Communication 1000 Final Exam-Auburn University
5 characteristics of information literacy
1. Know why you want certain information for the speech 2. Know where to get the information you seek 3. Know how to assess the quality of the information you have found 4. Create new knowledge 5. Be accountable for your use of information
problem-solution organization
2-3 problems solved by one solution
keep an open mind,do not heckle, pay attention
Be a responsible audience member (ethics)
ethics of language and delivery
Maintain composure, describe people with respect, avoid profanity, balance simplicity and complexity, balance emotion and logic.
1. Will this person benefit form getting me to believe that this information is true? 2. Is this person an expert on this ares or in a position to know this information? 3. Are the claims made by this source substantiated by other credible sources? 4. Is this source recent enough to be relevant?
Questions to ask yourself to determine if a source can be trusted.
general purpose statements
a brief statement representing what you aim to do with the speech- what type or category of speech are you going to give? 3 types= informatie, persuasive, and commemorative
noise
a force that can impede on the proper decoding of a message- anything that can change the message aster the source encodes and sends it
specific purpose statement
a narrower version of the general purpose statement that identifies what you will talk about, what you will say about it, and what you hope the audience will take away from the speech
phobia
a persistent, irrational fear of a specific object, activity, or situation that leads to a compelling desire to avoid- intense activation of the base instinct to avoid a threat
what is temperament
a person's character, attitude, or mood
communication apprehension
a phobia of speaking to an audience- the fear of anxiety associated with ral or anticipated communication with others- higher degrees are associated with less satisfaction with ability to express themselves or not as assertive in interactions with others. Procrastinate as well.
complementing
a physical action that complements the message (saying thank you with a smile)
Linear Model of Communication
a theory that views communication as a one-way process in which a source conveys an encoded message through a channel to a receiver, who then encodes that message.
bias
an unfair preference or distortion of information
environmental elements
beliefs, context, history, participants, relationships, physical setting, values
ethnocentric
believing your group's perspective is the only correct one and judging others on their conformity to your way of life
demographics
categories of definable characteristics of groups of people, such as age, race, religion, socioeconomic status, education level, and sexual orientation- help provide a picture of who you will be speaking to
Baby Boomers
children of G1 generation
Interactive model of communication
communication theory that views communication as a two-way process that includes feedback and environment- sender and receiver are responsible for encoding and decoding message
masculinity
competitive and aggressive-highly assertive (middle east)
language choices, speeches require more organization, use of notes, no interruptions, delivery styles, physical arrangement
conversation v speech: differences
audience-centered, attention to feedback, goal-driven, logic required, stories for effect
conversation v speech: similarities
self-fulfilling prophecy
convincing yourself that something is going to happen before it does, thus leading to the occurrence of what you originally expected- procrastinating because you don't think you will succeed
low power
democracy (checks and balances)
Most helpful form of audience analysis
during the presentation as you observe and adapt to how the audience receives your message
accenting
emphasizing the message with physical action
spotlight effect
feeling of being judged
gender
feminine v masculine (social construct)
short term orientation
focused on the here and now- emphasize national pride, tradition, social obligations, adn saving face for here and now
long term orientation
future oriented- pragmatic and focus on saving, persistence, and adaptation
sexual orientation
gender a person is romantically attracted to
sex
gender assigned at birth ( male, femalie, intersex) based on reproductive organs and chromosomes
G1 generation
generation that fought in WWII
informative speech
gives the audience information but does not try to convince them to do anything (to describe, demonstrate, or inform)
indulgence
giving into what you want (instant gratification)
Millennials
graduated after 2000
Generation X
graduated high school in 80s and 90s
co-culture
groups that are impacted by a variety of smaller specific cultures that intersect in our lives- exist within and alongside larger cultural groups, allowing ppl to belong to several cultures and co cultures
high inequality (monarchy or dictatorship), low power= lowinegaulity
high v low power distance
know your introduction and conclusion very well and eye contact,- practice!, relaxation techniques, visualize success, dialogue with audience, systematic desensitization
how do you combat communication apprehension
ethnicity
identity of those with common experience (geographic, origin, culture, religion, race, food, dress, language, history, ancestry, social norms)
persuasive speech
intended to change or reinforce the audience's attitudes, actions, values, or beliefs (to convince, or persuade)
ethics
involve morals and the specific more choices to be made by a person
both. if you convince yourself you'll do poorly, you likely will, if you want to do well, you probably will
is self fulfilling prophecy negative or positive?
high context culture
language in which a great deal of emphasis is derived from expressions, environments, and situation
low context culture
language used in an interaction, in which very little emphasis is placed on the nonverbal communication, environment, and situation
places to research
libraries, internet, people
Dialogue involves
listening with an open mind and not prejudging, represent the inherent humanity of other person, appreciate cultural differences in a respectable way.
spatial organization
location focused- emphasizes how things are physically related to one another in a defined area or space
individualism
looking out for only yourself
collectivism
looking out for your group
topical organization
main topics with sub-point
concept map
mind map, visual representation of the potential areas you will cover in your speech- shows relationships between ideas
cause-effect organization
multiple possible causes for one effect
high uncertainty avoidance
no room for change- low tolerance for ambiguity- enforce rules, safety measures, believe in absolute truth
regulating
nonverbal actions that help guide your speech (raising your hand when you have a question, closing your book when it is time to leave)
femininity
not as dominant (men are favored)
know what physical noises are
other sounds, visual barriers, poor volume, poor projection, distractions in area, hunger, tiredness
rules for civility
pay attention, speak kindly, don't speak ill of others, assert yourself, don't shift responsibility and blame, respect others' opinions, listen, mind your body, respect other people's time, acknowledge others
race
physical characteristics shared by one group (skin color, body type, facial structure, and hair color)
know what psychological noises are
preoccupation, emotional reaction to topic, prejudice or ill will toward speaker, unwillingness to listen, resistance to message
know the physical effects of communication apprehension
rise of blood pressure, shortness of breath, galvanic skin tightening, sweat
repeating
saying something verbally but doing an action to reinforce it
ideology
set of beliefs, and the ideals that form our worldview and provide the basis for actions
dialogue
speaking in a way that encourages others to listen and listening in a way that encourages others to speak-goal is to understand not necessarily agree with each other- key to respecting diversity
communication apprehension
speech anxiety is also known as_____________
commemorative speech
speech of celebration, honoring someone, or presenting or accepting an award, wedding, or funeral. general purpose is the honor,or celebrate
encoding
taking an abstract notion and providing it meaning through the application of symbols- converting to words
global plagiarism
taking an entire piece of work and saying it is your own
patchwork plagiarism
taking and plagiarizing a little but not enough to make your own
patchworking
taking original sentences or work from another source, changing a few words in it and not citing the source
plagiarism
taking the intellectual achievements of another person and presenting them as one's own- greatest offense a speaker can commit because it takes advantage of both the audience and the actual source of the information.
Nonverbal behaviors
tell how audience is really reacting
chronological organization
telling the events in the order they happened
restraint
telling yourself no
message
the content or idea that the sources try to convey to the audience-the end result
environment
the context in which communication process takes place
evidentiary information
the core facts, statistics, testimony and examples- lends direct support to your thesis and the main points of your speech
culture
the distinctive ideas, customs, social behavior, products or way of life of a particular nation, society, people, or period- influences self concept, priorities, personality, and howwe communicates with one another
channel
the medium through which an encoded message is transmitted from source to receiver- a voice
uncertainty reduction theory
the more uncertain the situation you in the more anxious you are
receiver
the person or audience that a message is transmitting to- audience - processing (decoding) is done by this
source
the person responsible for creating the idea that they talk about- speaker
decoding
the process of drawing meaning from the symbols used to encode a message.-done by a receiver
systematic desensitization
the process whereby a person is slowly introduced to a fear such that each time they overcome the fear the intensity is decreased
feedback
the receiver's response to a message that is sent to the sender- main way that interactive model is different from linear model
transactional model of communication
the theory that views communication as a constant process in which all parties simultaneously play the role of sender and receiver
symbol
the words you use
brainstorm
to create a list of possible topics and keeping adding to this list as you think of new ideas- strength lies in spontaneous generation of ideas , organized from broad to narrow
low uncertainty avoidance
tolerance for change- fewer rules, take risks
Silent Generation
too young to fight in WWII, adults rose in middle class
Most accurate form of speaking
transactional model of communication
unique information
used to capture and maintain interest of your audience
incremental plagiarism
using part of someone else's work and not citing it as a source
substituting
using physical actions in place of verbal (shrugging shoulders, thumbs up)
boolean operator
using words such as "and", "but", and "or" when typing in search terms to focus the results
asking yourself questions to determine a trusted source (questions on page 19)
what is an important step in the ethics of research?
enhance the public good but it can also be wielded to harm people
what is speech capable of?
background information
who, what, when, where, why and how relevant to topic?
direct observation
your perception of the situation in the moment- can collect great deal of information on your audience- gain environmental cues, attendance/ crowd, emotional disposition of audience- nonverbal behaviors, eye contact