Commercial Pilot
Four basic groups of NOTAM's
(D) NOTAMs- info that requires wide dissemination via telecommunication and pertains to en route navigational aids, civil public-use airports listed in the AFD, facilities, services and procedures FDC NOTAMs-Flight information that is regulatory in nature including, but not limited to, changes to IFR charts, procedures, and airspace usages POINTER NOTAMs- Issued by flight service station to high-light or point out another NOTAM MILITARY NOTAMs
Can an aircraft operator allow flight operations to be conducted in a aircraft with known inoperative equipment
1. operation of aircraft with a Minimum Equipment List (MEL) 91.213 2. Operation without a MEL 91.213
how long do you have to notify the FAA of a change your address
30 days after the date of the move
What is a SIGMET
A SIGMET advises of non-convective weather that is potentially hazardous to all aircraft. Issued for the six areas corresponding to the FA areas a. severe icing not associated with a thunderstorm b. severe or extreme turbulence or clear air turbulence (CAT) not associated with thunderstorms c. dust storms or sandstorms lowering the surface or inflight visibilities to below 3 miles d. volcanic ash
What are Terminal Aerodrome Forecast (TAF)
A TAF is a concise statement of expected meteorological conditions significant to aviation for a specified time period with 5 SM
What is a METAR
An aviation routine weather report; a weather observer's interpretation of the weather conditions at a given sire and time.
How does an altimeter work
Aneroid wafers in the instrument expand and contract as atmospheric pressure changes and through a shaft and gear linkage, rotate pointers on the dial of the instrument
Required inspections for VFR and IFR
Annual inspection 12 cal months Airworthiness Directives VOR 30 days 100- hour inspection Altimeter, altitude reporting equipment 24 cal months Transponder 24 cal months ELT 12 cal months, hour of use, half battery life Static System 24 cal months
What is ATIS
Automatic Terminal Information Service- the continuos broadcast of recorded non control information in selected high activity terminal areas.
What does a carburetor do
Carburetion may be defined as the process of mixing fuel and air in the correct proportions to from a combustable mixture. the carburetor vaporizes liquid fuel into a small particles and then mixes it with air. it measures the airflow and meters fuel accordingly
Private carriage
Carriage for hire that does not involve holding out is "private carriage"
What is a Convective SIGMET
Convective SIGMET imply severe or greater turbulence, serve icing and low-level wind shear a. surface winds greater than or equal to 50 knots b. hail at the surface greater than or equal to 3/4 inches in diameter c. embedded thunderstorms
What are several types of oxygen systems in use
Diluter-demand pressure-demand continuous-flow
What is EFAS
Enroute Flight Advisory Service- is specifically designed to provide en route aircraft with timely and meaningful weather advisories pertinent to the type of flight intended, route of flight and altitude.
What are flaps
Flaps are devices used to improve the lift characteristics of the wing mounted on the trailing edges of the wing. Used to reduce the speed at which the aircraft can be safely flown and increase the angle of descent for landing. They shorten takeoff and landing distances.
Which instruments contain gyroscopes
HSI, turn coordinator, and attitude indicator
Holding Out
Holding out implies offering to the public the carriage of persons and property for hire either intrastate or interstate
Where are microburst most likely to occur
MIcroburst can be found almost anywhere there is convective activity
What are two types of oil available for use in your airplane
MIneral oil- also known as non-detergent oil, contains no additives. this type of oil is generally used after an engine overhaul or when an aircraft engine is new, normally used for engine break in purposes Ashless dispersant -Mineral oil with additives, high antiwear properties along with multi-viscosity (ability to perform in wide range of temps). Also picks up contamination and carbon particles and keeps them suspended so that buildups and sludge do not form on the engine
how does the magnetic compass work
Magnetized needles fastened to a float assembly , around which is mounted a compass card, aligned themselves parallel to the earths lines of magnetic force. In a bowl filled with white-kerosene
What are microburst
Microburst are small-scale intense downdrafts which, on reaching the surface, spread outward in all directions from the downdraft center
What valuable information can be determined from an Winds and Temperature Aloft Forecast FB
Most favorable altitude- based on winds and direction of flight Areas of possible icing Temperature inversions- a temperature increase with altitude can mean stable layer aloft reducing the chance for convective activity
What is the primary means some examples of obtaining a weather briefing
Primary- 1-800-WX-BRIEF a. TIBS- telephone info briefing service b. Direct user access terminal system( DUATS) c. Inflight weather information is available from FSS. 122.0
Two fundamental properties of a gyroscope
Rigidity in space- a gyroscope remains in a fixed positon in the plane in which it is spinning Precession- the tilting or turning of a gyro in response to a deflective force. the reaction to this force does not occur at the point where it is applied, occurs at a point 90 degrees later in the direction of the rotation
Different types of AIRMET's
Sierra describes IFR conditions and/or extensive mountain obscurations Tango describes moderate turbulence, sustained surface winds of 30 knots or greater, and/or non convective low-level wind shear Zulu describes moderate icing and provides freezing level heights
What are basic characteristics of a microburst
Size- less than a mile INtensity- downdraft 6000 ft per min, horizontal wind near the surface can be as strong as 45 knots resulting in a 90 knot wind shear
What are spoilers
Spoilers are devices located on the upper surface of a wing which are designed to reduce lift by spoiling the airflow above the wing. They are typically used as speed brakes to slow the airplane down
What type of weather briefing are available from FSS briefer
Standard Abbreviated Outlook Inflight Briefing
What is a Convective Outlook (AC)
The AC is a narrative and graphical outlook of the potential for severe (tornados, wind gusts 50 knots or greater, or hail inch in diameter) and non severe (general) convention and specific severe weather threats during the following 3 days
How does the vertical speed indicator work
The vertical speed indicator is a pressure differential instrument. Using two aneroids with calibrated leak, one lagging more that the other causing the pressure difference to show and increase or decrease in altitude
What is the function of flaps
Their purpose is to permit a slower airspeed and steeper angle of decent during a landing approach.
What are Radar Weather Reports
These include the type, intensity, and location of the echo top of general areas of precipitation observed by radar, reported each hour at h+55
What is a radar summary chart
This is a computer generated graphical display of a collection of automated radar weather reports, available hourly with a valid time of 35 minutes past each hour including information about type,intensity, configuration, coverage , echo top and cell movement of precipitation
What are the various compass errors
VDMONA Variation Angular difference between true and magnetic north, reference isogonic lines of variation Deviation Due to the electrical and magnetic disturbances in the aircraft Magnetic Dip The position of magnetic north relative to the aircraft, causing the compass to dip down to the shortest route to the pole.. Through the earth. The south side of the compass dial is weighted to compensate for this tendency Oscillation Erratic movement of the compass card caused by turbulence or rough control technique Northerly Turning UNOS Undershoot North Overshoot South Acceleration ANDS Accelerate North Decelerate South
VFR night flight
VFR day flight+ Fuses Landing light (if for hire) Anti-collision Position Lights Source of Electricity
upper A/S limit of white arc
Vfe (max flap extension speed)
red line
Vne (never exceed speed, above this speed structural failure may occur)
upper A/S limit green arc
Vno (normal operations speed or max structural cruise speed)
lower A/S limit green arc
Vs1 (stall speed clean or specified configuration)
lower A/S limit white arc
Vso (stalling speed or minimum steady flight speed in landing configuration
Define wind shear
Wind shear is the rate of change of wind velocity per unit distance, conventionally expressed as vertical or horizontal wind shear
Temperature Aloft Forecast (FB)
Winds and temperatures aloft are forecast for specific locations in the contiguous U.S.
Does aircraft registration have an expiration date
Yes, it will expire in 3 years at the last date of the month
4 elements of Common Carriage
a. A holding out or willingness to b. Transport persons or property c. From place to place d. For compensation
Ways of Holding out
a. Advertising b. Agents, agencies, or salesmen c. willing to "serve all" d. willing to carry only certain kinds of traffic
Where can NOTAMs be obtained
a. Nearest FSS b. DUATS vendors
what privileges apply to a commercial pilot?
a. carrying person or property for compensation or hire b. for compensation or hire
examples of non common carriage
a. flight conducted by the operator of an airplane for the operators own personal transportation, or the transportation of guest b. carriage of company officials, employees, and guest on an airplane operated under a time sharing c. carriage of property
When are special flight permits necessary
a. flying for repairs b. delivering or exporting an aircraft c. flight test d. evacuating aircraft from areas of impending danger
When would a commercial pilot be required to hold a type rating
a. large aircraft- 12,500 pounds b.turbo-poweredairplanes c.other aircraft specified by the administrator through aircraft type certificate procedures
limitations imposed on a commercial pilot with no instrument rating
a. no cross country flight longer than 50 nm b. cannot carry passengers at night
to act as a commercial pilot, what does he have to have in his possession
a. pilot certificate b. a photo ID c. a medical certificate ( 2nd class, exp. 12 cal months)
to fly a complex airplane
a. received and logged ground and flight training from an authorized instructor b. been found proficient in the operation and systems of the airplane c. received a one time endorsement in the pilots logbook
What equipment would be considered hydraulic this aircraft
a. retractable landing gear b. hydraulic brake system c. air/oil nose gear shock strut
Where is wind shear likely to occur
a. wind shear with low a low level temperature inversion b. wind shear in a frontal zone or thunderstorm c. clear air turbulence (CAT) at high levels associated with a jet stream or strong circulation
how does the vacuum system operate
air is drawn into the vacuum system by the engine driven vacuum pump. it first goes through a filter, which prevents foreign matter from entering the vacuum pressure system. The air then moves through the attitude and heading indicators, where it causes the gyros to spin.
What are special flight permits
authorization that may be issued for an aircraft that may not currently meet applicable airworthiness requirements but safe for specific flight
Define category, class, and type
category- airplane, rotorcraft, glider class- single engine land, mutli-engine sea type-specific make and basic model of aircraft
Yellow arc
caution range ( operation in smooth air only)
Common Carriage
common carriage refers to the carriage of passengers or cargo as a result of advertising the availability of carriage to the public
definition of a complex airplane
complex airplane is define as an airplane that has retractable landing gear, flaps, and a controllable pitch propeller
White arc
flap operating range
Where do you obtain special flight permit
form can be obtained from the local FSDO (flight standards district office) or Designated Airworthiness representative
to act as pilot in command of a high performance aircraft?
high performance is an engine with more that 200 horsepower a. received and logged ground and flight training from an authorized instructor b. been found proficient in the operation and systems of the airplane c. received a one time endorsement in the pilots logbook
How does the airspeed indicator operate
it measure the difference between the impact pressure from the pitot head and atmospheric pressure from the static source
what information does the turn coordinator provide
it shows the yaw and roll of the aircraft around the vertical and longitudinal axes
Medical certificate is required for a commercial pilot
second class medical (12 cal months)
commercial pilot operations without an "operating certificate"
student instruction, nonstop sightseeing flights, ferry or training flights, crop dusting, banner towing, aerial photography,pipeline patrol
Equivalent Airspeed (EAS)
the airspeed indicator reading corrected for position ( or installation), or instrument error, and for the adiabatic compressible flow for the particular altitude
Calibrated Airspeed (CAS)
the airspeed indicator reading corrected for position (or installation), and instrument errors
Indicated altitude
the altitude read directly from the altimeter (uncorrected) after it is set to the current altimeter setting
Pressure Altitude
the altitude when the altimeter setting window is a adjusted to 29.92
indicated airspeed (IAS)
the speed of the airplane as observed on the airspeed indicator
What does the throttle do
the throttle allows the pilot to manually control the mount of fuel/ air charge entering the cylinders. this in turn regulates the engine manifold pressure
True altitude
the true vertical distance of the aircraft above sea level
Absolute altitude
the vertical distance of an aircraft above the terrain
What is a convective outlook chart
this depicts areas forecast to have the potential for severe (tornando, wind gust 50 knots or greater or hail 3/4 diameter) and non severe (general) convention and specific severe weather threats during the following 3 days
Requirements to remain current as a commercial pilot
to carry passengers the pilot much have made three takeoffs and landing in the proceeding 90 days
Are AFM required to be in the aircraft at all times
yes
What instruments operate from the pitot/static system
Altimeter Vertical speed inductor Airspeed indicator
How long does the Airworthiness Certificate remain valid
Airworthiness certificates are effective as long as the maintenance, preventive maintenance, and alteration are performed in accordance with parts 43 and 91
What is an AIRMET
An AIRMET is an advisory of significant weather phenomena that describes conditions at intensities lower than those require the issuance of a SIGMET
What is an Aviation Area Forecast
An FA is a forecast of VMC, clouds, and general weather conditions oner an area the size of several states
How can a pilot determine if the aircraft is equipped with a mode c transporter
referencing the current weight and balance equipment list
What are Airworthiness Directives
An AD is the medium used by the FAA to notify aircraft owners and other potentially interested persons of unsafe conditions that may exist because of design defects, maintenance, other causes, and to specify the conditions under which the product may continue to be operated.
Where can you find a listing of FSS and weather information numbers
Airport/ Facility Directory -AFD "FAA and NWS telephone numbers
Equipment required for VFR Day flight
Airspeed indicator Tachometer for each engine Oil pressure gauge for each engine Mag Compass Altimeter Temperature gauge for each liquid cooled engine Oil temperature gauge for each air cooled engine Fuel gauge Landing gear position light Anti collision Manifold pressure gauge ELT Safety Belts
Documents required prior to flight
Airworthiness Certificate Registration Certificate Radio License Operating Limitations Weight and Balance
True Airspeed (TAS)
Actual speed you are moving through the air
What four strokes must occur in each cylinder of a typical four stroke engine in order for it to produce full power
Intake- fuel mixture is drawn into cylinder by downward stroke compression- mixture is compressed by upward stroke power- spark ignites mixture forcing piston downward and producing power exhaust- burned gases pushed out of cylinder by upward stroke
Minimum Equipment List
Is a precise listing of instrument, equipment, and procedures that allows an aircraft to be operated under specific conditions with inoperative equipment
Define preventive maintenance
Is considered to be simple or minor preservation operations and the replacement of small standards parts not involving complex assembly operations. exp. oil changes, wheel bearing lubrication, hydraulic fluid refills
What does the ammeter indicate
It shows if the alternator/ generator is producing an adequate supply of electrical power to the system by measuring the amperes of electricity, and also indicates whether the battery is receiving an electrical charge
What does the abbreviation LLWAS indicate
Low Level Wind Shear Alert System is a computerized system that detected the presence of a possible hazardous low level wind shear by continuously comparing the winds measured by sensors installed around periphery of an airport with the wind measured at the center of the airport
What are NOTAM's
Notice to Airmen - time critical aeronautical information which is of either a temporary nature or not sufficiently known in advance to permit publication on aeronautical charts or in other operational publications receives immediate dissemination via the National NOTAM system.
Limits of the attitude indicator
limits in the banking plane are usaully from 100-110, pitch limits are usually from 60-70. if either are exceeding the instrument will spill or tumble
pilot in command of a tailwheel airplane
must received and logged flight training from an authorized instructor and endorsement in your logbook
green arc
normal operating range
Density altitude
pressure altitude corrected for nonstandard temperature. Used for performance calcutions
What is a Surface analysis chart
provides a ready means of locating pressure systems and fronts for the contiguous 48 states
