Communication 1000 Final Exam-Auburn University

5 characteristics of information literacy

1. Know why you want certain information for the speech 2. Know where to get the information you seek 3. Know how to assess the quality of the information you have found 4. Create new knowledge 5. Be accountable for your use of information

problem-solution organization

2-3 problems solved by one solution

keep an open mind,do not heckle, pay attention

Be a responsible audience member (ethics)

ethics of language and delivery

Maintain composure, describe people with respect, avoid profanity, balance simplicity and complexity, balance emotion and logic.

1. Will this person benefit form getting me to believe that this information is true? 2. Is this person an expert on this ares or in a position to know this information? 3. Are the claims made by this source substantiated by other credible sources? 4. Is this source recent enough to be relevant?

Questions to ask yourself to determine if a source can be trusted.

general purpose statements

a brief statement representing what you aim to do with the speech- what type or category of speech are you going to give? 3 types= informatie, persuasive, and commemorative

noise

a force that can impede on the proper decoding of a message- anything that can change the message aster the source encodes and sends it

specific purpose statement

a narrower version of the general purpose statement that identifies what you will talk about, what you will say about it, and what you hope the audience will take away from the speech

phobia

a persistent, irrational fear of a specific object, activity, or situation that leads to a compelling desire to avoid- intense activation of the base instinct to avoid a threat

what is temperament

a person's character, attitude, or mood

communication apprehension

a phobia of speaking to an audience- the fear of anxiety associated with ral or anticipated communication with others- higher degrees are associated with less satisfaction with ability to express themselves or not as assertive in interactions with others. Procrastinate as well.

complementing

a physical action that complements the message (saying thank you with a smile)

Linear Model of Communication

a theory that views communication as a one-way process in which a source conveys an encoded message through a channel to a receiver, who then encodes that message.

bias

an unfair preference or distortion of information

environmental elements

beliefs, context, history, participants, relationships, physical setting, values

ethnocentric

believing your group's perspective is the only correct one and judging others on their conformity to your way of life

demographics

categories of definable characteristics of groups of people, such as age, race, religion, socioeconomic status, education level, and sexual orientation- help provide a picture of who you will be speaking to

Baby Boomers

children of G1 generation

Interactive model of communication

communication theory that views communication as a two-way process that includes feedback and environment- sender and receiver are responsible for encoding and decoding message

masculinity

competitive and aggressive-highly assertive (middle east)

language choices, speeches require more organization, use of notes, no interruptions, delivery styles, physical arrangement

conversation v speech: differences

audience-centered, attention to feedback, goal-driven, logic required, stories for effect

conversation v speech: similarities

self-fulfilling prophecy

convincing yourself that something is going to happen before it does, thus leading to the occurrence of what you originally expected- procrastinating because you don't think you will succeed

low power

democracy (checks and balances)

Most helpful form of audience analysis

during the presentation as you observe and adapt to how the audience receives your message

accenting

emphasizing the message with physical action

spotlight effect

feeling of being judged

gender

feminine v masculine (social construct)

short term orientation

focused on the here and now- emphasize national pride, tradition, social obligations, adn saving face for here and now

long term orientation

future oriented- pragmatic and focus on saving, persistence, and adaptation

sexual orientation

gender a person is romantically attracted to

sex

gender assigned at birth ( male, femalie, intersex) based on reproductive organs and chromosomes

G1 generation

generation that fought in WWII

informative speech

gives the audience information but does not try to convince them to do anything (to describe, demonstrate, or inform)

indulgence

giving into what you want (instant gratification)

Millennials

graduated after 2000

Generation X

graduated high school in 80s and 90s

co-culture

groups that are impacted by a variety of smaller specific cultures that intersect in our lives- exist within and alongside larger cultural groups, allowing ppl to belong to several cultures and co cultures

high inequality (monarchy or dictatorship), low power= lowinegaulity

high v low power distance

know your introduction and conclusion very well and eye contact,- practice!, relaxation techniques, visualize success, dialogue with audience, systematic desensitization

how do you combat communication apprehension

ethnicity

identity of those with common experience (geographic, origin, culture, religion, race, food, dress, language, history, ancestry, social norms)

persuasive speech

intended to change or reinforce the audience's attitudes, actions, values, or beliefs (to convince, or persuade)

ethics

involve morals and the specific more choices to be made by a person

both. if you convince yourself you'll do poorly, you likely will, if you want to do well, you probably will

is self fulfilling prophecy negative or positive?

high context culture

language in which a great deal of emphasis is derived from expressions, environments, and situation

low context culture

language used in an interaction, in which very little emphasis is placed on the nonverbal communication, environment, and situation

places to research

libraries, internet, people

Dialogue involves

listening with an open mind and not prejudging, represent the inherent humanity of other person, appreciate cultural differences in a respectable way.

spatial organization

location focused- emphasizes how things are physically related to one another in a defined area or space

individualism

looking out for only yourself

collectivism

looking out for your group

topical organization

main topics with sub-point

concept map

mind map, visual representation of the potential areas you will cover in your speech- shows relationships between ideas

cause-effect organization

multiple possible causes for one effect

high uncertainty avoidance

no room for change- low tolerance for ambiguity- enforce rules, safety measures, believe in absolute truth

regulating

nonverbal actions that help guide your speech (raising your hand when you have a question, closing your book when it is time to leave)

femininity

not as dominant (men are favored)

know what physical noises are

other sounds, visual barriers, poor volume, poor projection, distractions in area, hunger, tiredness

rules for civility

pay attention, speak kindly, don't speak ill of others, assert yourself, don't shift responsibility and blame, respect others' opinions, listen, mind your body, respect other people's time, acknowledge others

race

physical characteristics shared by one group (skin color, body type, facial structure, and hair color)

know what psychological noises are

preoccupation, emotional reaction to topic, prejudice or ill will toward speaker, unwillingness to listen, resistance to message

know the physical effects of communication apprehension

rise of blood pressure, shortness of breath, galvanic skin tightening, sweat

repeating

saying something verbally but doing an action to reinforce it

ideology

set of beliefs, and the ideals that form our worldview and provide the basis for actions

dialogue

speaking in a way that encourages others to listen and listening in a way that encourages others to speak-goal is to understand not necessarily agree with each other- key to respecting diversity

communication apprehension

speech anxiety is also known as_____________

commemorative speech

speech of celebration, honoring someone, or presenting or accepting an award, wedding, or funeral. general purpose is the honor,or celebrate

encoding

taking an abstract notion and providing it meaning through the application of symbols- converting to words

global plagiarism

taking an entire piece of work and saying it is your own

patchwork plagiarism

taking and plagiarizing a little but not enough to make your own

patchworking

taking original sentences or work from another source, changing a few words in it and not citing the source

plagiarism

taking the intellectual achievements of another person and presenting them as one's own- greatest offense a speaker can commit because it takes advantage of both the audience and the actual source of the information.

Nonverbal behaviors

tell how audience is really reacting

chronological organization

telling the events in the order they happened

restraint

telling yourself no

message

the content or idea that the sources try to convey to the audience-the end result

environment

the context in which communication process takes place

evidentiary information

the core facts, statistics, testimony and examples- lends direct support to your thesis and the main points of your speech

culture

the distinctive ideas, customs, social behavior, products or way of life of a particular nation, society, people, or period- influences self concept, priorities, personality, and howwe communicates with one another

channel

the medium through which an encoded message is transmitted from source to receiver- a voice

uncertainty reduction theory

the more uncertain the situation you in the more anxious you are

receiver

the person or audience that a message is transmitting to- audience - processing (decoding) is done by this

source

the person responsible for creating the idea that they talk about- speaker

decoding

the process of drawing meaning from the symbols used to encode a message.-done by a receiver

systematic desensitization

the process whereby a person is slowly introduced to a fear such that each time they overcome the fear the intensity is decreased

feedback

the receiver's response to a message that is sent to the sender- main way that interactive model is different from linear model

transactional model of communication

the theory that views communication as a constant process in which all parties simultaneously play the role of sender and receiver

symbol

the words you use

brainstorm

to create a list of possible topics and keeping adding to this list as you think of new ideas- strength lies in spontaneous generation of ideas , organized from broad to narrow

low uncertainty avoidance

tolerance for change- fewer rules, take risks

Silent Generation

too young to fight in WWII, adults rose in middle class

Most accurate form of speaking

transactional model of communication

unique information

used to capture and maintain interest of your audience

incremental plagiarism

using part of someone else's work and not citing it as a source

substituting

using physical actions in place of verbal (shrugging shoulders, thumbs up)

boolean operator

using words such as "and", "but", and "or" when typing in search terms to focus the results

asking yourself questions to determine a trusted source (questions on page 19)

what is an important step in the ethics of research?

enhance the public good but it can also be wielded to harm people

what is speech capable of?

background information

who, what, when, where, why and how relevant to topic?

direct observation

your perception of the situation in the moment- can collect great deal of information on your audience- gain environmental cues, attendance/ crowd, emotional disposition of audience- nonverbal behaviors, eye contact