Communication 1200

How can your listeners' disposition(s) affect your approach to persuading them?

1. A disposition is how an audience feels about a topic. So if they approve, disagree, or are neutral will play a role in how you tailor your speech. 2. You must tailor a speech for how the audience already feels about your topic. (If they are or aren't for it) 3. Latitude of Acceptance-range of positions on a given issue that are acceptable to them 4. Latitude of rejection-range of positions that are unacceptable to them 5. Boomerang effect-the act of pushing your listeners to oppose your idea even more vigorously than they already do

What are the ways you can maximize your audience's listening?

1. Anticipate ineffective listening before your speech 2. Consider your listeners' attention and energy levels 3. Assess your audience's knowledge and abilities 4. Front and back load of your main message 5. Use presentation aids strategically

What are the guidelines for choosing respectful and unbiased language?

1. Avoid stereotypes 2. Use gender-neutral references 3. Make appropriate references to ethnic groups 4. Steer clear of unnecessary references to ethnicity, religion, gender, or sexuality

What are the steps in selecting your main points?

1. Consider your purpose 2. Take your audience into account 3. Select an appropriate number of main points

What organizational patterns could be used to organize a value claim?

1. Criteria-application pattern-2 main points. 1 establishes standards for the value judgment you are making; the other applies those standards to the subject of your thesis 2. Categorical

What are the aspects of audience analysis that merit special consideration when choosing audiovisual aids?

1. Demographics-listeners age, gender, and place of birth 2. Prior Exposure

What are the differences between denotative and connotative meaning? Can you give an example to demonstrate the difference?

1. Denotative: exact, literal dictionary definition 2. Connotative: an association that comes to mind when people hear or read the word Example: "Those stocks are dogs." a. Denotative: type of canine b. Connotative: poor investments

What are the three steps to becoming a better listener?

1. Fill out distractions 2. Focus on the speaker 3. Show that you're listening

What are the five purposes of a good introduction?

1. Gain audience attention 2. Signal thesis 3. Show relevance of topic to audience 4. Establish credibility 5. Preview main points.

How do speakers accomplish each of these purposes of a good introduction?

1. Gaining attention: tell story, striking statement, build suspense, humor, rhetorical? 2. Signal thesis: Vague or specific thesis 3. Show relevance to audience: sentence or short paragraph to why they should take interest. 4. Establish credibility: explain how you've gained knowledge about topic 5. Preview main Points: brief statement of main points you will develop in the body

How can you lose your credibility

1. Getting facts wrong 2. Pronouncing words incorrectly Failing to acknowledge potential conflicts of interest 3. Stretching to find a connection with the audience.

How can a persuasive speaker ensure that they are using ethical strategies?

1. Help audience make informed decision 2.Research facts 3. Note biases Attribute research properly.

What are the four guidelines for using audiovisual aids during your speech?

1. Make sure everyone can see and hear aids 2. Control audience interaction with aids 3. Maintain eye contact 4. Remember the purpose of your aid (tools that supplement your speech-not main vehicle for delivering your speech).

How can you relate your message to your listeners' needs?

1. Needs-objects they desire and feelings that must be satisfied 2. Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs-explains how people's most basic needs must be met before they will focus on less essential ones 3. By focusing on needs that are of concern to audience members, your speech will be more likely to persuade.

What are the components of nonverbal delivery skills?

1. Nonverbal Delivery Skills 2. Eye contact 3. Gestures 4. Physical movement 5. Proxemics-use of space and distant between speaker and audience. How close you stand while delivering your speech 6. Personal Appearance

What are the differences between oral and written language?

1. Oral language is more adaptive. Writers don't know who will read it; speakers know 2. Oral language tends to be less formal. Writers are able to make revisions. Speakers use shorter, less complicated sentences 3. Oral language incorporates repetition. Writers avoid repeating themselves over and over. Speakers intentionally repeat keywords and phrases

What are the benefits and drawbacks of the four modes of delivery?

1. Reading from a script 2. Memorizing from a manuscript: 3. Speaking from an outline: 4. Impromptu speaking

What are the five suggestions for expressing your ideas effectively?

1. Repetition 2. Hypothetical examples 3. Personal anecdotes 4. Vivid language 5. Figurative language

How can you build your credibility?

1. Share qualifications to speak about the topic 2. Present strong evidence from reputable sources 3. Highlight common ground with the audience 4. Choose words carefully 5. Show respect for conflicting opinions 6. Practice your speech until delivery is fluent.

What are the five organizational patterns listed in the chapter? When is it most appropriate to use each specific pattern?

1. Spatial Pattern 2. Chronological (Temporal) Pattern 3. Causal Pattern 4. Comparison Pattern 5. Categorical Pattern

How can a speaker influence the commitment of an audience?

1. Strengthen audience commitment-already agree with your perspective, but you may try to strengthen their commitment, 2. Weaken audience commitment-when audience members disagree with your perspective, you may attempt to weaken their commitment to their viewpoint 3. Promote audience action-persuade them to take a specific action

What are the five guidelines for listening when you are in the audience?

1. Take notes 2. Identify main points 3. Consider the speech's objectives 4. Support your feedback with examples 5. Be ethical

What are the types of audiovisual aids?

1. The speaker/assistants 2. Objects/ visual images 3. Text based visuals 4. Audio, and video. 5. Diagram 6. Graph 7. Line Graph 8. Bar Graph 9. Pie chart 10. Verbal Chart 11. Flowchart

What are the parts included in a good conclusion (in order)?

1. Transition 2. Summary of main points-(brief review of main points) 3. Finish with a memorable clincher-something that leaves a lasting impression of your speech in your listeners' minds

What are the types of organizing words and sentences? When is it appropriate to use each?

1. Transition-a sentence that indicates you are moving from one part of your speech to the next 2. Signposts-word or phrase within a sentence that helps audience understand speech's structure 3. Internal preview-a short list of ideas that will follow 4. Internal summaries-a quick review of what you just said in your point.

What are the six causes of ineffective listening?

1. Unprocessed note taking 2. Nonlistening 3. Interruptive listening 4. Agenda-driven listening 5. Argumentative listening 6. Nervous listening

What are the four ways you can make your message clear?

1. Use understandable language 2. Use Concrete words 3. Proper use of words 4. Use of concise language

What are the components of vocal delivery skills?

1. Volume 2. Tone (pitch)-highs and lows in your voice 3. Rate of delivery 4. Projection-"booming" their voices across a forum to reach all audience members 5. Articulation-crispness and clarity of your spoken words 6. Pronunciation-correct way to say words 7. Pausing-leaving gaps between words or sentences in a speech 8. Verbal Delivery Skills: Effective use of your voice when delivering a speech

Script

A typed or handwritten document containing the entire text of your speech

Processing

Actively think about a message you're receiving from someone else- not only the words but also the nonverbal cues

Internal noise

Any thoughts that make it hard for you to concentrate

Presentation Aid

Anything beyond your spoken word that you employ to help your audience member

Ad populum fallacy

Assume a statement is true or false because a large number of people say it is

Post Hoc Fallacy

Assumption that because one event followed another, the 1st caused the 2nd.

Why is it important to choose respectful and unbiased language?

Audience members remain open to your ideas and view you as trustworthy and fair

Superficial listening

Audience members who pretend to pay attention but who are in fact distracted by internal or external noise

Why is it important to demonstrate how your audience benefits in a persuasive appeal?

Audience will most likely support your proposal when you show how they will benefit from doing so, and when they feel the costs involved are minimal.

Peripheral Belief

Belief that is not held quite so closely or for quite as long

Antithesis

Clauses set in opposition to one another, usually to distinguish between choices, concepts, and ideas

Ad Hominem fallacy

Compensate for weak arguments by making personal attacks against an opponent.

Precise Evidence

Consists of specific dates, places, numbers, and other facts

Unprocessed note taking

Copying the speaker's words verbatim without considering what you're writing down.

Causal Pattern

Explaining a cause-and-effect relationship. This will help your audience understand the link between particular events and their outcomes.

Simile

Explicit comparisons that contain like or as

Verbal clutter

Extraneous words that make it hard for the audience to follow your message

Content-orientated

Favor depth and complexity of information and messages.

Constructive Criticism

Feed back a speaker can use to improve hid or her skills.

Nervous listening

Feel compelled to talk through silences because they're uncomfortable with conversational lapses or pauses

Abstract word

General, confusing, and ambiguous for audience

How can you connect your message to your listeners' values?

Guide peoples judgments and actions

What's the purpose of a good conclusion?

Helps sum up the message you developed in the body of your speech and leave a memorable impression in your audience member's minds.

Metaphor

Implicit comparisons of unlike objects by identifying one object with the other

Representative Example

In instance typical of the class it represents

External noise

Include street noise, a flashy visual left up during an entire presentation, or chattering audience members.

Interactive listening

Includes filtering out distractions, focusing on the speaker(s), and showing that you're paying attention.

Nonverbal Delivery Skills

Involve the use of physical behaviors to deliver a speech

Argumentative listening

Listening to only as much as they need to in order to fuel their own arguments.

What are the differences between hearing and listening?

Listening: actively paying attention to what you're hearing (processing message) Hearing: merely receiving messages in a passive way

Spatial Pattern

Main points represent important aspects of your topic that can be thought of as adjacent to one another in location or geography.

Why should speakers use audiovisual aids

Makes speech more interesting Simplifies complex topic Helps audience remember speech.

Defeated listening

Occurs when listeners feel overwhelmed by your message and find it too difficult to follow.

Interruptive listening

One person consistently interrupts another.

Comparison Pattern

Organizes the speech around major similarities and differences between two events, objects, or situations. Could help audience learn about a new subject by comparing or contrasting it to a subject with which they are familiar

Audience surveillance

Paying attention to an audience's nonverbal and verbal responses while giving a speech

Action-orientated

People who use this style of listening usually focus on immediately getting to the meaning of a message and determining what response is required

Can you name and explain the two steps of effective listening?

Processing: actively thinking about a message you're receiving, not only the words but also the nonverbal cues. Retention: ability to remember what you heard

Anaphora

Repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of successive phrases, clauses, or sentences

Chronological (Temporal) Pattern

Resent the information in time-based sequence, from beginning to end. Used for historical event or a process

Nonlistening

Simply don't pay attention to what they're hearing.

Stereotype

Some members of a group represent all members of group

Verbal Tic

Sound, such as um or ah, that speakers use when trying to find the correct word or when they have lost their train of thought

Hasty generalization

Speaker bases conclusions on limited or unrepresentative examples.

Why is listening important in public speaking for both the speaker and the audience?

Speaker: powerful impact on quality of presentation and ability to connect with the audience. Audience: affects ability to absorb the info. Improving your listening skills as both a speaker and an audience member will help you interpret and use more of what you hear from others in a wide variety of situations

Jargon

Specialized or technical words that are recognized only by a specific field or group (includes abbreviations and slang)

Concrete word

Specific and suggests exactly what you mean

Time-orientated

The major identifying element of this listening style is time-or, more precisely, a concern with managing time.

Agenda-driven listening

This listening challenge applies primarily to a speaker giving a presentation who also has to accommodate questions and comments from audience members.

Elaboration Likelihood Model

This model shows 2 ways that audience members may evaluate a persuasive speaker's message: i. Central Route-high level of elaboration-a mental process that involves actively processing a speaker's argument ii. Peripheral Route-do not actively process your message (low elaboration)

How can you adequately acknowledge your listeners' reservations?

Use a Two-Sided Argument-briefly note an argument against your thesis, and then use evidence and reasoning to refute that argument

Proxemics

Use of space and distant between speaker and audience. How close you stand while delivering your speech

Concise

Use the fewest words necessary to express an idea

Core Belief

Viewpoint that is held closely, for many years

Categorical Pattern

When you have a diverse set of main points to support the thesis of your speech.

People-orientated

Willing to invest time and attention in communications, yet they're differentiated by their interest in being supportive of friends and strengthening relationships

Biased language

Word choice that suggests prejudice or preconceptions about other people

Verbal Filler

Word or phrase, such as like or you know, that speakers use to fill uncomfortable silences

Speech Critique

Written or oral feedback offered after a presentation.

Impromptu Delivery

You generate you speech content in the moment, without time to prepare in advance

Retention

Your ability to remember what you've heard

What organizational patterns could be used to organize a fact claim?

a. Causal pattern-one thing caused another b. Comparison Pattern-claim that two situations are similar or different

What are the guidelines for preparing audiovisual aids?

a. Consider the forum-location b. Consider audience c. Demographics (age, gender, etc.) d. Prior exposure e. Keep aids simple and clear f. Rehearse with aids g. Make sure your aids support your main points.

What are the elements of credibility?

a. Ethos (credibility) b. Competence-practical wisdom (knowledgeable and experienced) c. Trustworthiness-honest and fair d. Goodwill-wanting the best for the listeners rather than what would most benefit themselves.

What are the differences between fact, value, and policy claims?

a. Fact claim: asserts that something is true or false. b. Value claim: attaches judgment (such as good, bad, moral, or immoral) to a subject c. Policy Claim-advocates action by organizations, institutions, or members of your audience

Name each of the logical fallacies.

a. Hasty generalization b. Post Hoc Fallacy c. Ad populum fallacy d. Ad Hominem fallacy e. Straw person fallacy f. Slippery slope fallacy g. False dilemma fallacy h. Appeal to tradition fallacy

What are the different kinds of reasoning that the chapter highlights?

a. Inductive reasoning: generalizing from facts and making a claim based on generalization. b. Example reasoning: present specific instances to support a general claim. c. Comparison reasoning: argue 2 instances are similar, so what you know is true for one instance is true for the other. d. Sign reasoning: claim a fact is true because indirect indicators (signs) are consistent with that fact. e. Causal reasoning: argue one event caused another. f. Be able to explain each of them and give an example of its use.

How can you effectively and properly use evidence in your speeches?

a. Logos (Evidence)-when you present trustworthy facts to back your claims and clearly show how those facts have led you to those claims b. Fallacious (faulty) Reasoning-twist or distort the facts in your favor c. Using Evidence in your speech

How can you effectively and properly use evidence in your speech.

a. Logos (Evidence)-when you present trustworthy facts to back your claims and clearly show how those facts have led you to those claims b. Fallacious (faulty) Reasoning-twist or distort the facts in your favor c. Using Evidence in your speech: Identify your sources and their qualifications, give listeners new evidence, provide precise evidence, look for compelling evidence, characterize your evidence accurately, and using reasoning. i. Precise Evidence-consists of specific dates, places, numbers, and other facts ii. Representative Example-an instance typical of the class it represents

12. What organizational patterns could be used to organize a policy claim?

a. Monroe's motivated sequence-aims to establish 5 main points: attention, need, satisfaction, visualization, and action b. Problem-cause-solution pattern-( 3 main points: problem, cause, solution).

Why is language and word choice important?

a. They can inform, inspire, and uplift others. b. They can also confuse and hurt others. c. Your word choice defines you as a speaker.

What are the principles for organizing your supporting materials?

o Subordination and coordination • Subpoints • Sub-subpoints • Coordination