetorical device?
Spoonerism
Norms
Standards of behavior (behaviors accepted by society)
Celebrity Testimony (ch11)
Statements made by a public figure who is known to an audience.
Lay Testimony (ch11)
Statements made by an ordinary person that substantiate or support what you say.
Expert testimony (ch11)
Statements made by someone who has special knowledge or expertise about an issue or idea.
Identify and explain how technology can be used to facilitate small-group communication.
The GDSS, group decision support system, allows group members to anonymously communicate with one another.
"Who once said, in a celebration of English royalty, "Give three cheers for our queer old dean?"
The Rev. William Spooner
Code Sensitivity
The ability to use the verbal and nonverbal language appropriate to the cultural norms of the individual with whom you are communicating
Self disclosure
The act of revealing information about oneself to others
Listening (ch5)
The active process of receiving, constructing meaning from, and responding to spoken and/or nonverbal messages.
syntax
The arrangement of words and phrases to create well-formed sentences in a language.
Impression Management
The attempt by people to get others to see them as they want to be seen
Source Credibility (ch11)
The audience's perception of your effectiveness as a speaker.
Cultural relativism
The belief that another culture should be judged by its own context rather than measured against your culture
What is ethnocentrism?
The belief that your own group or culture is superior to all other groups or cultures.
Ethnocentrism
The belief that your own group or culture is superior to other groups or cultures
Ethnocentrism
The belief that your own group or culture is superior to other groups or cultures.
Denotative Meaning
The central or core meaning of a lexical item. Its conceptual meaning.
Content curation
The collection and storage of documents and other multimedia from the Web, covering a specified topic
Relational Dialects Theory
The communication patterns in relationships arise form a series of tensions based on contradictory needs and conflicting core values held by relationship patterns
When situation invites an emergent leader?
The company has just announced impending personnel reductions, and a small group of recently hired employees have gathered to discuss strategy.
Social Attraction
The degree to which a person finds the actions and personality of another pleasing and desirable
Trustworthiness (ch11)
The degree to which the speaker is perceived as honest, fair, sincere, honorable, friendly, and kind. An aspect of credibility.
Competence
The degree to which the speaker is perceived as skilled, reliable, experienced, qualified, authoritative, and informed; an aspect of credibility.
Learning styles
The different ways individuals like to obtain and process information
Linguistic Relativity Hypothesis
The idea that distinctions encoded in one language are unique to that language
Similarity
The idea that our friends and loved ones are usually people who like or dislike the same things we do.
Complementarity
The idea that we sometimes bond with people who strengths are our weaknesses
Responsiveness
The idea that we tend to select our friends and loved ones from people who demonstrate positive interest in us.
Source Credibility
The image held of a communicator by a receiver at a given time
Assimilation Goal
The marginalized group attempts to fit in with the dominant group.
What is a assimilation goal?
The marginalized group attempts to fit in with the dominant group.
Accommodation Goal
The marginalized group manages to keep co-cultural identity while striving for positive relationships with the dominant cultures
Accommodation Goal
The marginalized group manages to keep its identity while striving for positive relationships with the dominant culture.
Accommodation goal
The marginalized group manages to keep its identity while striving for positive relationships with the dominant culture.
What is a accommodation goal?
The marginalized group manages to keep its identity while striving for positive relationships with the dominant culture.
Separation goal
The marginalized group relates as exclusively as possible with its own group and as little as possible with the dominant group
Separation Goal
The marginalized group relates as exclusively as possible with its own group and as little as possible with the dominant group.
What is a separation goal?
The marginalized group relates as exclusively as possible with its own group and as little as possible with the dominant group.
Syntax
The process of translating your thoughts into words.
Leadership (ch9)
The process of using communication to influence the behaviors and attitudes of others to meet group goals.
Gender
The psychological and emotional characteristics of individuals
Strategic Ambiguity
The purposeful use of symbols to allow multiple interpretations of messages
What is strategic ambiguity?
The purposeful use of symbols to allow multiple interpretations of messages.
Argumentativeness
The quality or state of being argumentative; synonymous with contentiousness or combativeness
Compliance-resisting
The refusal of targets of influence messages to comply with requests
Which of the following is an inference?
The road appears dangerous
Culture
The rules of living and functioning in society
Criteria (ch9)
The standards by which a group must judge potential solutions.
Inclusion (ch9)
The state of being involved with others, a human need.
Kinesics
The study of body movement
Proxemics
The study of how we use space and distance to communicate
Pragmatics
The study of language as it is used in a social context, including its effect on communicators.
Environment
The study of our surroundings; the physical setting of a presentation
Vocalics
The study of the use of voice to express oneself
Chronemics
The study of the ways in which tie is used to structure interactions
Chronemics
The study of the ways in which time is used to structure interactions. Being late a party, etc. 1)monochronic: being on time is very important 2)polychronic: less emphasis on keeping a tight schedule and values greater flexibility.
Haptics
The study of touch
Social Penetration Theory
The theory that relationships progress toward intimacy as a result of self-disclosure from both partners
On-time
The time schedule that compartmentalizes time to meet personal needs, separate task and social dimensions, and points to the future.
Sometime
The time schedule that views time as contextually based and relationally oriented.
Relational Culture
The unique private world relationship partners create and maintain through their communication
Organizational communication
The ways in which groups of people both maintain structure and order trough their symbolic interactions and allow individual actors the freedom to accomplish their goals
Listeners will pay close attention to a presentation that shows how:
Their needs will be met
Symbols
Things that represent or stand for something else
Collaboration
Thoughtful negotiation and reasoned compromise whereby both parties agree that the negotiated outcome is the best possible alternative under the circumstances
Comprehensive Listening
Understand the message in order to retain, recall, and possibly use the information at a later time
When information is transferred formally between a worker and his or her boss, which type of communication takes place?
Upward Communication
Emphasizing
Use of nonverbal cues to strengthen your message
Personal Experience (ch11)
Use of your own life as a source of information.
What is comprehensive listening?
Used to "understand the message in order to retain, recall, and, possibly, use that information at a later time."
How were handouts used to explain course concepts? Be specific.
We had to fold a paper multiple times in order to get two eye holes on the paper, and we had to listen to Dr. Hanlon give the instructions.
What is critical listening?
We use it to "evaluate the merits of the message"
Masculinity
What it means culturally to be a man. traits connected to assertivesness, competitive, and possibly aggressive
Relational dialectics theory
a ground breaking analysis of interpersonal relationships that attributes the communication pattern between partners to the existence of dialectical.
an organization is
a group of people that come together, is designed, and structured in such a way to facilitate and achieve a desired objective. to do this, they share goals and a purpose.
co-culture (ch 7)
a group that exists within a larger, dominant culture but differs from the dominant culture in some significant way
topical-sequence pattern
a method of organization that emphasized the major reasons an audience should accept a point of view by addressing the advantages, disadvantages, qualities, and types of a person, place, or thing
Problem-Cause-Solution Pattern
a method of organizing persuasive speeches in which the first main point identifies a problem, the second main point analyzes the causes of the problem, and the third main point presents a solution to the problem
time sequence pattern (ch 12)
a method or organization in which the presenter explains a sequence of events in chronological order
Euphemism
a more polite, pleasant expression used instead of a socially unacceptable form
Euphenism
a more polite, pleasant expression used instead of a socially unacceptable form
euphemism (ch 3)
a more polite, pleasant expression used instead of a socially unacceptable form
Prejudice
a negative attitude toward a group of people just because they are who they are
Chronological Pattern
a pattern of organization that arranges the elements in time sequence, or in the order in which they happened
Spatial Pattern
a pattern of organization that arranges the elements on the basis of space or situational relationships
Cause and Effect Pattern
a pattern of organizing the main points of a speech so that they describe the causes of an event and then identify its consequences
learned helplessness (ch 10)
a person feels unable to predict weather a behavior will result in a reward or punishment; therefore he/she avoids the communication all together
learned helplessness
a person feels unable to predict whether a behavior will result in a reward or punishment, therefore he or she avoids the behavior all together if possible
Plagiarism
a piece of writing that has been copied from someone else and is presented as being your own work
Leadership
a process of using communication to influence the behaviors and attitudes of other to meet group goals
Leadership
a process of using communication to influence the behaviors and attitudes of others to meet group goals
search engine (ch 11)
a program on the internet that allows users to search for information
relational culture
a unique private world constructed and sustained by partners in a relationship
behavioral flexibility
ability to alter behavior to adapt to new situations and to relate in new ways when necessary
Code sensitivity
ability to use appropriate language for culture of person you are with
Informal Role
also called a behavioral role, a role that is developed spontaneously within a group
Informal Role
also called a behavioral role; a role that is developed spontaneously within a group
Formal Role
also called a positional role, an assigned role based on an individual's position or title within a group
Formal Role
also called a positional role; an assigned role based on an individual's position or title within a group
informal role (ch 9)
also called behavioral role, a role that is developed spontaneously within a group
objectics (ch 4)
also called object language, the study of human use of clothing and other artifacts as nonverbal codes
formal role (ch 9)
also called positional role, an assigned role based on an individuals position or title within a group
relationship oriented groups (ch 9)
also called primary groups, groups that are usually long term and exist to meet our needs for inclusion and affection
Relationship oriented groups
also called primary groups, groups that are usually long term and exist to meet our needs for inclusion and affection. EX. family
Relationship-Oriented Groups
also called primary groups; groups that are usually long-term and exist to meet our needs for inclusion and affection
task oriented groups (ch 9)
also called secondary groups, groups formed for the purpose of completing tasks, such as solving problems or making decisions
Task oriented groups
also called secondary groups, groups formed for the purpose of completing tasks, such as solving problems or making decisions. Ex. a group of students studying for an exam
chronemics (ch 4)
also called temporal communication, the way people organize and use time and the messages that are created because of their organization and use of it
common ground (ch 11)
also known as co orientation, the degree to which the speakers values, beliefs, attitudes, and interests are shared with the audience. an aspect of credibility
Task-Oriented Groups
also secondary groups; groups formed for the purpose of completing tasks, such as solving problems or making decisions
Acme inc has a mission statement that is open to interpretation. Many steak holders identify with it. Their mission statement is:
ambiguous
believe it or not, not all terminations of relationships are bad, esp in spousal abuse cases but terminations have to be handled competently
an amicable divorce, not using the children, keeping tempers calm, and knowing when to push and pull back are FACILITATING BEHAVIORS during DISSOLUTION as opposed to debilitating ones. it is possible to terminate using metacommunication to face up to the reality of a broken relationship. it's how you terminate that's more important
objective statement
an articulation of your goals
objective statement (ch 8)
an articulation of your goals
Testimony
an assertion offering firsthand authentication of a fact
Frozen Evaluation
an assessment fo a concept that does not change over time
Frozen evaluation
an assessment of a concept that does not change over time
Topical Pattern
an organizational pattern arranged by main points or topics and presented in the order that seems most suitable
sentence outline (ch 12)
an outline consisting entirely of complete sentences
sentence outline
an outline consisting entirely of complete sentences; doest have all the words that will occur in the delivered speech; blueprint of speech
key word outline (ch 12)
an outline consisting of important words or phrases to remind you of the content of the presentation
key-word outline
an outline consisting of important words or phrases to remind you of the content of the presentation; shorter than a sentence outline;
pathos
appeals to emotions and motivations like patriotism, value, health, aesthetic, fear, Maslow's hierarchy of needs(physio, safety, aesthetic)
message design logics
are distinct ways of thinking about communication situations, choosing which thoughts to express them in order to achieve goals i.e.: expressive, conventional, rhetorical
women, on the other hand,
are more private speakers, enjoying the camaraderie of sharing a private movement with family and friends. as a group, women tend to prefer long social conversations rather than quick solutions to problems and issues that are on their mind. women enjoy PCs :)
Affect Displays
are nonverbal movements of the face and body that show emotion.
Family in the social system
are nuclear, extended; culture; education
Central-route processing
arguments in message
organizational patterns (ch 12)
arrangements of contents of a presentation
spatial organization pattern
arranging main points according to space/location
Objective Statement
articulation of your goals on your resume just below the contact information on resume
readjustments and recalibrations are difficult to manage and may require professional intervention. we all adjust and find a balance in our relationship
as a natural result of getting to know someone over the years. but once in a while something internal or external causes imbalances that must be addressed for the relationship to survive
the social exchange theory- rewards outweigh cost- is an economic model
as your interpersonal relationship deepens, you put more EQUITY into it. you really do INVEST in a relationship. you BANK "favors" and goodwill to DRAW UPON in times of crisis and conflict. and like a financial investment, you do communicate with symbols whose positive value you hope will grow over the years
aggressiveness (ch 6)
assertion of one's rights at the expense of others and care of one's own needs but no one else's
Frozen evaluation
assessment of a concept that does not change over time
Decode
assign meaning to
other debilitating factors in relationships include
backtalk (in fam and work dyads), snide comments, excessive teasing, and public ridicule. research shows almost every killer surveyed had suffered from public ridicule from their parents
good bureaucracies take stock of themselves regularly
bad bureaucracies continue to make the same mistakes over and over with false justifications
According to Mr. Young, too many speeches make the mistake of
beginning before the beginning
Cultural Imperatives
behavior patterns that everyone within a culture is expected to display.
Task Functions
behaviors that are directly relevant to the group's task and that affect the group's productivity
Task functions
behaviors that are directly relevant to the group's task and that affect the group's productivity
task functions (ch 9)
behaviors that are directly relevant to the groups task and that affect the groups productivity
Maintenance Functions
behaviors that focus on the interpersonal relationships among group members
Maintenance functions
behaviors that focus on the interpersonal relationships among group members
maintenance functions (ch 9)
behaviors that focus on the interpersonal relationships among group members
Self centered functions
behaviors that serve the needs of the individual at the expense of the group
Self-Centered Functions
behaviors that serve the needs of the individual at the expense of the group
self centered functions (ch 9)
behaviors that serve the needs of the individual at the expense of the group
negative strategies
being right becomes more important than compromising and being sensitive to your partner
reflexivity (ch 7)
being self aware and learning from interactions with the intent of improving future interaction
Reflexivity
being self aware and learning from interactions with the intent of improving future interactions
when is a transition the most important
between the intro and body paragraphs, between main points in the body, and between the body and conclusion
Who is more likely to use touch as a means of communicating?
black woman from puerto ricp
Non verbal Transitions
body movement, vocal inflection, pauses, gestures
where should you use citations
both your outline and speech
internal references (ch 11)
brief notations indicating a bibliographic reference that contains the details you are using in your speech
describe extemporaneous delivery notes
brief speaking notes; visible; large and legible; discreet
moving in together involved INTEGRATION of personalities and value systems
but also logistical and physical considerations. you begin to check with each other more frequently. your goals become your partner's goals and you communicate frequently to check on press.
most of us feel aggressive from time to time, even curious about "bizarre" experiences
but something pulls us back. SIGMUND FREUD called it the SUPEREGO
when using the internet as a resource, what should you do?
carefully verify the information for accuracy
Peripheral Route Processing
casual, more cursory message reception
self concept
central to the presentation of the self is SELF CONCEPT. as a person grows, we acquire info about how to act, communicate, and use appropriate behavior. through a succession of EXTERNAL FACTORS (culture, society, parents, role models, peer groups) and INTERNAL FACTORS (basic personality, tolerance for uncertainty, emotional makeup) we come to know who are are
in CONDUCT DISORDER,
children tease or torture animals cruelly (esp. when they are confined), humiliate their friends and classmates (esp. the weaker ones), and lie about it when confronted. if this behavior is not corrected, these children grow up to be cynical, uncaring, unfeeling, and aggressive adults. the underlying cause is believed to be poor self esteem, low tolerance for frustration, lack of empathy, risk taking behavior and a general impairment of daily functioning and interpersonal relationships
what is the most efficient way to develop a rough draft
choose limited number of main points important for your purpose and audience
evaluations have
clear criteria and some sort of written form designed to explain how the employee measures up to that criteria. but some of the evaluations may be as informal as a chat in the boss office or a quick memo from the CEO
The concept of common ground in public speaking is most closely elated to which detention of source of credibility ?
co orientation
nonverbal codes (ch 4)
codes of communication consisting of symbols that are not words, including non word verbalizations
Nonverbal Codes
codes of communication consisting of symbols that are not words, including nonword vocalizations.
Which of the following is an implicit characteristic ...
cognitive paradine
genetic contributors (ch 10)
combinations of inherited tendencies that may exert influences on our behavioral tendencies
The Frye Standard refers to
commonly called the "general acceptance" test, the Frye standard dictates that scientific evidence is admissible at trail only if the methodology or scientific principle on which the opinion is based is "sufficiently established to have gained general acceptance in the particular field in which it belongs." the Frye test applies only to "new" or "novel" scientific methodology
Goffman brought up theories of self in the hopes that we would understand that our communication with others depends on
communication WITHIN OURSELVES
immediacy
communication behaviors intended to create perceptions of psychological closeness with others
immediacy (ch 8)
communication behaviors intended to create perceptions of psychological closeness with others
journalism (ch 1)
communication of news, information about events in our communities, our nation, and our world; and commentary
pervasiveness (ch 1)
communication takes place wherever humans are together because people tend to look for meaning, even when a message is not deliberately sent.
organizational communication (ch 1)
communication that is necessary to form and maintain an organization
Organizational Communication
communication that is necessary to form and maintain an organization in the focus of study.
Phatic Communication
communication that is used to establish a mood of sociability rather than to communicate information or ideas
Phatic Communications
communication that is used to establish a mood of sociability rather than to communicate information or ideas
phatic communication (ch 3)
communication that is used to establish a mood of sociability rather than to communicate information or ideas
Phatic Communication
communication used to establish a mood of sociability rather than to communicate information or ideas.
Which of the following statements is NOT true?
communication with people from other cultures is becoming increasingly uncommon
An extrovert being friends with an introvert demonstrated what the of relationship?
complementary relationships
bibliographic references (ch 11)
complete citations that appear in the references or works cited section of your speech or outline
When Jerry gives Elaine a TV guide to read on the subway ride home, its an example of _____ behavior
compliance gaining
Elaboration Likelihood Model (ELM)
comprehensive theory of persuasion; Motivation & ability
hostile work environment
conditions in the workplace that are sexually offensive, intimidating, or hostile and that affect an individual's ability to perform his or her job
hostile work environment sexual harassment (ch 8)
conditions in the workplace that are sexually offensive, intimidating, or hostile and that affect an individuals ability to perform his or her job
Hostile Work Environment Sexual Harassment
conditions in workplace are sexually offensive, intimidating, or hostile. Affect employees ability to perform duties
If you are trying to improve your intercultural communication, you should do which of the following?
conduct a personal self-assesment
in SYMMETRICAL RELATIONSHIPS,
control, responsibilities, and power behavior tend to MIRROR each other. soft voices and romantic convo are mutual. however, anger in one partner will bring out anger in the other. examining communication in symmetrical relationships shows that the behaviors presented will be MATCHED BY SIMILAR BEHAVIORS
lying
convinced themselves of an ALTERNATIVE SOCIAL REALITY (where their abnormal behaviors are acceptable) or that is more important to be right and in power than to respect the relationship
when bad differentiation reaches some sort of threshold, the
couple may refuse to address the problems constructively. maybe b/c they are getting nowhere and flat out tired. so they drift farther apart and the communication is characterized by low quantity and low quality such as lack of interest, distant nonverbal and touching behavior, and even a subtle hostility. regular activities become boring, unfulfilling, and repetitious
your co's structure, politics, and habitual communication behavior
create a communication climate that you have to master. in time, you will get to know the ropes, who has the real power, and who are influential but you will also participate actively in communication practices that tend to repeat and thus contribute to that climate
three types of persuasive effects (ch 14)
create a new attitude, reinforce an existing attitude or behavior, change an attitude or behavior
Aristotle's defined appeals- Ethos
credibility of the speaker; ethical appeals
however, relational partners who always stick to fixed positions find that few relationships can withstand poorly negotiated or one-sided norms
cultural- many cultures prescribe submissive roles for women and children but in the U.S., creating an equitable individual identity within a relationship is normal and desirable
low context cultures (ch 7)
cultures like the united states and scandinavia, in which communication tends to be centered on the source, with intentions stated overtly and with a direct verbal style
high context cultures (ch 7)
cultures like those of the asian pacific rim and central and south america, in which much of the meaning is "preprogrammed information" understood by the receiver and transmitted also by the setting in which the transaction occurs
collectivistic cultures
cultures that discourage individual assertiveness and stress group harmony
collectivistic cultures (ch 10)
cultures that discourage individual assertiveness and stress group harmony
Uncertainty-Rejecting Cultures
cultures that have difficulty with ambiguity, uncertainty and diversity
Uncertainty-Rejecting Cultures
cultures that have difficulty with ambiguity, uncertainty, and diversity
uncertainty rejecting cultures (ch 7)
cultures that have difficulty with ambiguity, uncertainty, and diversity
Uncertainty Rejecting cultures
cultures that have difficulty with ambiguity, uncertainty, and diversity. Threatened by ideas and outsiders and establish formal rules for behavior; prefer stability hierarchy, structure and embrace written rules, regulation, and rituals. EX. Japan, France, Spain, Greece, Argentina
Uncertainty-Accepting Cultures
cultures that tolerate ambiguity, uncertainty, and diversity
uncertainty accepting cultures (ch 7)
cultures that tolerate ambiguity, uncertainty, and diversity
Uncertainty accepting cultures
cultures that tolerate ambiguity, uncertainty, and diversity and take risks. Avoid rules, seek flexibility and reject hierarchy. Value individual opinion, general principles, and common sense. EX. USA, Great Britain, Denmark
Individualistic Cultures
cultures that value individual freedom, choice, uniqueness, and independence
collectivist cultures (ch 7)
cultures that value the group over the individual
Operational definition
defined by how something works
Relational Climate
defines the overall emotional feeling or temperature of the relationship
once convo is initiated, you begin to reveal info about yourself in the hopes that
disclosure will be reciprocated. this EXPERIMENTATION STAGE is characterized by small talk but with MORE INFORMATIONAL VALUE. details about your opinions and life begin to emerge. in fact it almost seems like you are AUDITIONING each other. pass the audition and the relationship continues. say something negatively revealing (racist, sexist, gross, or otherwise) and conversational turntaking of termination will occur
college convos research
early breakups in the engagement stage were due to inappropriate self disclosure levels. either one partly disclosure negative personal info about themselves, or they revealed a different level of feeling about the relationship than the partner. the study confirmed the general social theory that older women tend to have more relationships and more intimate ones, and therefore understand the demands of a long term relationship. link to age and time of marriage and length of that marriage but were surprise at the size of the differences
perhaps we are satisfied with ourselves, perhaps we feel there is room for improvement.
either way, how we feel about ourselves- the distance between our real self and our ideal self- becomes our SELF ESTEEM
Long-term Time Orientation
emphasis on future and tend to value perseverance and thrift, good of society of the group
describe extemporaneous delivery behaviors
employ immediacy behaviors
Quid Pro Quo Sexual Harassment
employee is offered a reward or threatened with punishment based on participation in sexual activity
Strategy
employment of manipulative and premeditative behavior
uncertainty reduction theory has been used not just for regular interpersonal interaction theories, but also for intercultural communication encounters
encounters b/w ppl from diff cultures are inherently uncertainty. the desire to reduce anxiety in forming interpersonal relationships fits perfectly with the foundation of URT Berger and Calabrese and others have set up
Democratic leaders
encourage members to participate
Types of symbols
-- physical objects -- cultural artifacts -- places -- events/times -- behavioral actions
The importance to interpersonal relationships is...
1) the need to be a part of something 2) the need for affection 3) the need for control
a bureaucracy also has opportunities to
RECHANGE AND RENEW ITSLEF. despite the prevalent view that a bureaucracy is a slumbering giant resistant to change, organizations do change over time. some changes can be massive. these activities lead to a variety of symbolic changes from huge layoffs to new chief of operations
there are professors of speech communication who believe that all interpersonal communication is
RELATIONAL, i.e. every interaction defines and redefines our relationship
The Amish in the US use the ______ in order to protect their way of life.
Separation Goal
The four basic methods of delivery discussed in class include all of the following except:
Situational
Group Climate (ch9)
The emotional tone or atmosphere members create within the group.
What is the group climate?
The emotional tone or atmosphere members create within the group.
Bandwagon Fallacy
The error of assuming that a claim is correct just because many people believe it
Denotative meaning
agreed upon meaning or dictionary meaning of a word
in the work dyad, the boss may give you a raise, a promotion, or simply pat you on the back. perhaps your boss will begin to include you on important decisions and more responsible tasks.
all of these indicate a higher level of trust, commitment, and dependability b/w your boss and you
if there is no implementation at all,
all the agreed upon changes would be worthless
vocal cues (ch 4)
all the oral aspects of sound except for words themselves
Non-Verbal Communication
all ways we communicate without using words
Denotative Meaning
literal or explicit definition of a word
REFLECTED APPRAISAL
along the way, you will undergo a number of processes in checking your self perceptions. from time to time, you'll reflect and appraise your behavior. you will determine what you can do to keep the successful interactions happening and what you can change about the unsuccessful ones by thinking deeply about your behavior
testimonial evidence (ch 11)
written or oral statements of others experience used by a speaker to substantiate or clarify a point
uncertainty avoidance
the way that a culture handles change and accepts uncertainty within social or cultural contexts
Interpersonal Communication
the way we establish and maintain relationships. Usually between two people.
Sapir-Whorf hypothesis
theory that language shapes reality
collaborative style
thoughtful negotiation and reasoned compromise
What are the types and goals of listening?
Active, empathic, critical, and enjoyment.
"I say the Democratic Party Leadership conspired to keep details of the foley scandal quiet until right before the November election. Can you prove that they didn't ? " This is an example of what type of fallacy?
Ad Ignorantiam
Commonly known as the "bandwagon" appeal .....
Ad Populum
Of course we cannot take Sen. Smith's objections to affirm action his womanizing is well known. This is an example of which type of fallacy?
Ad hominem
Which of the following is NOT a strategy for improving intercultural communication?
Adopt an ethocentric persepective
Which of the four basic methods of delivery describes a speech that is not memorized or written out word for word, but is developed and present from brief notes?
Extemporaneous
Eye behavior
Eyes are window of soul. --Deception cues: hints that a person is being less than forthright.
above all, INTERPERSONAL communication has a
FAR HIGHER LEVEL AND RATE OF SELF DISCLOSURE. it is rare, though not unknown, that you would tell a stranger very confidential info about yourself.
deceptive communication (ch 6)
the practice of deliberately making somebody believe things that are not true
non fluencies (ch 13)
verbal mistakes such as false starts, mispronunciations, or excessive ah's or um's
those who do not conform to the rules run the risk of disapproval,
lack of power and influence, and isolation from a group, even firing
Cultural competence
refers to the level of knowledge a person has about others who differ in some way in comparison to self.
sometimes the informal communication NETWORK (gossip, lunch breaks, email)
set of emotional tone of your office and this can be a powerful factor in your job satisfaction, relationships at work, and productivity. oftentimes, morale problems can be traced to tolerance of negative communication behavior (gossip, rumors, backbiting, lying)
rough draft (ch 12)
the preliminary organization of the outline of a presentation
What is the rate of thinking?
400-500 words a minute.
Research by Ericson and Gardner found what percent of high apprehension college students fail to graduate
50%
What are some design rules for text visuals?
6X6 24 Font Phrases not sentences Upper and Lower cases Simple typefaces High contrast color Simple effects
Invasion
A direct wrong of a personal nature, it injures the feelings of the person and does not take into account the effect of revealed information on the standing of the person in the community.
Job Description
A document that defines the job in terms of its contents and scope
Functional resume
A document that organizes your credentials by type of function performed
Chronological resume
A document that organizes your credentials over time
lastly, Weber discussed the fact that a bureaucracy has
FIXED RULES- STABLE NORMS OF BEHAVIOR THAT APPLY TO EVERYONE. in a way, this is what is so frustrating about larger organizations- the fact that you are supposed to give up your individuality for the good of the group.
Ethos
Credibility of speaker (ethical)
One of the tips for managing situational anxiety shared in class was the time tested "view your audience in their underwear" exercise
False
The anxiety that is caused by a speaker's feelings of personal inadequacy or low self-esteem is known as situational anxiety
False
Trait anxiety is more common than situational anxiety.
False
Values are not stable and are easy to change.
False
When verbal and nonverbal messages conflict, the listener is most likely to believe that the verbal message is the more truthful
False
Connotative meaning
Individualized or personalized meaning of a word
Vocalized Pauses
Um's and Ah's
Personal idioms
Unique forms of expression and language understood only by individual couples
topical sequence pattern (ch 12)
a method or organization that emphasizes the major reasons an audience should accept a point of view by addressing the advantages, disadvantages, qualities, and types of person, place or thing
Physical Attractiveness
a perception of beauty derived from cultures.
Assif Mandvi's immitation for an american answering a call for "tech support" was an example of
attribution error...
Source Credibility
audiences perception of your effectiveness as a speaker
Reference List
authors cited in reports are listed alphabetically by author surnames at the end of the report (often on a separate page) under the heading REFERENCES (or BIBLIOGRAPHY or WORKS CITED)
Autonomy and connectedness
autonomy is a basic human need, but connection with others is also necessary.
Selective attention
avoid message by not paying attention to it
Ground
background against which your focused attention occurs
what are the two main routes of persuasion
central route processing & peripheral route processing
Dominant Culture
determined by who has the power and influence in a group; in the US the dominant culture is white, male, able bodied, straight, married, & employed
Dominate Culture
determined by who has the power and influence in a group; in the US the dominant culture is white, male, able-bodied, straight, married, and employed
Dominant Culture
determined by who has the power and influence in a group; in the United States the dominant culture is white, male, able-bodied, straight, married, and employed
when the cost outweigh the rewards, 2 things will happen.
either person will initiate communication designed to address that imbalance or failing that, terminate the relationship
pathos (ch 1)
emotional appeals
Did thePresident of the US really have the flu or was is just a serious malady? This is a question of
fact
Peripheral-route processing
factors outside message
environmental reinforcers (ch 10)
factors within our environment that contribute to our fear of speaking
environmental reinforcers
factors within our environment that contribute to our fear or speaking
vocalized pauses (ch 13)
filler words such as um or ah
openness and closedness
highlights relationship partners' simultaneous needs to share personal info and to have privacy. boundaries are necessary, but sharing private info fosters greater intimacy.
Stakeholders
groups of people who have an interest in the actions of an organization
Indexing
identifying uniqueness of objects, events, and people
INTERPERSONAL NEEDS THEORY & FIRO
in the 1960s, WILLIAM SCHUTZ presented the INTERPERSONAL NEEDS THEORY. apparently, we all have the need for INCLUSION, AFFECTION-AFFINITY, & CONTROL OVER THE PEOPLE AND EVENTS IN OUR LIVES.
Jargon
language particular to profession
horizontal communication
messages between members of an organization with equal power
Euphemism
more polite expression used for inappropriate word
whether that symbolic commitment takes a
physical form, or is something nonverbal that passes b/w you and your partner, bonding is an important rite of passage for partners
Hearing
physical process of receiving sound
symbolic interactionism (ch 2)
process in which the self develops through the messages and feedback received from others
The SMCRE model of communication identifies
pg 8
verbal citations (ch 11)
oral explanations of who the source is, how recent the information is, and what the sources of qualifications are.
The ways in which groups of ppl both maintain structure and order through their symbolic interactions refers to
organizational communication
schema (ch 5)
organizational filing systems for thoughts held in long term memory
political orientation
organizations that generate and distribute power and control within society
A non-profit hospital is what type of organization?
pattern maintenance
Communication Networks
patterns of relationships through which information flows in an organization
communication networks
patterns of relationships through which information flows in an organization
ethnocentrism
placing your own cultural beliefs in a superior position leading to a negative judgement of other cultures.
Wear-out Point
point at which a repeated persuasive message loses its effectiveness
sometimes begin promoted is a
political act of acquiring resources, info and valuable contacts. sometimes its just plain luck - being in the right place at the righ time
When a speaker says, "Imma show you all of the things you need to buy" ....
poor articulation
ad populum (logical fallacies)
populations (ex. change drinking age because everyone already breaks the rules)
When you have a negative attitude about other people just because they are who they are, you are demonstrating
prejudice
How can a speaker establish credibility over the audience
presentations well organized, employ personal experiences, offer strong supporting evidence, prepare quality visual aids, confident delivery, etc.
similarity (ch 2)
principle that elements are grouped together because they share attributes such as size, color, or shape
in these types of interactions, you continually validate views of each other through confirming and disconfirming behaviors which range from
quiet grunts and groans to loud public declarations
manuscript delivery style
reading from a script to an audience; deliver it in a tone of speaking rather than reading;
source expertise (ch 14)
receiver's perceptions of the persuader's knowledge, qualifications, and competence
Peripheral Route
receivers are influenced by factors other than argument quality
hearing (ch 5)
the act of receiving sound
LOW ESTEEMERS v. HIGH ESTEEMERS
typically WITHDRAW from communicating with others while high esteemers seem to make friends at ever yturn and often have rewarding convos
ORGANIZATIONAL COMMUNICATION involves
transmitting messages to a deliberately structured group through CHANNELS (formal or informal or both). these messages hold meaning for and have influence on the individuals, subgroups, and members as a hwole.
most important information should be reveled first and last
true
audience's perception of speakers deal with
trustworthiness(*goodwill*) & competence
media in the social system
tv, radio, internet, etc.
Goffman's book cover is a great class of symbols
two wealthy, society women with diamond tiaras and fur coats emerge smugly from a limo while a common woman with a dowdy old cloth coat looks on enviously
emoticons (ch 5)
typographic symbols showing emotional meaning
Perception
using senses to process information about the external environment.
Individualistic
value individual freedom, choice, uniqueness, and independence
The Johari window quadrants...
vary in size and shape depending on who you are in a relationship with. I.e.: two bests friends having a large open area.
facework (ch 2)
verbal and nonverbal strategies that are used to present your own varying images to others and to help them maintain their own images
the INTENSIFICATION STAGE is exciting.
you begin to form opinions about your relationship and the possibilities for the future. in the romantic dyad. we become perfect partner in each others' eyes and each succeeding detail that matches your ideals is discovered. SELF DISCLOSURE BEGINS TO INCREASE DRAMATICALLY. in work relationship, feel a sense of fitting in with the values and corporate culture. in romantic dad, begin to anticipate each other's presence
Hurtful messages
Messages that create emotional pain or upset
RANKS
your position in a hierarchy
Types of Organizational Patters
Chronological, spatial, deductive, inductive, casual, problem/solution, Monroe's Motivated Sequence, Tell-tell-tell
Which statement about clothing and the perceptions of others is NOT verified by research?
Clothing and artifacts are unrelated to how acceptable we find other people to be
Which of the following remarks a metaphor?
Coffee is a jump start for the brain
A conflict management style involves negotiation is also known as
Compromise
Conjunctive Tasks (ch9)
Groups for which no one member has all the necessary information but each member has some information to contribute.
Stakeholders
Groups of people who have an interest in the actions of an organization
another feature of organizational life are
INITIATION RITES- in an effort to educate members about norms and practices of the co and to get members to incorporate their values, most bureaucracies have found a formal training period (perhaps a PROBATIONARY PERIOD) and certain activities designed to evaluate whether a new member has passed preliminary tests for inclusion. the tests may be very formal (as in a performance evaluation) or informal (a practical joke)- some of these activities can be dangerous- UF has a very strict policy against abusive initiation rites deemed as "hazing"
Repetition
In Dr. Martin Luther King's "I Have A Dream Speech" he says the phrase "I have a dream " several times throughout the speech. This is an example of using _____
Metaphor
In Dr. Martin Luther King's speech he says " the Negro lives on a lonely island of poverty amidst aa vast sea of material wealth " This is an example of what style of speech.
Relational development
In Knapp's model the process by which relationships grow.
Relational maintenance
In Knapp's model the process of keeping a relationship together.
Which of the following is FALSE regarding our need for intercultural communication?
Increases in technology are reducing the need for skills to communication interculturally with others.
Identify and explain how Hofstede & Minkov furthered our understanding of cultural diversity.
Indulgence vs. Restraint
The disadvantage of an impromptu speech is...
It doesn't allow for much preparation.
ex. Columbine HS
Kleibold and Harris formed an in-group, exerted agency over the other, distinguished themselves from the outgroups, and fed off each other's perceptions. harris was obviously the leader but they both brought isolated and alienated self concepts and low esteem to the dyad. their interaction confirmed their roles of outsiders--> their normative behavior became focused on completing the expected behavior. even children with bizarre habits and upbringing do not march toward oblivion as Kleibold and Harris unless they created their own version of social reality with norms that were validated by their verbal and nonverbal confirmations. in doing so, Harris and Kleibold created a world unto themselves.
people with whom who have impersonal relationships have
LITTLE IMPACT on your life. i.e. supermarket checkout clerk
The statement, " I don't care; whatever you want is fine with me" is an example of what type of leader
Laissez-faire leader
Democratic leaders
Leaders who encourage members to participate in group decisions
Autocratic leaders
Leaders who maintain strict control over their group
Autocratic Leaders (ch9)
Leaders who maintain strict control over their group.
Laissez-faire leaders
Leaders who take almost no initiative in structuring a group discussion
Cultural Imperativess
Many different reasons to study communication, culture, and diversity. 1) Peace Imperative: essential in understanding the foundation of communication, culture, and diversity. 2) Economic Imperative: comm and culture is associated with the economic needs of all nations concerning trade, relations, intl business ventures, and the like. 3) Technological Imperative: gains more importance in today's society as technological advances make the world more easily accesible. 4) Self- Awareness Imperative: particularly important because it is important for communicators to learn about other cultures. 5) Ethical Imperative: guide you in doing what is right versus what is wrong in various communication contexts.
Cooperative Overlap
Men interrupt in communication, takes control of conversation Women: cooperates in own overlap= if interrupted the women will let it happen, loses control in a conversation and then has to reassert control
How does gender impact listening?
Men make more errors in communication and are more likely to use "uh" or "um;" --- Women use more body language and movement to communicate; however, they perceive head nods differently.
Doubled standard
Men: rejects double standards. Women: accepts double standards.
Metamessages (Talking about talking, has emotional overtones; what is communicated but not said)
Men: uses less metamessages, refuse to admit emotional overtones, favor quick solutions: thanks for coming over. Women:produce and interrupt metamessages; more "I'm so glad wevgot to talk"
Horizontal Communication
Messages between members of an organization with equal power
some other distinguishing features of a bureaucracy include an
ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE. just as a society create norms, customs, rituals, rewards & punishments, and taboos, so so leaders and followers at work create a type of unique society. members of that "CORPORATE CULTURE" are supposed to know and they socialize newcomers with probationary periods, initiation rites, rituals, and reinforcement. American law recognized the power of an organizational culture to create or tolerate harassment by its members. employers can be held liable if the acts of their members create an organizational culture that discriminates, harasses, abuses, or demeans a member (or class of members)
Multimedia Presentational Aids
Objects and technology that reinforce your message, create emotion, or add new information using a variety of senses in a presentation
What are the types of visual aids?
Objects or models, posters or flip charts, overhead transparencies, and power points.
Physical Appearance
Observable traits of the body and its accessories and extensions
Which of the following would not be considered a leader according to definitions presented in the text?
One member persuading to sabotage a group goal
I.A. Richards defines the "Proper Meaning Superstition" as the "mistakes belief that words have inherent meaning." In other words, Richards believes that words do not have meaning in and of themselves; instead, words have meaning
Only when placed in "context'
If your boss tells you that you can leave work early on Fridays if you go on a date with him or her, he or she is utilizing a type of sexual harassment called?
Quid pro quo sexual harassment
secondly, each member of a bureaucracy has a
RATIONALLY DEFINED DIVISION OF LABOR FOR THEIR POSITION. an organization will discuss and map out specific duties and they are usually spelled out in an employment contract, handbook, job description, or in a formal meeting. Presidents and CEOs have diff duties than line and assembly personnel. duties carry guideline, PRESCRIPTION AND PROSCRIPTIONS about communication and regulate the members' use of speech and nonverbal behavior
Manuscript
Reading speech word per word
Selective Attention
Receivers avoid a message by not paying attention to it
Source Expertise
Receivers perceptions of the persuaders knowledge, qualifications, and competence
Repetition
Repeating the same sentence structure or word choices for emphasis.
even though the communication may seem meaningless, just the fact that you initiated conversation may be a
SYMBOL OF INTEREST. in some cultures where male-female communication is strictly regulated, meaning may be inferred by CULTURAL AGENTS and consequences could happen, even if you initiate conversation to learn the language and need someone to practice with. what Americans view as harmless social interaction, conservative culture may view intergender initiation of conversations differently.
when you get comfortable with your partner and see your future with them you make a
SYMBOLIC COMMITMENT WHICH INDICATES BONDING. in romance, ppl get engaged and married. the wedding ring becomes the physical symbol of bonding, the ceremony is the public announcement of the commitment, and your new life together confirms the fact that your future is intertwined.
Performance Orientation (ch13)
Seeing your presentation as a performance and your audience as critics.
Visual aids should...
Serve as communicative purpose
Tolerance for Uncertainty
Some cultures deal with life
Emergent Leader
Someone who becomes an informal leader by exerting influence toward achievement of a group's goal but who does not hold the formal position or role of leader
Emergent leader
Someone who becomes an informal leader by exerting influence toward the achievement of a group's goal but does not hold the formal position or role of leader
Emergent Leader
Someone who becomes an informal leader by exerting influence toward the achievement of a groups' goal but does not hold the formal position or role of leader
Designated leader
Someone who has been appointed or elected to a leadership position
Designated Leader (ch9)
Someone who has been appointed or elected to a leadership position.
Designated leader
Someone who has been appointed or elected to leadership position
Which of the following is NOT included in the study of proxemics?
Sound
Source Credibility
Source materials=Primary vs. Secondary
Memorized
Speech memorized; forgetfulness downside
Surveys (ch11)
Studies in which a limited number of questions are answered by a sample of the population to discover opinions on issues.
Kinesics
Study of bodily movements, including posture, gestures, and facial expressions
Identify and explain the construction of an effective resume and cover letter.
Style, content, format, portfolios.
Logos
Substance of the message; arguments provide proof (logical); most impact on long term
Information used to substantiate arguments and clarify a speaker's position is called...
Supporting Material.
Which of the following statements concerning source credibility is consistent with the TB ?
Surce credibility is an attitude perception that must be established every time a person gives speech to an aoudience
The term that refers to the arrangement of words is
Syntax
when you express a desire to dissociate and there is a deadline with it
TERMINATION STAGE. ppl going thru divorce often compare this stage to a train pulling into the final station
Which type of supporting material includes written or oral statements of others' experiences?
Testimonial Evidence
Megan is giving persuasive speech on patronizing local clothing outlets rather than going to the mall...
Testimony
Behavioral flexibility
The ability to alter behavior to adapt to new situations and to relate in new ways when necessary.
Control
The ability to influence our environment
Control (ch9)
The ability to influence our environment.
Lecture Listening (ch5)
The ability to listen to, mentally process, and recall lecture information.
Information Literacy (ch5)
The ability to recognize when information is needed and to locate, evaluate, and effectively use the information needed.
Learning Styles
The different ways people naturally think and learn
Prejudice
The dislike or hatred one has toward a particular group
Affection
The emotion of caring for others and/or being cared fo
Affection
The emotion of caring for others and/or being cared for
Affection (ch9)
The emotion of caring for others and/or being cared for by others.
Group climate
The emotional time or atmosphere members create within the group
Intercultural Communication
The exchange of information between individuals who are unalike culturally
Customer service encounter
The moment of interaction between the customer and the firm
M-Time
The monochronic time schedule, which compartmentalizes time to meet personal needs, separates task and social dimensions, and points to the future.
One of the problems noted in the interpretive stage of listening is that listeners often assume they understand and fail to ask question for clarification.
True
To communicate effectively, speakers must send the same message in all thee codes: verbal, visual, vocal.
True
Which aspect of source credibility is the degree to which a speaker is perceived as honest, friendly, and honorable?
Trustwothiness
Red Harring Fallacy
Trying to derail someone from an argument by distracting the person with non relevant information.
however, sometimes that is not the case. people often choose not to reveal certain things about themselves
UNEQAL EXCHANGES in the amount and depth of disclosure could signal discord or large power differentials, both hazardous interpersonal situations in need of change
everyone has some amount of decision making control but in most dyads, research shows relationships are characterized by
UNEQUAL CONTROL. rarely to we have a 50/50 slip and rarer still is a 100/0 split but they do happen. most of us have a 60/40 or 70/30 splits but power and control can fluctuate over a lifetime
France is an example of a(n) _________ culture
Uncertainty-Rejecting (138)
Sexual Harassment
Unwelcome, unsolicited, repeated behavior of a sexual nature
the verbal and nonverbal signs of those splits become obvious as you relate to each other and to others outside your dyad.
you may change them from time to time but over the years, your complementary patterns of power become noticeable and stable. you fall into patterns of behavior that symbolize your control, duties and responsibilities
when you reach the inner core of disclosure,
you understand your partner's central core of beliefs, value system, and criteria for judging the world. this generally happens in long term relationships
at some point after you have known a person for a while,
you will notice differences b/w you and your partner. from ordinary preferences to deeply held values and beliefs. it is how you handle those differences and integrate them into your interaction that shows the strength of your bond. generally, using METACOMMUNICATION WITH A POSITIVE VALENCE IS A GOOD STRATEGY
if there is a LARGE DISTANCE between the real you and the ideal you,
your ESTEEM WILL SUFFER unless that is what is expected of you
Objects & Artifacts
your clothing and other adornments communicate your age, gender, status, role, socioeconomic class, and personality
